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Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  USSO 

(716)872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadib^-^  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibiiographiquas 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  beat 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Featurea  of  thia 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagea  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  cheinge 
the  uaual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covera/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I   Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagte 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurta  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I   Coloured  maps/ 


Cartas  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encra  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  iilustrationa/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avac  d'autres  documents 


|~71    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  iiure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distortion  ie  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutias 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  ceia  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  it6  fiimAes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  la  meilleur  exempiaire 
qu'il  lui  a  4tA  poaaibia  da  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exempiaire  qui  sent  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  imsjis  rsn^oduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithoda  normala  de  filmage 
sent  mdiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


n 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


Pagea  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  peiiiculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxet 
Pages  dAcoiortos.  tacheties  ou  piquAes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditach^es 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r*/]  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 


r~Jl    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quaiiti  inigaia  de  I'impression 


pn    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Comprand  du  material  suppl^mantaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Sauie  Mition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  e/rata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  Image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieliement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

aox 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

r« 

I«tail8 
M  du 
nodifier 
ir  une 
ilmage 


IS 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Seminary  of  Qutbse 
Library 

Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacifications. 


Original  eopias  In  printad  papar  covars  ara  fiimad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  eopias  ara  fllmad  beginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  imprasslon. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
ginirositA  da: 

S4minair«  dt  Qu4b«c 
BibliothAqua 

Lea  imagas  suivantas  ont  htk  raproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nattet*  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformit*  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Lea  exemplairas  orlglnsux  dont  la  couvarture  •n 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  fllmis  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  er.  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'lllustratlon,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  aaion  le  caa.  Tous  las  autras  exemplairas 
originaux  sont  fllmte  an  commenfant  par  la 
pramiAre  paga  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  paga  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dea  symboles  sulvants  apparaTtra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symbols  — »•  signifie  "A  SUiVRE".  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Thoae  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAa  A  das  taux  de  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA.  il  est  fllmA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaira.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


Birata 
to 


pelure, 
m  A 


□ 

32X 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

t 

( 

1 


u    ^       Bullion's  Series  of  Grammars.     ;    - 

From  the  Report  of  the  Oalway  Academy  to  the  Regents  of  the 

University y  December y  1842. 

Galway  Academy. — During  the  past  year  no  change  was  made 
in  the  text  books,  except  by  the  introduction  of  Bullion's  English 
and  Latin  Grammars,  his  Greek  Grammar  having  been  adopted  years 
before.  We  have  no  hesitation  in  coinciding  with  the  opinion  so 
generally  expressed,  that  these  grammars,  as  a  whole,  are  decidedly 
the  best  in  use,  either  in  England  or  America. 

ALEXANDER  WATSON,  Principal. 

Cooper's  Virgil, 

With  copious  English  notes;  designed  for  Schools,  Academies,  and 
Colleges.  This  work  has  maintained  great  popularity  since  its  first 
publication;  the  notes  being  regarded  as  amply  sufficient  and  clear 

The  Piotorlal  Spelling  Book 

Has  been  prepared  with  great  care.  The  engravings  are  all  new, 
embracin;;  a  gre»t  variety  of  subjects,  and  made  expressly  for  this 
work.  It  is  printed  and  hound  in  a  neat  and  substantial  manner ; 
no  expense  having  been  spared  to  render  it  well  deserving  the  atten- 
tion and  patronage  of  those  to  whom  is  entrusted  the  instruction  of 
children.  Relying  on  its  merits  for  success,  it  is  submitted  to  the 
public,  with  the  hope  that  it  will  receive  a  thorough  and  impartial 
examination ;  and  with  a  belief  that  it  will  have  a  preference  over 
the  spelling  books  in  common  use. 

From  Rev.  JR.  P.  Lamb,  to  the  editors  of  the  Pen   Van  Democrat. 

Messrs.  Editors. — Having  formerly  been  engaged  in  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  young,  and  having  some  practical  knowledge  of  the  mer- 
its of  various  elementary  works,  I  would,  by  your  permission, 
through  the  medium  of  your  paper,  express  my  decided  preference 
for  those  prepared  by  Rensselaer  Bentley.  The  Pictorial  Primer, 
and  Pictorial  Spelling  Biok,  to  those  who  are  acquainted  with  them, 
need  no  other  recommendation  than  their  own  worth.  If  there  be 
another  elementary  work  of  the  class  fairly  entitled  to  competition 
with  these,  T  have  not  learned  the  fact.  They  are  well  adapted  to 
engage  the  attention  of  children,  and  to  secure,  with  a  little  care,  a 
rapid  proiiresv  Many  fimilies  are  so  located  that  the  small  children 
cannot  attend  the  public  schools.  The  Pictorial  Primer  and  Spell- 
ing Book  should  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  such  children,  and  with 
ordinary  intellects,  they  will  hardly  fail  of  soon  learning  to  read  with 
acility. 

From  the  Youth's  Companion. 

This  is  certainly  the  most  attractive  Spelling  Book  among  the 
dozens  which  have  been  published.  Its  author  seems  to  have  had 
them  all  before  him,  and  with  a  skillful  hand,  to  have  combined 
their  chief  excellencies,  adding  others  of  his  own. 


The   School   and    Family  Diotionary, 

AND  ILLUSTRATIVE  DEFINER; 

By  T.  H«  Gallandet  and  Horace  Hooker. 

This  valuable  school  book  supplies  a  deficiency  in  the  course  of 
instruction  in  our  schools  and  academies  which  the  most  intelligent 
teachers  have  long  wished  to  have  supplied.  It  brings  the  great 
subject  of  learning  the  meaning  of  words,  and  of  studying  defini' 
tions,  within  the  grasp  of  the  youthful  mind.  In  doing  this,  it  avoids 
the  common  and  pernicious  error  of  defining  one  hard  word  by  an- 
other  equally  as  hard,  and  then  the  latter  one  by  the  former.  The 
definitions  are  simple  and  clear,  and  followed  by  interesting  and  in- 
structive illustrations,  many  of  which  contain  historical  facts  and 
valuably  information — so  that  while  used  as  zdejiner,  the  book  may 
also  he  used  (as  we  have  no  doubt  it  will  be)  as  a  reading  book  of 
a  peculiar  and  advantageous  kind.  School  committees  and  teachers 
neeJ  only  read  the  preface  and  examine  the  book,  to  see  that  it  is 
destined  to  occupy  a  new  and  very  important  place  in  the  depart- 
ment of  popular  education.  Teachers  and  parents  who  have  used 
the  work,  express  the  highest  gratification  at  the  advance  of  their 
pupils. 

F^om  the  JVew  York  Tribune. 

"  In  this  work  the  authors  have  endeavored  to  simplify  and  make 
easy  the  correct  appreciation  and  use  of  the  words  compiising  the 
English  language.  This  is  done  by  adherence  to  the  following  prin- 
ciples: 1.  No  attempt  is  made  to  define  the  words  tree,  horse^  table, 
ft.c.,  of  which  every  one  who  knows  any  thing  must  know  the  mean- 
ing. 2.  The  large  class  of  the  abstruse  and  tecnnical  terms  appertain- 
ing to  the  sciences,  and  which  do  not  fall  within  the  range  of 
study  and  thought  of  the  elementary  learner,  are  also  omitted. 
3.  The  large  middle  class  of  words,  with  the  meaning  of  which 
children  are  not  necessarily  acquainted,  is  inserted,  and  clearly,  fully 
defined,  with  examples.  By  this  method,  the  process  of  learning  is 
very  much  shortened  and  facilitated.    The  book  is  elegantly  printed 


Offer  for  sale  a  large  assortment  of  School,  Classical,  and  Miscella- 
neous Books,  and  Stationery,  Paper,  Blank  Books,  Quills,  Steel  Pens, 
&c.,  which  will  be  supplied  at  wholesale,  at  the  lowest  prices.  They 
also  publish  Rollin's  Ancient  History  in  8  vols.,  Josephus' History  of 
the  Jews  in  6  vols..  Goldsmith's  Geographical  View  of  the  World, 
Polyglott  Family  Bible ;  and  have  on  hand  a  large  and  elegant  assort. 
ment  of  Bibles  of  every  description,  and  books  suitable  for  Family 
Libraries. 


tlqnary, 


er. 

the  course  of 
ost  intelligent 
ings  the  great 
dying  defini- 
;this»  it  avoids 
I  word  by  an- 
former.  The 
esting  and  in- 
leal  facts  and 
the  book  may 
ading  book  of 
)  and  teachers 
see  that  it  is 
in  the  depart- 
ho  have  used 
ance  of  their 


ify  and  make 
)mpiising  the 
llowing  prin- 
,  horse,  table, 
)w  the  mean- 
ns  appertain - 
the  ran^e  of 
lIso  omitted, 
tng  of  which 
clearly,  fully 
f  learning  is 
ntly  printed 


i    '':' 


i«i  ^>. 


.f":  •' 


id  Miscella- 
,  Steel  Pens, 
ices.  They 
9'  History  of 
the  World, 
igant  assort, 
for  Family 


I  ' 


i 


1 15 


A""' 


PRACTICAL    SI 

or 

MODERN  GEO 

OR   A 
VIEW  OF  THE  PKE8ENT  STATE 

WORLD. 

SIMPLIFIED  AND  ADAPTED  TO  THE  CAPACITY  OF  VOUTII 

CONTAINING   NVMERnUg   TABLES,   KXIIIBITINM   TUB 
DIVISIONS,  SETTLEMENT,  POPILATION,  EXTENT,  LAKES,  CANALS*, 

AND   THK    VARIOt'H 

INSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  EUROPE, 

THE    DIFFERENT   FORMS    OF    GOVERNMENT   AND   PREVAILING    RELIGIONS 

KMDELLtflHBD  WITH  NITMKROlTg    ENGRAVINOS  OF 

MANNERS,   CUSTOMS,   &c. 


REVISED   AND   ILLUSTRATED 

BY     A    NEW     AND     ENLARGED    A  TLA 

By    J.    OLNEY,    A.  M. 

FIFTY-SE  VENTH      EDI'tION. 

NEW  YORK. 

PUBLISHED  'BY  PRATT,  WOODFORD  &  C"D: 
Sold  by  all  the  principal  Booksellers  in  the  United St%tes 

1848. 


■m 


I 


.  r  ■  -I  ^  ADVERTISEMENT. 

The  publishers  of  this  woric,  grateful  for  the  immense  pntronagc  it  hna  re- 
ceived, now  proaunt  to  the  public  a  new  edition,  which  has  been  thoroughly  re- 
vised.   During  tlie  past  ten  years,  great  changes  have  occurred  upon  the  earth's 
surface.    By  the  enterpriwe  of  individuals,  either  from  motives  of  curiosity,  or 
for  the  purposes  of  commerce,  and  by  the  ('(Torts  of  enlishtened  governments, 
the  most  aistant  parts  of  the  world  have  been  explored  luid  laid  onen  to  view, 
mnd  their  natural  productions,  climnte  and  soil,  niuile  known.    The  manners 
and  customs  of  savage  imtions  Imvc  become  well  understood ;  and  the  bounda- 
ries and  extent  of  the  viirious  portions  of  land  and  water  which  com|K>se  the 
face  of  the  earth,  have  been  accurately  dofiiied.    It  has  become  necessary,  there- 
fore, to  malce  some  changes  in  the  book,  that  it  may  conform  to  the  improved 
state  of  geographical  science,  but  the  outline  and  general  plan  of  the  work  re- 
main the  same,  so  that  teachers  will  still  find  it  familiar,  and  the  author  has 
taken  scrupulous  care  to  have  the  facts  agree  ,vith  the  best  authorities,  and  to 
make  it  correct  in  all  particulars.    The  ^tlas  has  been  entirely  redrawn  by  Mr. 
Smith,  an  eminent  gcograplicr  in  New  Vork,  and  newly  engraved  in  the  best 
manner  on  steel.    Several  important  divisions  of  the  world  are  given  upon   on 
enlarged  scale ;  the  United  States  have  been  niore  conveniently  classified  so  as 
to  present  each  state  entire.    Maps  of  the  West  Indies,  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia,  the  British  fsles,  Central  Europe,  Michigan,  and  the  newly  set- 
tied  portions  of  our  own  country,  have,  among  others,  been  added,  making  it 
more  full  than  any  other  School  Atlas  ;  and  the  whole  has  been  done  without 
regard  to  expense.    The  utiaoi^t  care  has  been  taken  to  make  tlja  Atlas  pr0- 
gresaive  and  clear,  so  that  it  shall  lead  oti  the  minds  of  young  persons  without 
confusion  ;  by  means  of  appropriate  symbols  and  numerals,  the  extent  of  the 
various  countries  In  square  miles ;  the  Population,  Government,  Religion,  and 
the  State  of  Society,  are  eKhibited  on  the  different  maps ;  and  on  the  Map  of 
the  World,  the  animals  peculiar  to  any  portion  of  the  earth's  surface.    It 
is  confidently  believed,  that  it  will  be  found  to  surpass  every  other  School  Atlas 
hitherto  published.    The  price  of  the  work  is  low,  and  every  thing  which  expe- 
rience and  care  could  do,  has  been  done  to  merit  the  continued  C(    .Idence  of 
the  great  body  of  teachers  who  have  always  preferred  it  for  its  simplicity  and 
adaptation  to  the  school  room,  and  to  recomuend  it  to  the  favor  of  all  persons 
who  desire  to  promote  good  education. 


•? 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1844,  by  D. 
F.  Robinson,  in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Con- 
necticut. 


€ASE  TIFFANY  &  CO.— PRINTERS, 
PKAKL  bTRXET,  HARTFORD. 


PREFACE. 


The  introduction  of  Geography  into  common  schools,  w  a  regular 
branch  of  education,  haiot  late  years  hocomo  nearly  universal.  For- 
merly this  science  was  taught  only  to  the  higher  claHscH,  it  being 
thought  by  most  teachers  that  the  pupil  must  be  well  advanced  in  other 
branches  before  he  could  study  this  with  advantage.  Experience  has 
however  taught,  that  children  can  learn  Geography  at  a  very  early 
age,  and  hence  its  introduction  into  the  younger  clnsscs  at  the  pre- 
sent time. 

But  among  the  books  which  have  been  published  on  tliis  subject, 
although  many  of  them  are  works  of  great  merit,  there  are  none  suit- 
ed  to  the  capacities  of  young  beginners.  Alost  of  thorn  begin  with 
definitions,  wnich,  to  be  understood,  require  n  degree  of  knowledge  on 
the  subject,  never  possessed  by  the  new  beginner.  Children,  instead  of 
being  made  to  commit  definitions  to  mem«iry,  should,  as  much  rh  pos- 
sible, at  the  beginning,  be  taught  by  means  ot  the  eye ;  and  hence  the  use 
of  maps,  pictures.and  diagrnnis,  in  ttaching  infants.  The  map  is  to  (>eog* 
raphy,  wnat  orthography  is  to  the  an  of  reading.  The  scholar  must  not 
only  understand  its  use,  but  must  have  an  intimate  knowledge  of  all  its 
parts,  before  he  can  undertake  the  study  of  descriptive  geography  with 
advantage.  When  he  has  acquired  apractii  al  und  thorough  knowledge 
of  the  map  of  a  country,  he  has  then  laid  the  ground  work  for  under- 
standing its  description,  and  not  before.  Suppose  a  child  should  learn 
by  heart  every  thing  about  the  climate,  srenery,  and  productions  of 
Switzerland,  for  instance,  and  suppcise  him  to  be  intimate  with  the 
nau:ea  of  all  iis  mountains,  lakes,  and  forest.-*,  how  much  knowledge  of 
the  ceography  of  that  countiy  would  he  possess  ?  It  is  obvious  that  with- 
out knowing  also  the  relative  situation  of  these  mountains,  lakes,  and 
forests,  in  respect  to  each  other,  together  with  their  distances  and  bear- 
ings, such  knowledge  never  could  be  applied  to  any  practical  use.  The 
map,  then,  ought  to  be  the  first  lesson  in  geography,  tor  (ly  it?  means, 
the  child  can  locate  his  ideas,  and  can  see,  at  a  single  glance,  the  situ- 
ation of  the  places,  tho  names  of  which  he  learns. 

Having  been  for  a  number  of  years  occupied  in  the  instruction  of 
youth,  and  principally  in  the  science  of  Geography,  I  have,  in  common 
with  others,  long  regretted  that  no  work  well  adapted  to  the  instruc- 
tion of  youth  on  this  subject  could  be  obtained,  and  my  excuse  for  of- 
fering the  present  volume  to  the  public  in  founded  on  that  fact.  A 
pracUcal  knowledge  of  geography,  instead  of  requiring  y^ars,  I  am 
taught  by  experience  to  believe,  may  be  obtained  in  a  few  months ;  and 
I  cannot  but  hope  that  others  will  find  this  opinion  well  f  )unded. 

In  preparing  this  work,  I  have  endeavored  to  adapt  it  to  the  natu- 
ral progress  of  the  youthful  mind.  Instead  of  introducing  the  beginner 
at  once  into  Astronomieal  Geography,  and  reciiiiiing  him  to  spend  weeks 
in  learning  definitions,  and  the  description  ot  u  e  heavenly  bodies^ 
I  have  commenced  with  the  town  in  which  he  lives.  From  the  town, 
the  sphere  of  his  observation  is  extended  to  the  county,  from  the  count; 

•1 


I 


?i 


PREFACE 


tu  the  8tat«,  &c  Tliis  I  am  confltlont  will  be  found  nor  only  the 
nniurul,  but  tli«  philoHuphicul  inuiliod  of  teaching  Geogrnphy;  f(ir  on 
■II  HiihjectH  the  learner  must  make  hiniHelf  mauler  of  simple  things,  be* 
fore  he  can  umlorHtand  iho.se  which  are  complex- 

In  the  preNo.1t  iuMtunce,  tl  u  punil  begini  with  confidence  and  iilarritVf 
becauNe  he  not  only  knowa  Hometmrig  about  IiIh  own  town,  hut  the  tnih- 
ject  itiielf  ia  highly  ui;ereNtingto  him.  From  ihuHe  Himpie  deHcripliiMis, 
the  pupil  in  gradually  led  on,  iiy  a  Heriea  of  the  plainest  and  most  impxr- 
tant  qucfllions,  to  n  knowledge  of  the  grand  diviHions  of  tha  glohn. 
When  hu  has  become  familiar  with  these  divisions,  and  can  with(>tit 
h(<«itatioii  point  them  out  on  the  map,  he  is  <|ualiHo(i  >  commence  'ho 
Seiund  part.  In  this  part,  after  a  few  general  obiervai  isonthedivi- 
liooH,  liH  is  required  to  leurn  on  the  map,  the  boundaries,  names  of  rivers, 
towns,  &c.,  and  then  he  commences  with  a  description  of  the  several 
countries  which  it  contninn.  In  every  department  of  description,  great 
care  has  been  taken  to  select  what  is  most  important  for  the  pupil  to 
know,  and  to  commit  to  memory,  and  to  reject  whatever  ii  of  little 
use;  for  experience  Iioh  tuu|^ht  methot  long  descriptions,  however  judi- 
ciously arranged,  do  not  fail  to  tire  and  discourage  the  young  pupil. 
Some  of  the  more  prominent  features  of  the  country  are  therefore  all 
that  should  be  required  of  the  beginner. 

This  v\(irk  will  be  found  to  possess  some  peculiarities.  The  use  of 
initial  letters,  in  pnrticidnr,  I  consider  of  much  consequence  in  ena- 
bling the  pupil  to  determine  the  correct  answers ;  so  that  it  is  believed 
in  going  through  the  entire  work,  he  will  seldom  require  any  assistance 
from  his  teacher. 

The  Third  part,  treats  of  Latitude  and  Longitude ;  and  perhaps  no 
part  of  the  work  is  of  more  importance  than  this,  and  particularly  as 
most  books  of  this  kind  are  deficient  in  this  respect. 

The  Fourth  part  contains  an  introduction  to  Astronomy  and  Physical 
Geography,  io)»ether  with  problems  on  the  Globes,  also,  an  introduction 
to  the  study  ol  Ancient  Geography  and  History. 

The  numerous  tables  which  the  work  contains,  it  is  ho()ed  will  be 
found  useful  and  correct.  Some  of  them  have  been  copie<l  with  litilo 
variation  from  iMorse  and  Malte  Brun,  and  others  have  oeen  arranged 
with  much  care  and  considerable  labor,  expressly  for  the  work. 

In  giving  this  little  volume  to  the  public,  I  cannot  but  entertain  the 
hope  that  I  shall  contribute  in  some  degree  to  our  improved  method 
of  teaching  a  science  so  necessary  and  popular  as  that  of  Geography. 
But  how  far  I  shall  have  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  this  hope  realized, 
the  public  must  determine. 

J.  OLNEY. 

Hartford,  Dec.  1S28. 


PART  FIRST. 


•*«•• 


CS^coaraph(tal  IBeCdiCtfons. 

Q.  What  \9  Geography  ?• 

A.  A  description  of  the  earth's  surface. 


Q.  Of  what  is  the  surface  of  the  earth  composed  7 

A.  Of  land  and  water. 


Questiong. — What  does  the  above  picture  represent  ?  A.  One 
half  of  the  earth's  surface.  Which  part  represents  land  ?  Which 
part  water  ?  What  names  do  you  see  in  the  picture  '  Does  thi« 
portion  of  the  earth's  surface  contain  more  land  or  water  ?  From 
the  above  picture  what  should  you  imagine  the  shape  of  the  earth  to 


'^The  word  Geography  is  derived  from  two  Greek  words,  viz.  Oe,  the  earth; 
and  gravho,  to  write  about,  or  describe.  Geography  is  the  science  which  de- 
scribes the  surface  of  the  earth, — the  situation,  extent,  boundaries  and  divis- 
ions of  its  different  countries,— and  the  manners,  customs  and  political  relations 
of  iU(  Inhabitants. 


8 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


■Mil 


111 


be  7  Can  you  mention  any  thing  that  resembles  the  earth  in  shape  1 
The  circumference*  of  the  earth  ia  about  twenty.five  thousand 
miles  ;  now  if  a  man  should  travel  one  thousand  miles  in  a  month, 
how  long  would  it  take  him  to  travel  roiind  it  ?  The  diametert  of 
the  earth  is  about  eight  thousand  miles ;  if  it  were  possible  to  pass 
through  the  centre  of  it,  how  long  would  a  man  be  at  the  above  rate 
in  travelling  through  it  ?  Did  you  ever  hear  of  a  person  who  had 
sailed  round  the  earth  or  world  ?  How  much  of  the  earth's  surface 
is  covered  with  water  ?  A.  About  three-fourths.  What  general  name 
is  given  to  the  whole  of  the  water  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  ] 
A.  The  sea  or  ocean. 


CafiiofGaodEope 
ANTAR  CTIC 


*  Circumference,  distance  round  the  outside  of  a 
thing. 

t  Diameter,  distance  through  a  thing. 


^^^. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


h  in  shape  1 
e  thousand 
in  a  month, 
liametert  of 
iiible  to  pass 
5  above  rate 
)n  who  had 
th's  surface 
neral  name 
the  earth  1 


jrtwv. 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  LAND. 
Q.  How  is  the  Land  divided  7 

A.  Into  Continents,  Islands,  Peninsulas,  Isthmuses, 
Capes,  Promontories,  Mountains,  Shores  or  Coasts, 
&c. 

Q.  What  is  a  Continent  7 

A.  It  is  a  vast  extent  of  land ;  as  America,  the  East- 
ern Continent. 

Can  you  show  me  America  on  the  map  of  the  World  7     What  ia 
the  northern  part  of  it  called  7    What  ia  the  southern  part  called  7 
Q.  What  is  an  Island  7 

A.  It  is  a  portion  of  land  surrounded  by  water ;  as 
Australia,*  Borneo,  Iceland,  Cuba,  (fee. 

Did  you  ever  see  an  Island  7 
Q.  What  is  a  Peninsula  7 

A.  It  is  a  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded  by  wa- 
ter ;  as  Africa,  South  America,  (fee. 

Is  Africa  entirely  surrounded  by  water  ?     What  is  the  narrow 
neck  of  land  called  which  connects  it  with  Asia  7  A.  Isthmus  of  Suez. 
Q,  What  is  an  isthmus  7 

A.  It  is  a  neck  of  land  which  joins  a  peninsula  to  a 
continent,  or  unites  two  parts  of  a  continent ;  as  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez,  Isthmus  of  Darien,  &c.  ' 

Can  you  tell  me  where  the  isthmus  of  Darien  is  ?  What  doos  it 
unite  7  What  body  of  water  is  north  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien  7 
What  body  of  water  is  south  of  it  7 

Q.  What  is  a  Cape  7 

A.  It  is  a  point  of  land  extending  into  a  large  body 
of  water ;  as  Cape  Horn,  Cape  of  (jood  Hope,  4cc. 

Can  you  show  me  a  Cape  on  the  map  7 
Q.  What  is  a  Promontory  7 

A.  It  is  a  high  point  of  land  extending  into  a  large 
body  of  water  ;  as  the  southern  part  of  South  Amer- 
ica, Hindostan,  &c. 

If  a  mountain  extended  into  the  sea,  what  would  you  call  the  end 
of  it  7    Why  7 

Q.  What  is  a  Mountain  7 

A.  It  is  a  vast  elevation  of  land  ;  as  the  Andes,  Alps, 
White  Mountains. 

*  Australia  has,  until  recently,  been  called  New  Holland. 


10 


GEOGRAPHICAL     D  E  F  I  N  I  T  I  0  !(  S  , 


When  the  land  rises  to  a  small  height,  it  is  called  a  Hill.  Spaces 
between  mountains,  or  between  hills,  are  called  Valleys.  Level  por- 
tions  of  land  are  called  Plains.  Did  you  ever  see  a  Mountain  ?  Did 
you  ever  see  a  Hill  ?  Can  there  be  a  Valley  on  the  top  of  a  Moun. 
tain  ?  Why  ?  Can  there  be  a  Plain  on  the  side  of  a  Mountain  or 
Hill? 

Q.  What  is  a  Volcano  ? 

A.  It  is  a  mountain  that  sends  forth  fire  and  smoke 
from  its  top  ;  as  Mount  Etna,  Vesuvius,  Hecla. 


X  8, 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS, 


n 


Hill.  Spacea 
I.  Level  por. 
untain  ?  Did 
I  of  a  Moun- 
Mountain  or 


ind  smoke 
cia. 


The  opening  on  the  top  of  the  mountain  is 
fire  and  ?t7       ;  burst  fortli,  it  ia  called  an 
ler  which       hfown  out  of  a  volcano  is 
you  call  a  Lmfuing  mountain  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Shore,  or  a  Coast  ? 

A.  It  is  the  edge  of  land  bord 
river;  as  tlie  coa^t  of  Guinea, 

Did  you  ever  fiee  a  Siiore  or  Coast  ? 
Q.  What  is  a  Desert? 

A.  It  is  a  tract  of  country 
nothinf]^  will  grow ;    as  the   Sahara,  o 
ert.     An  oasis  is  a  fertile  spot  in  a  Desert. 


at  Des- 


A   CARAVAN   CROSSING   A   DESERT-. 

Sometimes  the  word  Desert  is  applied  to  an  uneven  tract  of  land, 
which  has  streams  of  water,  and  produces  a  few  small  trees; 
but  has  a  soil  incapable  of  being  rendered  productive  by  cultivation ; 
*8  the  great  American  Desert.  The  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert,  con. 
tains  a  number  of  fertile  spots,  called  oases,  with  springs  of  water.. 
Several  of  these  are  large,  and  present  beautiful  landscapes,  with 
forests  of  acacia,  and  groves  of  the  dnte  and  lotus,  yielding  fruits 
and  berries  which  form  the  food  of  whole  tribes. 


,V« 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER, 
Q.  How  is  the  water  divided  ? 

A.    Into  Oceans.  Seas,  Archipelagos,*   Gulfs 


iT 


i^amkWi    «.  1 


*  Pronounced  Ar-ke«{}er-a<^oe8. 


12 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS 


Bays,  Lakes,  Straits,  Channels,  Sounds,  Rivers,  Firths 
or  Friths,  Harbors  and  Roads. 

Q.  What  is  an  Ocean  7 

A.  It  is  a  vast  collection  of  salt  water ;  as  the  Atlan- 
tic, Pacific,  Indian  ocean. 

Did  you  ever  see  the  Atlantic  ocean  7  How  do  people  cross 
an  ocean  7  Can  you  show  me  the  Atlantic  ocean  on  the  map  ? 
The  Pacific  7    Indian  ocean  7 

Q.  What  is  a  Sea  7 

A.  It  is  a  large  collection  of  salt  water,  mostly  sur- 
rounded by  land ;  as  the  Mediterranean,  Black  Sea. 

Which  do  you  think  largest,  an  Ocean  or  a  Sea  7 
Q.  What  is  an  Archipelago  7 

A.  It  is  a  tract  of  water  nearly  filled  with  islands ; 
as  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  east  of  Greece,  Indian 
Archipelago. 

If  a  Sea  contain  two  or  three  islands,  would  you  eall  it  an  Archi. 
pelago  7  Why  not  7  If  you  should  find  a  sea  nearly  full  of  Island&, 
what  would  you  call  it  7 

Q.  What  is  a  Gulf,  or  Bay  7 

A.  A  part  of  an  ocean,  sea,  lake  or  river,  extending 
H/o  the  land ;  as  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Baffin's  Bay,  &c. 

Small  bays  are  called  Creeks,  Coves,  Havens,  Harbors,  &c.  Did 
you  ever  see  a  Bay  7  Can  you  show  me  a  Bay  or  Gulf  on  the  map  ? 
Is  the  water  of  a  Gulf  or  Bay  salt  or  fresh  7    Why  may  it  be  either  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Lake  7 

A.  It  is  a  collection  of  fresh  water  surrounded  by 
land ;  as  Lake  Superior,  Erie,  Ontario,  Ladoga. 

Salt  lakes  are  called  Seas,  as  the  Caspian  Sea,  Aral  Sea.  Small 
lakes  are  called  Ponds.  Have  you  ever  seen  a  Lake  7  Have  you 
ever  seen  a  Pond  7  How  do  the  waters  of  the  Caspian  Sea  differ 
from  those  of  Lake  Superior  7 

Q.  What  is  a  Strait  7 

A.  It  is  a  narrow  passage  connecting  different 
Dodies  of  water ;  as  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  Behring*s 
Strait,  Davis'  Strait,  &c. 

Can  you  show  me  a  Strait  on  the  map  7 
Q.  What  is  a  Channel  7 

A.  It  is  a  passage  of  water  wider  than  a  Strait ;  as 
X}\e  English  Channel,  St  George's  Channel,  <fec. 

What  is  the  difference  between  a  Strait  and  a  Channel  7 
Q.  What  is  a  Sound  7 

A.  It  is  a  strait  so  shallow  that  its  depth  may  be 


IONS. 

Rivers,  Firths 
;  as  the  Atlan- 

do  people  cross 
»n  on  the  map? 

r,  mostly  sur- 
fi,  Black  Sea. 

with  islands ; 
reece,  Indian 

call  it  an  Archi. 
y  full  of  Islands, 

r,  extending 
n*sBay,  &c. 

bors,  &c.  Did 
ilf  on  the  map  ? 
ayit  be  either? 

rounded  by 
idoga. 

'  Sea.    Small 
?    Have  you 
Han  Sea  differ 

?  different 
Behring*s 


Strait;  as 
tl?    ' 
may  be 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS.  13 

measured  with  a  lead  and  line ;  as  Long  Island  Sound, 
Albemarle  Sound,  Pamlico  Sound. 

If  Long  Island  Sound  were  so  deep  that  its  depth  could  not  be 
measured,  or  sounded,  with  a  lead  and  Une,  what  would  you  call  it  ? 

Why? 


Why? 
Q.  What  is  a  River  ? 


4 


^B 


4 


I 


14 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS. 


A.  It  is  a  large  stream  of  water,  formed  by  numer- 
ous branches,  flowing  from  mountains  or  high  land  in- 
to an  ocean,  sea,  lake,  gulf,  or  bay  ;  as  the  Connecti- 
cut, Hudson,  Volga,  (fee. 

The  place  where  a  river  rwc#,  is  called  its  source  or  head;  the 
place  where  it  empties,  its  mouth.  Small  streams  are  called  brooks, 
rivulets,  rills,  creeks,  &c.  Did  you  ever  see  a  River  ?  Is  the  water 
of  a  River  fresh  or  salt  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Firth  or  Frith  ? 

A.  It  is  the  widening  of  a  river  towards  its  mouth 
into  an  arm  of  the  sea ;  as  the  Firth  of  Forth,  Murray 

Firth  in  Scotland, 

Can  you  show  me  a  Firth  or  Frith,  on  the  map  of  Europe  ?  On 
the  map  of  the  United  States? 

Q.  What  is  a  Harbor  or  Haven  ? 

A.  It  is  a  small  bay,  almost  surrounded  by  land, 
where  ships  may  lie  in  safety,  as  Boston  Harbor,  New 
York  Harbor,  New  Haven  Harbor,  &c. 


Are  there  any  Harbors  in  the  middle  of  the  ocean  ?  Why  not  ? 
What  would  you  call  a  small  Bay,  where  ships  can  he  in  safety  du- 
ring  storms  and  tempests  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Road  ? 

A.  It  is  a  part  of  the  open  sea,  where  ships  may  lie 
at  anchor,  at  some  distance  from  the  shore ;  as  Hamp- 
ton Roads  at  the  mouth  of  James  River,  in  Virginia. 


IONS. 

led  by  numer- 
>r  high  land  in- 
5  the  Connecti- 

iree  or  head;  the 
are  called  brooks, 
er  ?    Is  the  water 


rds  its  mouth 
•"orth,  Murray 

of  Europe  ?    On 

nded  by  land, 
Harbor,  New 


i 


OIOORAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


15 


n?    Why  not? 
ie  in  safety  diu 


lips  may  lie 
;  asHamp- 
in  Virginia. 


Are  our  roads  here,  the  same  as  those  Roads  where  ships  lie  at 
anchor  ?    Why  not  ?     Can  you  explain  the  difference  ? 


Q.  What  is  a  Canal  ? 

A.  It  is  a  channel  or  ditch  dug  through  a  part  of 
a  country,  and  filled  with  water,  to  afford  an  easy 
and  cheap  conveyance  of  goods  in  boats  and  vessels, 
from  one  place  to  another ;  as  the  Grand  Western 
or  Erie  Canal,  Middlesex  Canal,  Farmington  Canal. 


, '   .           V    ..     , 

ijMEj^H^^BH^Bi^^^^^taEap^^-r-^^^^T-^ 

""":,T-;.:^fe3||j^i!4  Ji 

i^^-'T/Tv;  -  •^.'♦//•k^'ik           '.. 

'^^  <     •  ■       .     ♦'  >^  *-  «  g^^ 

•=^=^^  '     L-'&^^^f^^^  -'^\i-\\/M 

!■ 


Ml^:        ;: 


(.   1 


If 


6E0SRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS. 


Did  you  ever  see  a  Canal  ?    Is  a  Canal  the  same  aa  a  river  7 
What  is  the  difference  between  a  Canal  and  a  River  7 


■1 


EXPLANATIONS  NECESSARY   TO  THE   USE  OF   UAFS. 

Q.  What  names  are  applied  to  the  earth  ? 

A.  The  Earth,  on  which  we  hve,  is  called  the  Globe, 

the  World,  the  Sphere,  &c. 

"'  ■■  mmm 


The  earth  is  round,  or  of  a  globular  form,  as  is  represented  above. 
This  is  proved  in  various  ways.  Ist.  When  a  ship  goes  out  to  sea, 
we  first  lope  sight  of  the  hull,  or  the  body  of  the  ship  ;  then  of  the 
sails,  and  lower  rigging,  and  lastly,  of  the  upper  part  of  the  masts.  If 
the  earth  were  not  round,  or  spherical,  the  hull,  or  largest  part,  would 
be  last  seen.  2d.  In  an  edipse  of  the  moon,  when  the  moon's  sur. 
face  is  darkened  by  the  shadow  of  the  earth,  the  boundary  of  the 
shadow  is  always  circular  or  round.  3d.  Many  navigators  have  sail, 
ed  entirely  round  the  earth  and  arrived  at  the  same  port  from  which 
they  commenced  their  voyage,  by  an  opposite  course.  These  are 
convincing  proofs  that  the  earth  is  round. 

Q.  What  is  a  Hemiaphere  7  -  ,,         ^  .      '  'i  -    ,  ,     h 

A.  It  is  half  a  globe. 

The  word  hemisphere  is  formed  of  two  words,  viz.  hemi  and 
sphere.  Hemi  means  half^  and  sphere  means  a  globe  or  hall ;  con. 
sequently  when  applied  to  the  earth  it  means  half  of  it.  As  the  map 
of  the  world  represents  the  whole  of  the  earth's  surface,  what  wUl 
one  half  of  this  map  be  called  ?  Why  will  it  be  called  a  hemisphere  7 
Of  how  many  hemispheres  does  the  map  of  the  world  consist  7  Why  7 

When  the  earth  is  divided  into  two  equal  parts  from  pole  to  pole, 
these  parts  are  called  the  Sastern  and  Western  Hemispheres,  as  you 


0N8. 


OEOORAFHICAL     DEFINITIONS. 


If 


ime  M  a  river? 
ir? 

HAPS. 

ed  the  Globe, 


esented  above, 
oes  out  to  sea, 
;  then  of  the 
the  masts.  If 
sst  part,  would 
le  moon's  sur. 
jndary  of  the 
Ltors  have  sail, 
rt  from  which 
)•    These  are 


■■        /  ' 

z.  hemi  and 
or  ball;  con- 
As  the  map 
ce,  what  will 
hemisphere  ? 
nsist?  Why? 
pole  to  pole, 
HERES,  as  you 


[wiii  see  by  looking  on  the  map  of  the  world.    If  the  earth  is  divided 

I  into  two  equal  parts  from  East  to  West  at  the  Equator,  they  are 

i' called  Northern  and  Southern  Hemispheres,  as  you  will  perceive 

j  by  examining  the  map  of  the  world,  exhibiting  the  Northern  and 

I  Southern  Hemispheres.     Will  you  show  me  the  map  of  the  world  ? 

,  How  many  Hemispheres  are  there  on  it  ?    What  is  a  Hemisphere  t 

■  Which  is  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  7     Which  is  the  Western  f  Iemis< 

phere  7    What  do  both  Hemispheres  exhibit  a  view  of?     Show  me 

the  Northern  and  Souttiern  Hemispheres.     Which  is  the 

Hemisphere  7      Which  is  the   Southern  Hemiephere  ? 

these  Hemispheres  exhibit  a  view  of? 


Northern 
What  d<i 


Q.  What  is  the  Equator  or  Equinoctial  line  ?  ' 

A.  It  is  an  imaginary  line  or  circle  drawn  round 
the  earth,  at  an  equal  distance  from  each  pole. 

Can  you  s(how  n>e  the  Equator  on  1^  map  of  the  world  7  How 
much  farther  is  it  from  the  Equatw  to  the  North  Pole,  than  to  the 
South  Pole  7     Why  7 

This  line  or  eircl'et  is  called  the  E^^uator  or  Equinaetial  line,  be. 
cause  when  the  sun  is  on  it,  the  days  and  nig^hts  are  of  equal  lengtii 
V3  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth. 


CIRCLES. 


Q.  What  are  the  Tropics  7 

A.  They  are  circles  drawn  pa- 

^rallel*  to   the   Equator,   at  the 

distance  of  twenty-three  and  a 

half  degrees  north  and  south  of  it. 

The  circle  north  of  the  Equator  is  call, 
cd  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ;  the  one  south 
of  the  Equator,  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

Can  you  rfaow  me  the  Tropic  of  Can. 
cer  on  the  map  of  the  world  7     The  Tro.  

pic  of  Capricorn  ?    Which  of  the  Tropics  ie  nearest  to  he  Eouatar  ? 
Why? 

The  word  Tropic  signifiea  a  return,  because  when  the  sun  is  on 
cither  of  rtiese  Imee,  it  appears  to  stop,  and  retrace  ks  steeps.  The 
Tropics  show  the  sun's  limits  north  and  south  of  tlie  Equator.  On 
the  21st  of  March,  the  sun  crosses  fhe  equator,  and  arrives  at  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer  on  the  21st  of  June,  which  is  caiied  the  Summer 
bolstice.  It  then  returns  gradually  towards  the  equator,  which  it 
crosses  on  the  21et  of  September,  and  arrives  at  the  Tropic  of  Ca- 

*  Parallel,  a  line  which  is  equally  dis. 
$ant  from  another  line  throughout  its 
w^G  length,  tJma 


'rr 


18 


OEOGRAPIflGAL    DEPZNITIOIfS, 


; 


i  ' 


pricorn  on  the  21st  of  December,  which  is  called  the  Winter  Sol- 
■dee.  When  the  sun  crosses  the  equator  on  the  dlst  of  March,  it 
ia  called  the  Vernal  Equinox;  wh«fl  it  crosses  it  on  the  2l8t  of  Sep- 
tember, it  is  called  the  Autumnal  Equinoce.  From  the  Slst  of 
March  to  the  2l8t  of  September,  you  will  perceive  that  the  sun  is 
north  of  the  equator,  and  our  days  are  more  than  12  hours  long ; 
and  from  the  Qtst  of  September  to  the  S>lst  of  March,  the  sun  is 
south  of  the  equator,  and  our  days  are  leas  than  12  hours  long.  Is 
the  sun  north  or  south  of  the  equator  to-day  ?  Which  are  the 
longest  note,  the  daySy  or  the  nights  ?      , 

Q.  What  are  the  Pblnr  Circles  ?  '  > 

A.  They  are  circles  drawn  parallel  to  the  tropics, 
at  the  distance  of  twenty-three  and  a  half  degrees 
from  the  poles.       .      ^ 

Can  you  show  nae  the  Arctic  Circle  on  tlie  map  of  the  world  ? 
Can  you  show  me  the  Antarctic  Circle  ?  Which  of  tljeso  circles  is 
nearest  the  equator? 

On  the  2^1st  of  June,  wh»n  the  sun  is  at  the  trc^c  of  Cancer,  al} 
of  that  part  of  the  earth  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle  has  constant  day» 
and  that  part  south  of  the  Antarctic  Circle  hos  constant  night.  Th<» 
reverse  of  this  takes  place  when  the  sun  is  at  the  tropic  of  Caph. 
corn  on  the  21st  of  December. 

Do  the  Equator,  Tropics,  and  Polar  Cir- 
cles extend  north  and  south,  or  sast  and 
west  ?  Do  you  see  other  lines  besides 
thcsSf  that  extend  east  and  west  ?  These 
Sines  are  cabled  Parallsls  of  La,7ITUDk. 


PARALLELS. 


Q.  What  are  Parallels  of  Latitude  ? 

A.  They  are  circles  or   lines^ 
that  pass  round  the  globe  paral- 
lel to  the  Equator. 

Do  you  see  any  lines  on   the   map  that 
(Wtend  north  and  south  ?    T^ese  lines  are  called  Meridians. 

"  •  MERIDIANS. 

Q.  What  are  Meridians  ? 

A.  They  are  circles  passing 
from  pole  to  pofe,  cutting  the 
equator  at  right  angles. 

Meridian  is  derived'  from  a  Latin  word, 
which  signifies  mid-day  or  noon.  These 
lines  are  called  meridians,  because  as  the 
earth  turns  towards  the  sun  in  its  diurnal 
©r  daily  motion,  all  places  through  which 
i}te  same  msridiaapas3es>have  fioQuotmid^' 


oil  s. 

I  the  Winter  So). 
Mat  of  March,  it 
n  the  31st  of  Sep- 
ron  the  2l8t  of 
^e  that  the  sun  is 

1  12  hours  long; 
ilarch,  the  sun  is 

2  hours  long.    Is 
Which  are  the 


to  the  tropics, 
half  degrees 

ap  of  the  world  ? 
of  tlieso  circles  w 

pic  of  Cancer,  a\) 

has  constant  day» 

istant  night.    Thi' 

I  tropic  of  Capri- 

^RALLELS. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


18 


iMeridians. 
rERIDIANS. 


iny  at  the  time  the  sun  is  over  that  meridian.  Which  has  the  groatctt 
number  of  meridians  drawn  on  it,  the  Eastern  or  Western  Hemia- 
phere  ? 

Q.  What  ifl  the  use  of  the  diflferent  Lines  or  Circles  on  the  Map  7 

A.  To  point  out  the  situation  of  places,  and  show 
the  effect  of  the  earth's  motions. 

Q.  Why  are  the  Parallels  and  Meridians  curved  on  the  Map  ? 

A.  To  represent  circles  on  the  globe,  and  thus  give 
as  true  a  picture  as  possible  of  a  round  body  on  a  flat 
surface. 

Did  you  ever  see  an  artifirial  globe  ?  In  what  direction  do  paral- 
lels of  latitude  extend  ?     Meridians  7 


LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE. 
Q.  What  is  Latitude  ? 

A.  It  is  distance  from  the  equator,  either  north  or 
south. 

Places  that  are  under  the  equator  have  no  latitude.  All  placee 
north  of  the  equator,  are  in  north  latitude ;  all  places  south  of  the 
equator  are  in  south  latitude. 

Do  we  live  north,  or  south  of  the  equator  7  Are  loe  then  in  rutrtk, 
or  south  latitude  7  Can  you  point  with  your  hand  towards  the  equa. 
Cor  7  Can  you  show  a  place  on  the  Map  of  the  World  that  is  in 
south  latitude  7  Why  is  it  in  south  latitude  7  Do  we  ever  say  a 
place  is  in  east  latitude  or  west  latitude  ?    Why  not  7 

Q.  What  is  Longitude  7 

A.  It  is  distance  from  any  given  meridian,  either 
east  or  u)est. 

Most  nations  reckon  the  longitude  from  the  metropolis  of  their 
own  country,  or  from  the  national  observatory  near  it.  Thus,  the 
French  reckon  from  the  meridian  of  Paris, — the  English  from  the 
observatory  of  Greenwich  near  London.  In  the  United  States  we 
sometimes  reckon  from  the  meridian  of  Washington,  but  generallj^ 
from  that  of  Greenwich,  the  same  as  the  English. 

Places  under  the  first  meridian — marked  °  on  the  m«p— have  no 
longitude,  it  being  there  that  the  Longitude  begins.  The  greateflt 
longitude  that  a  place  can  have  is  180  degrees.  Places  that  he  on 
the  right  hand  side  of  any  given  meridian,  or  from  which  the  longi- 
tude is  reckoned,  are  in  east  longitude ;  those  that  lie  on  the  left 
hand  side,  are  in  west  longitude.  Or,  if  the  figures  on  the  top  anb 
bottom  of  the  map  increase  from  left  to  right,  the  longitude  is  easi; 
if  from  right  to  left,  the  longitude  is  west.  Point  to  the  meridian  that 
jsasses  through  Washington,  on  the  Map  of  the  United  States,  and 
2 


Ill 


20 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS 


I 


teU 


thi$ 


irkod  on  the 


>f  the 


mark. 


Dvv  this  18  rnurKod  on  tne  top  ot  the  map.     Why  is  it 
A.  Boo;iiise  it  is  the  first  meridian,  or  the  one  from  which 


me 
ed  0  ? 

we  oftm)  ruckt>ii  our  loiigitiido.  IIdw  is  this  hnt>  or  meridian  mark, 
ed  on  the  h>)ttoin  of  rh«  map?  Why  is  it  marked  77?  A.  Because 
it  is  77  dei^reon  wtnt  of  the  meridian  of  (»rt'enwich  from  which  the 
Enijhah  reckon  thfir  l«>;i<^itudo.  Can  yoi  show  me  the  meridian  of 
Greenwich,  or  the  one  that  appoarii  to  pass  through  Lviilon  'i  What 
loni^itude  hive  places  that  are  on  thisi  mH;!dian  ?  Why  have  they 
no  lotiiTitude  ?  [ii  what  lonsritiidu  is  Ireland  7  Why  is  il  in  west 
lonifitudt'  ?  In  what  longitude  is  Hussia  ?  Why  is  it  in  east  long^i. 
mde  ?  Do  we  ever  say  a  place  is  in  North  or  South  longitude? 
Wliy  not?  Is  this  place  in  eaat  or  west  lonijitude,  reckoning  from 
the  rn(3ridian  of  Crieeriwich?  In  which  is  it  if  we  reckon  from  the 
meridian  of  Washiui,'t()n  ? 

Q.   Ilow  is  La'itiide  and  Longitude  reckoned? 

A.   In  (lot^reus,  tninatos,  '^.n\  seconds. 

Q.  How  many  miles  make  a  degree  ? 

A.  Sixty  geographic  miles,  or  sixty-nine  aiii  a  half 

English  miles. 

In  geography  mile^  are  called  minutes.  Sixty  seconds  make  one 
minute,  and  sixty  niiimt^ts  or  miles,  make  one  degree.  How  many 
degrees  oi  latitude  are  there  ?  A.  There  are  90 ;  because  we  reckon 
latitude  from  the  e'piator  to  each  pole  which  is  one  quarter  of  the  dis- 
tance round  the  globe,  which  is  3t)()  degrees  in  circumference.  And 
aa  we  reckon  longitude  from  one  given  meridian,  both  east  and  west 
half  way  round  the  ^f\oh6,  there  are  but  18l)  degrees  of  longitude.  If 
you  know  the  number  ((('degrees  between  any  two  places,  by  multi. 
plying  them  by  sixty-nine  and  a  half,  you  will  have  the  distance  in 
Enghsh  miles. 


How  many  degrees  is  it  from  the  Gquator  to  the  first  parallel  of 
latitude  north  of  it?  If  it  is  ten  degrees,  how  many  English  miles  is 
i  1?  How  many  geographic  miles?  How  many  English  miles  in 
two  degn;es  ?     In  four  degrees  ? 

At  the  equator  a  degree  of  longitude  is  as  long  as  a  degree  oj 
latitude;  but  as  you  go  from  the  equator,  either  north  or  south,  the 
degrees  of  longitude  become  shorter  and  shorter,  tdl  at  the  poles  they 
terminate  at  a  point,  as  you  will  see  by  in-wing  the  map  ol  the 
world.     A  degree  of  LrJtude  is  as  long  n.  .ht  >,i  !>>  us  at  thi   ,>^aator. 


Q.  What  are  Zones  ? 

A.  Tiiey  are  divisions  of  the  earth's  surface,  made 


^J 


iiv  Ironies  aavi/»o/ar  circles. 


N  S. 


OEOUHAPHICAL    D  G  F  I  If  I  T  I  0  If  S , 


31 


A^hy  is  it  mark. 

me  from  which 

meridian  mark. 

?     A.  Because 

from  which  the 

the  mpridim  of 

y.'iiloii  'i    What 

Why  have  they 

\y  is   il  in  west 

it  in  east  lona^i. 

outh  longitude  7 

reckoning  from 

reckon  from  the 


ne  ana  a 


half 


conda  make  one 
ee.  How  many 
icause  we  reckon 
ijuarteroftlie  dis- 
imference.  And 
ith  euat  and  west 
of  longitude.     If 

places,  hy  multi. 

the  distance  in 


1 


The  word  zone  sigiiities  a  belt  or  girdle  i  and  i    use  Uivieions  are 
called  zanfit,  hncnuse  they  eiicoinpass  the  earth  like  a  girdle.  , 
Q.   II  )w  many  Zones  are  there? 

A.  There  are  five  zones — one  torrid,-  'wo  tempe^ 
rate, — aiui  two  frigid  zones. 

Q.  VVIuit  part  o(  the  earth's  surface  tlocs  the  Torrid  Zone  em. 
brace  ? 

A.  That  part  of  it  which  lies  between  th  ^  Tropic 
of  (>ancer  and  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

This  zone  is  called  the  torrid,  or  burning  tone,  becavi  -^e  of  the 
great  and  continued  heut  of  the  sun,  which  passes  over  it  .wice  du. 
ring  the  year. 


first  parallel  of 

ESnglish  miles  is 

Inglish  miles  in 

as  a  degree  of 
rth  or  south,  the 
at  the  poles  they 

the  map  ol  the 
)8  at  the  A^aator. 


urface,  made 


I 


22 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS 


■i     i 


In  the  Torrid  Zone  there  are  but  two  seagons,  the  wet  and  dry. 
During  the  wet  season^  it  rains  almost  constantly  for  six  months ; — 
and  during  the  other  six  months,  it  seldom  rains.  There  is  no  spring 
or  autumn.  The  dry  season  is  termed  aummer^  and  the  wet  eason 
winter. 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  distinguished  for  its  productions,  both  animal 
and  vegetable.  Among  the  animals  found  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  the 
most  remarkable  are  the  elephant^  rhinoceros^  lion^  tiger^  leopard^ 
hyenOf  crocodile,  the  camel,  zebra,  antelope,  lama,  &c.  Serpents 
and  insects  of  enormous  size  abound  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  many  kinda 
of  which  are  extremely  venomous. 

Among  the  vegetable  productions  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  the  most 
oted  are  tea,  coffee,  sugar-cane,  bread-fruit,  oranges,  apices, 
gums,  &,c. 

The  forests  are  clothed  with  a  perpetual  green,  and  many  of  the 
trees  grow  to  a  larger  size  than  those  of  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Torrid  Zone  are  distinguished  for  the  black, 
ness  of  their  skins,  and  for  their  feebleness,  both  of  body  and  mind. 


Can  you  show  me  the  Torrid  Zone  on  the  map  of  the  world  ?  Be- 
tween  what  two  circles  or  Unes  does  it  He  ?  Can  you  tell  me  how 
many  degrees  wide  the  Torrid  Zone  is  ?  Do  you  live  in  the  Torrid 
Zone  ?  Is  the  Torrid  Zone  north  of  us  or  south  of  us  ?  In  what 
zone  are  the  countries  that  He  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and 
Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?  

Q.  What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  do  the  Temperate  Zones  em- 
brace  ? 

A.  Those  parts  which  lie  between  the  Tropics  and 
Polar  Circles. 


)N8. 

e  wet  and  dry. 
r  six  months; — 
'here  is  no  spring 
d  the  toet   •3a8on 

ona,  both  animal 
Torrid  Zone,  the 
:,  tiger^  leopard, 
I,  &c.  Serpents 
Zone,  many  kindft 

i  Zone,  the  most 
oranges,  spices, 

and  many  of  the 
part  of  the  globe. 

shed  for  the  black. 

)f  body  and  mind. 

of  the  world  ?  Be- 
ti  you  tell  me  how 
live  in  the  Torrid 
1  of  us  ?  In  what 
jic  of  Cancer  and 

iperate  Zones  em- 

le  Tropics  and 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


23 


The  Zone  which  lies  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the  Arctic 
circle  is  called  the  North  Temperate  Zone  ;  and  the  one  lying  be- 
tween the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  and  the  Antarctic  circle,  the  South 
Temperate  Zone.  These  Zones  are  called  Temperate,  because  they 
are  situated  between  the  two  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  which  ren> 
ders  the  air  temperate  and  salubrious. 

In  the  Temperate  Zones  there  are  four  seasons;  viz.  Spring, 
Summer,  Autumn  and  Winter. 

The  vegetable  productions  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  not  so  nu. 
merous  or  luxuriant  as  those  of  the  Torrid  Zone ;  the  principal  are 
grains,  of  different  kinds,  cotton,  apples,  pears,  peaches,  nuts,  vines, 
grasses,  and  a  great  variety  of  plants. 

The  animals  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  less  numerous  and  fero. 
cious  than  those  of  the  Torrid  Zone.  The  most  noted  among  them 
are  hears,  wolves,  panthers,  foxes,  bisons,  deer,  elks,  &,c.  But 
they  abound  with  animais  which  are  useful  for  food  or  labor,  as  th« 
horse,  the  ox,  the  cow,  the  sheep,  the  mule,  ^c. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Temperate  Zones  have  fair  complexions, 
and  are  distinguished  for  strength,  both  of  body  and  mind,  and  for  in- 
dustry, intelligence  and  enterprise. 

Can  you  point  out  the  Temperate  Zones  on  the  map  ?  How  many 
Temperate  Zones  are  there  ?  In  what  Zone  are  we  now  1  Is  the 
Northern  Temperate  Zone  north  or  south  of  the  Equator  ?  Between 
what  two  circles  is  the  Northern  Temperate  Zone  ?  In  what  Zone 
are  all  the  countries  that  lie  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the. 
Arctic  Circle  ? 


24 


OEOORAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS, 


Q.  What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  do  the  Frigid  Zones  embrace  f 

A.  Those  parts  which  lie  between  the  polar  circles 
and  the  poles. 

These  are  called  Frigid^  or  Frozen  Zonea^  because  the  cold  is  so 
severe,  that  nearly  the  whole  of  these  regions  is  covered  with  perpet. 
ual  snow  and  ice. 

In  the  Frigid  Zones  there  are  but  two  seasons — a  long  cold  winter, 
and  a  short  summer. 

In  the  Frigid  Zones  there  are  no  trees,  a  d  but  few  vegetables  of 
any  kind,  except  moss. 

The  principal  animals  are  the  white  hear  and  reindeer^  the  idbUy 
and  the  ermine. 

The  inhabitants  of  these  regions  are  distinguished  for  their  dimin. 
utive  size,  dark  complexions,  and  for  their  ignorance  and  imbecility. 

Can  you  show  me  the  Frigid  Zones  ?  What  is  the  Zone  called 
that  surrounds  the  North  Pole  ?  Which  way  from  us  is  the  North 
Frigid  Zone  ?  Should  you  like  to  live  in  the  North  Frigid  Zone  ? 
Why  ?  Do  the  inhabitants  raise  corn,  wheat,  rye,  &c.  in  the  North 
Frigid  Zone  ?    Why  not  ?  ^ 

Questions  on  the  different  Zones. — In  what  Zone  do  you  live  ?  If 
you  were  to  go  to  the  countries  that  lie  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  should 
you  find  snow  and  ice  ?  Which  Zone  produces  the  greatest  number 
of  animals  ?  Did  you  ever  see  an  animal  that  was  brought  from  the 
Torrid  Zone  ?  Did  you  ever  see  an  animal  that  was  brought  from 
the  Frigid  Zone  ?  For  what  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  .Torrid  Zone 
distinguished  ?  For  what  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  Temperate  Zones 
distinguished?  Ofthe  Frigid  Zones  ?  Which  Zones  produce  the  great, 
est  number  of  useful  animals  ?  In  which  zone  do  you  imagine  the 
people  are  most  happy  ?  Why  ?  Which  zone  do  you  think  produ. 
ces  the  greatest  abundance  of  vegetables,  suitable  for  food  ?  V^  hich 
the  greatest  number  of  animals  proper  for  food  ?  Do  the  people  of 
the  torrid  zone,  probably,  eat  more  vegetable  or  animal  food  ?  How 
many  animals  can  you  mention  in  the  torrid  zone,  that  are  proper  for 
food  ?  How  many  in  the  temperate  zones  ?  In  the  frigid  zones  ? 
Do  you  suppose  each  zone  furnishes  such  food  as  is  best  calculated 
for  the  health  of  its  inhabitants  ? 


POINTS  OF  COMPASS. 

Questions. — In  what  direction  from  us  did  the  sun  rise  this  morn- 
ing ?  In  what  direction  from  us  did  it  set  last  evening  ?  Can  you 
point  to  the  North  ?  To  the  East  ?  To  the  South  ?  To  the  West  ? 
W^at  do  the  initials,  or  first  letters  of  the  words  North,  East,  West, 
8;id  toouth  spell  ?  NEWS.  Can  you  point  to  the  North-east  ?  South. 
eoat't    South-west?    North-west? 


NS. 

ones  embrace  ? 

polar  circles 

16  the  cold  is  so 
ed  with  perpet- 

[)ng  cold  winter, 

w  vegetables  of 

ideevy  the  sahle^ 

for  their  dimin. 
1  and  imbecility. 

the  Zone  called 
us  is  the  North 
;h  Frigid  Zone  ? 
&c.  in  the  North 


do  you  live  ?  If 
rid  Zone,  should 
greatest  number 
wrought  from  the 
as  brought  from 
he  .Torrid  Zone 
'emperate  Zones 
roduce  thegreat- 
you  imagine  the 
rou  think  produ- 
r  food  ?  ^^  hich 
Do  the  people  of 
nal  food  ?  How 
at  are  proper  for 
the  frigid  zones  ? 
best  calculated 


GEOOBAPHICAL     DEPINITrONS. 


m 


.  rise  this  morn- 
ling  ?  Can  you 
To  the  West? 
•th.  East,  West, 
;h.ea8t  ?    South- 


Q.  What  are  these  differ- 
ent directions  called  ? 

A.  Points  of  com- 
pass. 

Q.  Why  are  they  so  call- 
ed? 

A.  From  the  mari- 
ner's compass,*  an  in- 
strument used  by  sea- 
men to  point  out  their 
course  at  sea. 

Q.  Which  are  the  princi- 
pal,  or  cardinal  points  of  the 
compass  ? 

A.  North— East— South— West. 

What  is  represented  by  the  cut  ?  What  can  you  tell  me  about 
the  mariner's  compass  t  Is  the  compass  used  by  any  except  sailors  ? 
Did  you  ever  see  a  compass  of  any  kind  ?  Is  there  any  difference 
between  a  compass  used  by  surveyors  and  that  used  by  sailors  ? 


MAPS. 


Q.  What  is  a  Map  ? 

A.  It  is  a  picture,  or  representation  of  a  part,  or  of 
the  whole  of  the  earth's  surface. 

Thi!  top  of  a  Map  represents  the  north;  the  right  hand  east ;  the 
bottom  south;  the  Left  hand  west. 

*The  Mariner's  Compass  consigt^  of  a  circular  box,  containinir  a  paper  card 
tnarked  with  tiin  32  points  of  direction  fixed  on  a  ii);i;iiiet.ic  needle  that  always 
jjointe  north  and  south,  except  slight  variations.  TUv  invention  of  tUisinapor- 
tAat  iwmumeat  is  ajtenbed  lo  Flavius  Gioiaof  Naples,  in  1.102.    We  can  hardly 


26 


GEOGRAPHICA  I-     DEFINITIONS 


'  iii, 


A  collection  of  Maps  is  called  an  Atlas.  Latitude  is  expressed  on 
maps  by  figures  on  the  sides,  and  longitude  by  figures  on  the  top  and 
bottom.  On  the  Map  of  the  world,  however,  the  degrees  of  longi. 
tude  are  found  at  the  equator,  and  those  of  latitude  round  the  sides  of 
the  map.  n      (,..  ..   .;.,  ;r 


Questions. — Is  a  Map  of  the  world  a  picture  of  a  part,  or  of  the 
whole  of  the  earth's  surface  ?  Is  a  Map  of  the  United  States  a  pic 
ture  of  a  part  or  of  the  whole  of  the  earth's  surface  ?  Which  part  of  a 
Map  is  North?  East?  South  ?  West?  Point  to!  he  North-eastern  pari 
of  a  Map.  South-eastern.  South-western.  North-western.  If  conven- 
ient, how  should  a  scholar  always  hold  his  map  in  studying  geography, 
so  that  it  may  correspond  to  the  natural  situation  of  the  country  it  is 
intended  to  represent  ?  A.  The  top  of  the  map  should  he  to  the 
north.  As  a  map  is  a  picture  of  that  portion  of  thie  earth's  surface  it 
is  intended  to  represent,  what  would  you  call  a  {Mcture  of  this  schooli. 
rocnn?  , 


i^oUtfcad  as^eofirapfis^ 


Q.   'Vbat  is  a  village  ? 

A.  A  small  collectiMi  of  houses. 

Is  this  place  a  village  ? 
Q.  What  is  a  city  ? 


imagine  the  influence  the  Compass  has  exerted  on  navigation.  It  has  enabled 
the  mariner  lo  quit  liis  timid  cour -if  along  the  shore,  and  steer  boldly  across  tlie 
unknown  deep;  has  opened  to  him  the  dominion  of  tlie  sea,  and  put  him  is; 
poeaessioA  of  '.^e  terrestrial  glolie,  by  eaabling  him  to  visit  everjf  yait  af  it 


1 


0N8 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS. 


27 


le  is  expressed  on 
68  on  the  top  and 
degrees  of  longi. 
round  the  sides  of 


a  part,  or 
ited  States  a  pic 
f  Which  part  of  a 
^orth.eastern  part 
jstern.  Ifconven- 
idying  geography, 
>f  the  country  it  is 
should  he  to  the 
I  earth's  surface  it 
ure  of  this  school 


»S. 


ition.    It  has  enabled 
teer  boldly  across  tiie 
sea,  and  put  him  i£ 
t  every  pACtttf  it. 


A.  A  large  collection  of  houses,  usually  situated  on 
I  a  river,  or  near  the  sea. 

Is  this  place  a  city  ?    How  many  cities  can  you  mention  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Town  ?  '     ' 


of  the       «I^= 


A.  A  tract  of  land  generally  several  miles  in  extent, 
ind  not  so  thickly  inhabited  as  a  village,  or  a  city. 

What  is  the  name  of  this  Town  ?  Can  you  tell  me  how  maay 
liurches  there  are  in  this  Town  ?  How  many  school.houses  ?  Is 
lere  any  large  brook  or  river  in  this  Town  ?  Any  high  hill  or  mounu 
lin  ?  Any  pond  or  lake  ?  What  is  the  principal  employment  of 
^e  peop'e  of  this  town  ? 

Q.  Of  what  does  a  County  consist  ? 

.iA.  Of  several  towns. 

^  What  is  the  name  of  this  County  ?  How  many  Towns  can  you 
|ention  in  this  county  ?  What  is  the  town  called  in  which  the 
)urts  for  the  county  are  held  ?  A.  The  Shire,  or  County-town, 
'^hich  is  the  shire-town  of  this  county  ?  The  Shire-town  contains 
^  court  house,  in  which  the  courts  are  held,  and  a  jail  in  which 
Criminals  are  confined.  When  there  are  two  towns  in  a  county  in 
which  the  courts  are  held,  they  are  called  half. shire  towns.  Are- 
<lie  courts  in  this  county  held  in  one  town,  or  in  two  ?  - 

Q.  Of  what  does  a  State  consist  ? 

,1  A.  Of  several  counties*  united  under  one  govern- 

Jiient. 

C 

M:  *  [n  South  Carolina  these  divisions  are  called  Di&tricts  and  in  Louisiana  . 
7arisl)es. 

3* 


2S 


GEOQRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS. 


What  is  the  name  of  this  State  7  Of  what  does  the  government 
of  a  state  consist  ?  A.  Of  a  governor,  a  senate  and  house  of  repre. 
sentatives,  who  are  chosen  by  the  people.  They  assemble  usually 
once  or  twice  a  year  to  make  laws,  and  attend  to  other  business  of 
the  state,  and  when  thus  assembled  they  are  called  the  legislature. 
What  is  the  capital  of  this  state  ?  What  is  meant  by  the  capital  ? 
A.  The  town  or  city  in  which  the  legislature  meets.  What  is  the 
building  called  in  which  they  assemble  7  A.  The  State  House,  or 
capitol.  •. 


Can  you  tell  me  which  is  thelargest  city  in  this  state  7  Who  ii 
the  governor  of  this  state  7  For  what  length  of  time  does  he  holil 
his  office  7  Can  you  tell  me  how  many  counties  there  are  in  this  state  1 

Q.  Of  what  do  the  United  States  consist  7 

>    A.  Of  several  states  united  under  one  general  gov- 
ernment. .  . 

Can  you  tell  me  how  many  states  there  are  at  the  present  time 
that  are  thus  united  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States! 
What  is  the  chief  ruler  of  the  United  States  called  7  Who  is  th( 
Presideui  of  the  United  States  ar  this  time  7  Who  is  Vice  President! 
By  what  name  are  the  United  States  often  called  7  A.  The  repuk 
He  of  the  United  States.  They  are  so  called  because  they  are  unde; 
a  republican  form  of  government,  or  a  government  in  which  the  peo 
pie  choose  their  own  rulers.  The  divisions  that  we  have  noticec 
above  are  all  found  in  our  own  country.*    But  as  we  pursue  thf 

*  Country,  8  general  term  dignifying  any  division,  state,  kinjdum  or  re 
gion,  as  diatinguiished  ftom  another;  as  we  say  the  countries  of  Europe 
AsiaiAfrica,  dec. 


in 
lik 


IONS. 


GEOGRAPHICAL     DEFINITIONS 


29 


oea  the  government 
ind  house  of  repre. 
3y  assemble  usually 
:o  other  business  of 
illed  the  legislature, 
sant  by  the  capital  ? 
eets.  What  is  the 
["he  State  House,  or 


this  state?  Whoii 
f  time  does  he  hold 
ere  are  in  this  state  1 

ne  general  gov- 

Eit  the  present  time 
the  United  Slates! 
jailed  ?  Who  is  th« 
10  is  Vice  President! 
d  ?  A.  The  reput 
tause  they  are  unde: 
mt  in  which  the  peo 
lat  we  have  noticec 
:  as  we  pursue  tk 

,  state,  kingdom  or  re 
le  countries  of  Europe 


study,  we  shall  find  in  distant  countries  other  divisions,  as  kingdoms, 

empires,  &.C.  ''"'  ""'"' 

Q.  What  is  a  kingdom  ?  ^i  -       - 

A.  A  country  ruled  by  a  king. 

Can  you  mention  a  kingdom  ?  '. 

Q.  Of  what  does  an  empire  consist  ?     '"  '  ' 

A.  Of  several  countries,  ruled  by  an  emperor. 

Can  you  mention  an  empire  ? 

When  we  look  on  a  map  we  see  two  kinds  of  divisions  marked 
on  its  surface.  One  kind  is  that  formed  by  the  Creator,  and  con. 
■istsof  land  and  water,  as  islands,  seas,  continents,  &c.  These  are 
called  Natural  Divisions.  The  other  kind  is  that  formed  by  man, 
and  consists  of  boundrries  between  nations,  states,  &.c.  These  are 
called  Political,  or  Civil  Divisions, 

Q.  What  are  Political  or  Civil  Divisions  ? 

A.  They  are  portions  of  the  earth's  surface  which 
usually  contain  men  of  one  nation,  speaking  one  lan- 
guage, and  subject  to  the  same  laws. 

Q.  Of  what  then  does  Political  or  Civil  Geography  treat  ? 

A.  Of  the  various  governments,  institutions,  man- 
ners, customs,  &c.  of  the  different  nations  of  the  earth. 


Which  do  you  think  is  the  most  interesting,  Physical  Geography, 
which  describes  the  continents,  islands,  oceans,  seas,  rivers,  climates, 
productions,  &c.  of  the  earth,  or  Political  Geography,  which  treats  of 
the  various  governments  and  institutions  formed  by  man  ?         i-; 


4 


What  is  Statistical  Geography  ?  A.  A  description  of  states  and 
kingdoms,  with  their  extent,  population  and  resources.  Are  Physi- 
iBal,  Political  and  Statistical  Geography  usually  treated  of  separately, 
|n  our  systems  of  geography,  or  in  connection  ?  A.  In  connection. 
How  many  different  natioi  j  can  you  mention  ?  Which  of  these  do 
you  think  is  most  happy  ?  What  makes  a  nation  happy  ?  If  all  per- 
ions  were  disposed  to  do  right ;  or,  "  do  to  others  as  they  wish  others 
to  do  to  them,"  what  would  be  the  consequence  ?  Which  nation  do 
jrou  think  is  the  most  learned  ?  Which  the  most  ignorant  ?  If  we 
could  travel  among  all  the  different  nations,  do  you  suppose  we  should 
find  much  difference  in  the  complexion,  dress  and  manners  of  the 
people  ?  Do  all  nations  speak  the  same  language  ?  Are  the  animals 
In  all  countries  alike  ?  The  trees  and  other  vegetables  ?  Should  you 
like  to  travel  through  the  different  countries  of  the  earth,  and  see  the 
mountains,  rivers,  and  lakes;  the  trees,  fruits,  flowers  and  grain  ; 
the  men,  the  animals  and  birds,  &c.  ?  Can  you  acquire  a  knowledge 
of  these  without  going  from  home  ?    How  ? 


i 


i!«  I 


I!!ll 


lb 


30 


INTRODUCTORY     L£880N8 


lEntroTiurtorif  JLtnuonn. 


:> 


What  is  the  name  of  this  Town  7 

What  Town  is  north  o*"  this  ? 

What  Town  is  east  of  this?  ,^  '-.    • ,  ^ 

What  Town  is  south  of  th.   ?  '' 

What  Town  is  west  of  this?  "    < 

Is  this  Town  level,  or  hilly  ? 

What  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people!  ' '    '  ' 

How  many  churches  in  this  Town  **  ,.■'*' 

How  many  pul)Iic  schools?  •  •* 

Have  you  ever  been  in  any  City  or  Town  besides  this  ? 


What  is  the  name  of  this  County  ? 

How  many  Towns  in  this  County  7  ;'    ' 

Which  is  the  Shire  Town  ?»  '      '     '"■     \ 

Is  this  County  level  or  hilly  7  '     ' 

What  River  in  this  County? 

What  manufacturing  establishments  in  this  County  7 

Do  vessels  sail  into  this  County  ? 

Is  there  any  Canal  in  this  County  ?    Any  Rail-Road 

Who  is  the  Chief  Judge  of  this  County  7 

Who  is  the  Sherifft  of  this  County  ? 

Have  you  ever  been  in  any  County  besides  this  t 


.-  '^•;■ 


What  is  the  name  of  this  State  ?  \ 

How  many  Counties  in  this  State  7  ' 

What  bounds  this  State  on  the  north  7   „ 

What  hounds  it  on  the  east  ? 

What  bounds  it  on  the  south  7     •■'  '  v  = 

What  bounds  it  on  the  west  ? 

"What  is  the  capital  of  this  State  7 

Which  is  the  largest  town  or  city  in  this  State  7 

What  Canals  in  this  State  ? 

Are  there  any  Rail-Roads  in  this  State  7 

'What  Colleges  in  this  State  ? 

'Who  is  the  Governor  of  this  State  7 

'Have  you  ever  been  in  any  State  besides  this  ? 


What  is  the  name  of  this  Country  7  j 

What  is  the  Capital  of  the  United  States  7 

Who  is  the  President  of  the  United  States  7  ;     ' 

Who  is  the  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  7 

In  which  Grand  Division  of  the  globe  are  the  United  States  7 

With  what  is  N.  America  connected  ?    A.  With  S.  America. 

*  Shire  town,  the  town  or  city  in  which  the  courts  are  held, 
t  SherifT,  a  man  appointed  in  each  county  to  execute  the  laws. 


INTRODUCTORY      LESSONS. 

What  do  N.  and  S.  America  constitute  7    A.  A  continent  7 
What  is  a  continent  7 


31 


d? 


MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 

How  many  Continents  are  there  7     What  are  they  c 

How  is  the  Enstern  Continent  divided  7 

How  is  the  Western  Continent  divided  7 

In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  Continent  is  Europe  7     m.  w. 

What  sea  separates  Europe  from  Africa  ?     m. 

What  sea  separates  Africa  from  Asia*  7     R.  '  >  *     ' 

What  ocean  lies  between  Asia  and  America  7    p. 

What  is  an  Ocean  7     Did  you  ever  see  the  Atlantic  ocean  ? 

What  ocean  separates  America  from  Europe  and  Africa  7     ▲. 

What  ocean  south  of  Asia  7 

What  ocean  surrounds  the  north  pole  7 

What  ocean  surrounds  the  south  pole  7 

Which  is  the  largest,  the  Arctic  or  Southern  Ocean  7 

Is  there  more  land  north  or  south  of  the  Equator  7         * 

Which  is  the  largest,  the  Eastern  or  the  Western  continent  7    i. 


What  large  Island  south-east  of  Asia  7     A.t 

Between  what  two  oceans  is  Australia  7     i.  and  p. 

What  iriands  between  North  and  South  America  7 

A.  West  IndiaT  Islands. 

What  Islands  between  Asia  and  Australia  7 

A.  East  India  islands. 

Does  the  eastern  or  western  continent  extend  farther  south  7 

Which  extends  farther  north  7 

Which  extends  farther  south,  Europe  or  Asia  7    a. 

Does  Africa  or  South  America  extend  farther  north  7    a. 

Which  extends  farther  south,  North  America  or  Europe  7    ir.'A. 

What  Isthmus  connects  North  and  South  America  7 

What  Isthmus  connects  Africa  and  Asia  7 


How  many  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Globe  are  there  ? 

What  are  they  called  ?     e.  a.  a.  n-a.  s-a. 

Which  is  the  largest  Division  7 

Which  is  the  second  in  size  7 

Which  is  the  third  7 

Which  is  the  fourth  7 

Which  is  the  smallest  7 

In  which  Grand  Division  of  the  Globe  are  we  ? 

What  Grand  Divisions  does  the  Equator  cross  ? 

What  Grand  Divisions  are  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  7 


*  Asia — pronounced  A'-she-a. 

t  New  Holland  is  now  called  Australia.    The  eastern  part  is  named 
New  South  Wales,  and  the  western  New  Holland. 

t  In'.ja. 


i! 


Mw 


32 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS* 


What  by  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?    s-a.  a.  a. 

Through  what  divisions  does  the  Arctic  Circle  para  T 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  does  most  of  South  America  lie  7 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  does  most  of  Africa  lie  7 

Is  Asia  in  north  or  south  latitude  7 

Why  in  north  latitude  7 

Is  Africa  in  north  or  south  latitude  7 

Why  is  it  in  both  north  and  south  latitude  7 

In  what  direction  from  North  America  is  South  America  7  Eu- 
rope ?    Africa  7    Asia  7    Atlantic  ocean  7 

In  what  direction  from  Africa  is  Asia  7  Europe  7  North  Ameri. 
ca  7    South  America  7    Australia  7    Greenland  7 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Europe  7    Africa  7    South  America  7 


What  ocean  lies  between  North  America  and  Europe  7    Between 
Africa  and  South  America  7 
What  ocean  between  Africa  and  Australia  7        .      . 
What  ocean  east  of  Asia  and  west  of  America  7 
What  ocean  south  of  South  America,  Africa  and  Australia  7 
What  ocean  north  of  North  America,  Europe  hwi  Asia  7      *  c 
How  many  oceans  are  there  7  ,      .  .^^ 

Which  is  the  largest  ocean  7    Pacific.  "     , 

Which  is  the  second  in  size  7    Atlantic.  .  ^  _' 

Which  is  the  third  7    Indian.    (In'-je-an.)        **  , 
Which  is  the  fourth  7    Southern  or  Antarctic.  , 

Which  is  the  smallest  ocean  7    Northern  or  Arctic. 


Fow  many  degrees  from  the  equator  to  each  pole  7 
How  many  degrees  from  one  pole  to  me  other  7 
How  many  degrees  is  it  round  the  globe  7 
How  many  geographic  miles  make  a  degree  7 
How  many  English  miles  make  a  degree  7    ' 


•4  j-i 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

In  which  hemisphere  is  North  America  7 

Does  North  America  lie  in  north  or  south  latitude  ? 

Why  in  north  latitude  7 

What  ocean  bounds  it  on  the  north  7 

What  ocean  lies  east  of  it  7  v 

What  gulf  on  the  south  ? 

What  ocean  bounds  it  on  the  west  7  * 


!'■ 


How  is  North  America  divided  ?  ■     '  •  ' 

In  what  part  is  British  America  7     Northern  part. 
In  what  part  are  the  United  States  7    Middle. 
Where  is  Mexico  7    South-western  part. 


V 


INTRODUCTORY     LISSOM #• 


3i 


In  what  part  is  *Ouatiinala  7    Southern  part. 
Where  are  the  tRussian  poaaeaaions  7    n.w. 

What  ia  the  capital  of  Britiah  America  7    m.        «■»,.»*■* 
What  ia  the  capital  of  the  United  Statea  7    w. 
What  is  the  capital  of  Mexico  7    m. 

What  ia  the  capital  of  Guatimala  7    St..8. 

_______ 

In  what  direction  from  ua  ia  Greenland  7 

To  whom  does  it  belong  7    A.  To  Denmark. 

What  Bay  and  Straits  separate  Greenland  from  North  America  7 

Wnat  Gulf  south  of  the  United  States  ?    m. 

What  Gulf  in  the  western  part  of  Mexico  7    c.         ,  , . 

What  Gulf  east  of  Lower  Canada  7  St.  L.  ■- 

What  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay  7  .     , 


What  Bay  west  of  Greenland  7 

What  Bay  in  the  northern  part  of  British  Amenca  T 

What  Bay  south  of  Hudson's  Bay  7    j. 

What  Bay  north  of  Guatimala  7    h.  -   . 

What  Bay  west  of  Yucatan  7   c.  -  >    .' 


H. 


What  is  a  Mountain  7  What  Mountains  extend  from  Mexico  to 
the  Arctic  Ocean  7  R.    In  what  direction  do  they  run  7 

What  Mountains  extend  through  the  eastern  part  of  the  United 
States  7   a.    What  is  their  course  7 


What  is  a  Cape?  '         '  ^  ' 

What  Cape  south  of  Greenland  7   f.  :,      , 

What  Cape  south  of  Nova  Scotia  7    8.    .,         '      ' 

What  Cape  west  of  Cuba  7    s.-A. 

What  Cape  south  of  California  7    St.  l.   ^"^ 

What  Cape  east  of  Bhering's  Straits  7    f-w. 

What  is  tho  most  southern  Cape  of  the  United  States  7 


What  Island  east  of  Greenland  7  i.  " 

To  whom  dues  it  belong  7    A.  To  Denmark. 
What  large  island  east  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  7 
What  islands  between  North  and  South  America  7 
Which  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India  islands  7    c. 
Which  is  the  second  in  size  7    h. 
Which  is  the  third  7    j.     Which  is  the  fourth  7    f-r. 
What  cluster  of  isles  east  of  the  United  Statea  7   b. 


N. 

W-I. 


*  Gwah-te-mahMar. 


t  Roo'-ahan. ' 


!  till'. 


!  l^ 


IJ 


34 


INTRODUCTORY     LE880N8 


What  is  a  Lake?    What  is  a  Pond  ? 

What  six  Lakes  lie  between  the  United  States  and  British  An'eri- 
ca  ?  w.  s.  H.  c.  E.  0.  Which  is  the  most  eastern  7  o.  Which  is  ths 
mopt  western  ?    w. 

Which  of  these  Laker  '^z  uie  smallest  ?  St.  c.  Which  is  the  largest  ?  s. 

What  large  Lake  lies  N.  W.  of  Lake  Superior  ?    w. 

What  three  Lakes  N.  W.  of  Lake  Winnipeg  7    a.  a-s.  o-b. 

What  Lake  in  Guatiniala  7    n.» 


'  f 


What  river  runs  from  Lake  Ontario  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  T 
What  is  It  course  7    n-e. 

What  two  rivers  empty  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  7    m.  and  c. 
What  large  river  empties  into  the  Pacific  7    c.         -     .        . 
What  two  into  the  Gulf  of  California  7    o.  and  c.  "^    • .: 

Where  does  the  Mississippi  empty  7  ^     '' 

I    What  is  a  Strait  7     What  is  a  Channel  ? 
What  Strait  leads  into  Baffin's  Bay  ?    d. 
What  Strait  is  the  entrance  to  Hudson's  Bay  7    h. 
What  Strait  between  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  7    B.      . 
What  Strait  between  North  America  and  Asia  7    b..  \ 


K 

a 


In  what  direction  is  North  America  longest  7 
In  what  direction  from  ua  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  7 
In  what  direction  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  is  Hudson's  Bay  7 
Gulf  of  California  7     Baffin's  Bay  7 

Which  way  from  Hudson's  Bay  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  7 

In  what  direction  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  the  Caribbean  Sea  7 

Which  way  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  is  the  Gulf  of  California  ? 

In  what  direction  from  the  Gulf  of  California  is  Baffin's  Bay  7 

Which  way  from  Baffin's  Bay  is  Behring's  Strait  7 

In  what  direction  from  Behring's  Strait  is  the  Isthmus  of  Durien  ? 

What  is  an  Isthmus  7 

What  does  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  connect  7  '      . 


How  many  oceans  border  on  North  America  7  ,     > 

What  three  large  Gulfs  in  North  America  7    m.  l.  c. 
Through  what  part  of  North  America  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer 
pass  ?     Through  what  part  the  Arctic  Circle  7       • 

In  what  Zones  does  North  America  lie  ?  '      '  f^ 

in  what  Zones  are  the  West  India  Islands?      '    ' 
In  what  part  of  North  America  do  you  live  ?     •  * 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

What  is  the  name  of  this  State  7     Its  capital  7 
In  what  direction  is  this  State  longest? 

*  Pronounced  Nic-ar-aw'-gua. 


rs. 


INTRODUCTORY     LISSOIfS 


id  Britiih  An^eri- 
0.    Which  IB  tht 

1  is  the  largest  ?  8. 
w. 

L.  Q'S.  G*Bt 

jf  St.  Lawrence  T 
M.  and  c. 


or?    B. 
B. . 


ence  ? 

8  iludsoii's  Bay  ? 

xico  ? 

Caribbean  Sea  ? 
f  California  ? 
affin's  Bay  ? 

unus  of  Durien  T 


c. 


Tropic  of  Cancer 


( 


:s, 


How  many  States  are  therp  ?     Territories  ? 

What  Division  bounds  the  United  States  on  the  north  7    M-k. 

What  Ooea  rj  lies  east  of  the  United  States  ?    a. 

What  Gult  («<iiith  ol  the  United  States  ?    li. 

What  Ocean  west  of  the  United  States  Territory  7   ?. 


In  what  direction  does  the  coast  of  the  United  States  run  7    n-i. 

and  s.w. 
What  is  a  Shore  or  Coast  7    Point  it  out  on  the  map. 
What  six  Lakes  lie  between  the  United  States  and  British  Amer. 

ica  ?    w.  s.  H.  c.  E.  o. 
What  States  and  Territories  are  bounded  north  by  these  Lakes 

and  British  America  ? 
What  fourteen  States  border  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  7 
What  States  lie  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  7 

What  States  and  Territory  lie  on  the  Mississippi  rivor  T  •! 

What  States  lie  entirely  west  of  the  Mississippi  river  7  ,,_ 

What  State  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  river  ?     '  '\, . 
How  many  Territories  west  of  the  Mississippi  7 
Which  is  the  most  western  Territory  7  ' 

Which  is  the  most  north-eastern  State  7        ^j/    \.    , 
Which  is  the  most  south-western  State  7       '^    '  ^  ^    "  ■ 
Which  of  the  United  States  extends  farthest  south  7 
What  four  States  border  on  Lake  Erie  7  ,  ,. 

What  State  lies  on  Long  Island  Sound  7  ,  .  > ; 

In  what  direction  are  the  United  States  longest? 

*  In  M'hat  direction  from  Connecticut  is  Maine  7  Vermont  7  New 
'ork  ?    Rhode  Island  7    Ohio  7     Texas  7 

In  what  direction  from  Ohio  is  New  York  7  Georgia  7  Louisia. 
»a  ?  tlllinois  7  New  Jersey  ?  Vermont  7  Undiana  7  Maryland  7 
^ennessee  7 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  7  Lake  Ontario  ? 
febraska  Territory  ?    Mexico  7 


What  is  a  Sound  7 

What  two  Sounds  east  of  North  Carolina  7    a.  and  p. 

What  Sound  south  of  Connecticut  7 

What  harbor  east  of  New  Jersey  7  - 

What  Bay  east  of  Massachusetts  7    m. 

What  Bay  east  of  Lake  Huron  ?  g. 

What  Bay  on  the  north. wester-^  part  of  Lake  Michigan  7 

What  large  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?     m. 


*  In  answering  the  following  questions,  let  the  pupil  point  out  the 
direction  with  his  hand,  as  he  gives  the  answer. 

t  Il.le.noy'.  t  In-je-an'-na. 


36 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS. 


,','■ 


:;i 


:"» 


M 


Liiiiiii 


.1 


Which  are  the  three  largest  western  branches  of  the  Mississippi 
river  ?    M.  A.  R. 

Which  is  the  largest  eastern  branch  of  the  Mississippi  ?    o. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Ohio  ?    a.  m. 

What  two  unite  and  form  the  *Mobile  river  ?  A.  Tombigbee  and 
Alabama. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Apalachicola  ?  A.  Chatta. 
hooche  and  Flint. 

What  river  forms  the  boundary  line  between  South  CaroHna  and 
Georgia  ?    s. 

What  river  separates  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  from  Illinois,  India. 
na  and  Ohio  7    o. 

What  river  forms  the  boundary  between  Maryland  and  Virgi. 
nia  ?    p. 

What  between  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  ?    d. 

What  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York  ?    h. 

What  is  the  principal  branch  of  the  Hudson  ?    m. 

What  is  the  largest  river  in  the  Eastern  States  ?    c. 

What  river  empties  into  Green  Bay  ?    f. 

What  river  forms  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Bruns. 
wick  ?    St..c.     Between  Texas  and  Mexico  ? 

What  river  forms  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and  Texas  ?  s. 


What  three  Capes  east  of  Massachusetts  ?    a.  c.  m. 
What  is  the  eastern  point  of  Long  Island  called  ?    m. 
What  Cape  east  of  New  Jersey  ?    A.  Sandy  Hook. 
What  two  at  the  entrance  of  Delaware  Bay  ?    m.  h. 
What  two  at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake  Bay  ?    c.  and  n. 
What  three  east  of  North  Carohna  ?    h.  l.  f. 
What  two  east  of  Florida  ?    c.  and  f.  ; 

What  Cape  south  of  Florida  ?    s. 


What  Island  south  of  Connecticut  ? 

To  what  State  does  Long  Island  belong  ?    A.  To  New  York. 

What  Islands  south-east  of  Florida  ?    b. 

What  is  the  principal  range  of  Mountains  in  the  United  States  ?  a. 

What  Mountains  between  Mandan  District  and  Oregon  Territory? 


What  seven  States  are  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  40°  N.  lati. 

tude? 

What  States  by  the  parallel  of  30°  N.  latitude  ?  ' 

How  many  States  are  longer  from  east  to  west,  than  from  north  to 

south  ? 


»  Mo-beel'. 


iS. 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS, 


37 


of  the  Mississippi 
lissippi  ?  0. 
L  Tombigbee  and 
cola?  A.  Chatta. 
Duth  Carolina  and 
rom  Illinois,  India, 
ryland  and  Virgi. 

D. 
H. 

M. 

f    c. 

}  and  New  Bruns. 

na  and  Texas  ?  s. 

}.  M. 

I?     M. 

Dok. 

[.  H. 

c.  and  H. 


To  New  York. 

United  States  ?  a, 
Oregon  Territory? 

lei  of  40°  N.  lati. 
than  from  north  to 


•  Through  what  States  would  you  pass  in  travelling  in  a  straight 
line  from  Connecticut  to  Maine  ? 

From  Maine  to  New  York  ? 

From  New  York  to  Virginia  ? 

From  Virginia  to  Louisiana  ? 

From  Louisiana  to  Ohio  ?  .  ;. 

From  Ohio  to  Georgia  ?  .      .  .  - 

From  Georgia  to  Texas  ? 

From  Texas  to  Maine  ? 

Through  what  States  would  you  pass  in  travelling  on  the  coast 
from  Mexico  to  New  Brunswick  ? 


What  is  the  capital  of  the  United  States  ?    w. 

What  is  the  capital  of  Maine  ?  a.     Of  New  Hampshire  ?    c. 

I  Vermont?  m.     Of  Massachusetts?  b.     Of  Rhode  Island  ?  p. 

IConnecticut  ?  h.  and  n-h.    Of  New  York  ?  a.    Of  New  Jersey  ? 

lOf  Pennsylvania  ?    h.     Of  Delaware?    d.     Of  Maryland?    a. 

fVirginia  ?  R.     Of  North  CaroHna  ?  r.     Of  South  Carolina  ?  c. 


Of 
Of 

T. 

Of 
Of 


Georgia?  m.    Of  Florida?  t.     Of  Alabama  ?   m.    Of  Mississippi? 

A.     Of  Tennessee  ?    n.    Of 

Of  Kentucky  ?  f. 
c.    Of  Michigant  ? 


?j.    Of  Louisiana  ?  n-o.    Of  Texas  ? 

Arkansas?   l-r.      Of  Missouri?  j.c. 
irois  ?  s.    Of  Indiana  ?  i.     Of  Ohio  ? 

Wisconsin?  m.      Of  lowat  ?  r. 
J     Which  is  the  largest  State  ?    t. 

Which  is  the  smallest  State  ?  r.i. 
*;    In  what  Zone  are  the  United  States  ? 


Of  Illi- 
M.    Of 


Why? 


The  initials  of  certain  rivers  in  the  United  States  spell  HART- 
FORD ;  what  are  their  names,  and  where  do  they  empty  ? 

In  what  direction  from  this  place  is  South  America  ? 

Can  we  go  to  South  America  by  land  ? 

Can  we  go  any  other  way  ?    Hov.  ? 

Which  is  the  shortest  route,  by  land  or  water  ? 

Would  you  prefer  to  go  there  by  land  or  water  ? 

What  Islands  must  we  pass  in  sailing  from  New  York  to  South 
America  ?    w-i. 


MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  South  America  ? 
What  Sea  north  of  South  America  ? 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  east  ? 
What  Strait  on  the  south  ? 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  west  ? 
In  which  hemisphere  is  South  America  ? 


*  In  learning  the  following  questions,  the  scholar  should  extend  a  rule 
from  the  centre  of  one  of  the  given  States  to  the  centre  of  the  other, 
t  Mish'-egan.  t  I'-o-way. 


38 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS. 


'   1 


What  Isthmus  connects  it  with  North  America  7    ».      '  ' ' 

What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

What  are  the  Divisions  of  South  America  ?  ' 

Which  is  the  most  northern  Division  ?   w-o. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  Division  ?    p.  ' 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  Division  ?    b. 

Which  is  the  most  western  Division  ?   p.   * 

What  Divisions  lie  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  7 

What  Divisions  lie  on  the  Pacific  ? 

What  Divisions  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  7  n-g.  and  v. ' 

Which  is  the  largest  Division  of  South  America  ?    b. 

What  Division  extends  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  7    p. 

What  Desert  between  ChiU*  and  Peru  7    Atacama  Desert 

In  what  Division  is  the  Desert  of  Atacama  7    b. 

Which  is  the  smallest  division  of  South  America  7 


What  is  a  River  7 

Which  is  the  largest  River  in  South  America  7  a. 

Which  is  the  second  largest  7   p. 

What  two  Rivers  unite  and  form  the  La  Plata  7    p.  and  v. 

Which  is  the  third  River  in  South  America  ?  o. 

What  River  empties  into  the  Caribbean  Sea  7   m. 


1 


J. 


M. 


What  is  an  Island  7 

What  Island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  7 
What  Island  south  of  Patagonia  7    t-d-f. 
What  Strait  separates  Terra  del  Fuego  from  Patagonia  7 
What  is  a  Strait  7 

What  Island  south  of  Chili  7    c.  '     ^ 

What  Island  west  of  Chili,  remarkable  for  the  residence  of  Alex, 
ander  Selkirk,  or  Robinson  Crusoe  7    j-f. 


Which  is  the  most  northern  Cape  or  Point  of  S.  America  7    pt.  6. 
Whicii  is  the  most  eastern  Cape  7    r. 
Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  7    h. 
Which  is  the  most  western  Cape  7    b. 


pa 


G 

01 

g" 

m 

stt 

M 

Fi 

f^ 

6 

H 


g< 


If  we  were  on  the  island  of  Joannes,  in  what  direction  from  us 
would  Point  Gallinus  be  7  Cape  St.  Roque  7  Cape  Horn  7  Cape 
Blan-co  ?  Isthmus  of  Darien  7  Strait  of  Magellan  7  Bolivia  ? 
Equador?    Patagonia?    Guianat?    Peru  7    Chili  7    Brazil t  ? 


Through  what  Divisions  does  the  Equator  pass  7 
Through  what  does  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  pass  7 
In  what  Zones  is  South  America  7 


»Chee'.le. 


t  Gee-an'-  na. 


t  Bra.zeel'. 


INTRODUCrtlT     LESSONS. 


39 


D. 


Idv. 

?     B. 

acific  ?    p. 
ima  Desert 

a? 


k. 


p.  and  V. 


i. 


agonia  ?    m. 
esidence  of  Alex. 
America  ?    pt.  e. 


direction  from  us 
!ape  Horn  ?  Gape 
[ellan  ?  Bolivia  ? 
ili  ?    Brazilt  ? 

? 

8? 


I  Bra.zeel'. 


What  are  Zones  7    How  many  are  there  ? 
Through  what  Divisions  Ices  the  70th  meridian  of  west  longitud* 
pass  7   What  are  meridians  7 

Which  is  the  principal  chain  of  Mountains  7  ^  •  ' 

Where  is  Mount  Sorata,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  7 

Where  is  Mount  Chimborazo  7 

Where  is  Cotopaxi,  the  highest  volcano  on  the  globe  7 

What  is  a  Volcano  7     What  is  a  Mountain  7 

Between  what  two  capes  is  South  America  the  longest  ? 

Between  what  two  the  widest  7    St.  r.  and  b. 


What  is  the  Capital  of  New  Grenada  7  b.  Of  Venezuela  7  c.  Of 
Guiana  7  a.  p.  c.  Of  Equador  ?  q.  Of  Peru  7  l.  Of  Bolivia  7  c» 
Of  Brazil  7  r-j.  Of  Buenos  Ayres  7  b.  Of  Paraguay  7  a.  Of  Uru» 
guay  7  M.  Of  Chih  7  s.  Of  Patagonia  7  Why  are  there  no  towns 
in  Patagonia  7  A.  Because  it  is  inhabited  by  Indians  in  a  savage 
state  7 

To  whom  does  Guiana  belong  ?  A.  To  the  English,  Dutch  and 
French.  Spanish  Guiana  is  included  in  Ven(>7:uela  ;  and  Portuguese 
Guiana  in  Brazil. 

Can  we  go  from  South  America  to  Europe  by  land  7  Why  not  T 
How  must  we  then  go  7 

What  ocean  must  we  cross,  and  in  what  direction  must  we  sail  in 
going  from  South  America  to  Europe  7  /. 


MAP  OF  EUROPE. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Europe  7 

What  ocean  lies  north  of  Europe  7  a. 

What  Grand  Division  of  the  Globe  east  of  Europe  7  a. 

What  sea  south  oi  Europe  7  h. 

What  ocean  bounds  Europe  on  the  west  7  a. 

In  which  hemisphere  is  Europe  7 


Is  Europe  connected  with  Asia  or  Africa  7  , 

What  sea  separates  it  from  Africa  7 

What  large  empire  in  the  eastern  part  of  Europe  7  R« 

What  is  an  empire  7     What  is  a  kingdom  7 

What  kingdom  in  the  south-western  part  7  p. 

What  four  Divisions  of  Europe  Ue  on  the  Mediterranean  7  s.  P.  i.  a% 

What  divisions  lie  on  the  Atlantic  7    p.  s.  p.  b.  h.  o.  d.  n. 

What  five  Divisions  encompass  the  Baltic  Sea  7  o.  d.  s.  r.  f. 

Which  is  the  largest  Division  of  Europe  7  r,       , 

Which  is  the  second  largest  Division  7  a. 

Which  is  the  third  Division  7  x. 

Which  k  the  smallest  Division  ?  > 


'1  ' 


i 


40 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS. 


What  Divisions  are  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  40°  N.  latitude  ? 

T.  S.  I.  T. 

What  by  the  parallel  of  50°  ?  f.  b.  g.  a.  r.  r. 

What  by  the  parallel  of  60°  ?  n.  s.  r. 

Through  what  Divisions  does  the  first  meridian*  of  longitude  pass  ? 


£•  £•  S* 


Through  what  the  10°  of  E.  longitude  ?  n.  d.  p.  q.  s.  a.  i. 
Through  what  Divisions  does  the  20°  of  E.  longitude  pass  ?    n.  s. 


P.  R.  A.  T. 


The  30°  E.  longitude  ?  r. 


Which  is  the  largest  Island  in  Europe  ?  a-B.t  . 

What  large  Island  west  of  Great  Britain  ?  i. 

What  large  Island  west  of  Norway  ?  i.  ,  ;     ' 

What  two  large  Islands  west  of  Italy  ?    s.  c.  ,  ' 

What  small  Island  between  Corsica  and  Italy  ?  e. 

For  what  is  Elba  remarkable  ?  A.  For  being  the  place  to  which 
Bonaparte  was  banished  in  1814.  ,  .     , , 

What  large  Island  south  of  Italy  ?  s. 

What  small  Island  south  of  Sicily,  on  which  St.  Paul  was  ship, 
wrecked  ?    m.  v 

What  Island  south  of  the  Archipelago  ?    c.  "  I 

What  is  an  Archipelago  ? 

What  large  Island  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  ?  c. 

What  three  Islands  near  Spai''  ?  i.  m.  m. 

What  four  clusters  of  Islands  north  and  west  of  Scotland  ?  f.  s. 
o.  w. 


What  three  Divisions  constitute  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  ' 
A.  England,  Wales  and  Scotland. 

What  does  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  constitute  ? 
A.  The  British  Empire.        •    ^  »i  -  i 


What  Sea  east  of  Great  Britain  ?  n. 

What  Sea  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ?  i. 

What  Sea  between  Sweiien  and  Russia  ?  b. 

What  Sea  in  the  northern  part  of  Russia  ?  w. 

What  three  Seas  south  of  Russia  ?  c.  a.  b.  '  ^ 

What  three  Seas  east  of  Turkey  ?  b.  m.  a. 

There  are  ten  Seas  in  and  around  Europe  ;  what  are  their  names  ? 

«.  A.  B.  M.  A.  M.  I.  N.  B.  W. 


What  Gulf  north  of  the  Baltic  ?  b. 

What  two  Gulfs  east  of  the  Baltic  ?    F.  and  R. 

What  Gulf  east  of  Italy  ?  v. 

*Thc  tirsl  iiieridiuii  is  thatfruiii  wiiicli  the  longitude  ie  reckoned  ;  uiarlied  U 
on  tile  map. 
t  Tlie  iHlttiid  conipriaing  England,  Wales  and  Scotland,  is  caiied  Great-Britain. 


rs. 

f  40°  N.  latitude? 

of  longitude  pass? 

Q.  S.  A.  I. 

itude  pass  ?    n.  s. 


E. 


le  place  to  which 

t.  Paul  was  ship. 

i 
literranean  ?  c. 
r  Scotland?    f.s. 

f  Great  Britain ' 
^land  constitute  ? 


I  •'    >v( 


sire  their  names  ? 


koiied;  umrk«d  U 
ilied  Greai-Britain. 


■I 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS. 

What  Gulf  south-east  of  Italy  ?  T.  ^ 

What  Gulf  south  of  France  ?  L.      _, 
What  Bay  west  of  France  ?    b. 

What  Channel  betv/een  France  and  England  ?  b 
What  Channel  between  Wales  and  Ireland  ?  St.  o. 
What  Channel  south  of  Walss  ?  b. 
What  Channel  between  Ireland  and  Scotland  7  n. 
What  Channel  between  Denmark  and  Norway  ?  s. 
What  Channel  between  Denmark  and  Sweden  ?  c. 


41 


What  Strait  between  England  and  France  ?  d. 

What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ?  g. 

What  Strait  between  Corsica  and  Sardinia  ?    b. 

What  Strait  between  Sicily  and  Italy  ?  m. 

What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice  7  Otrauto. 


D. 


What  Mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden  7 
What  Mountains  between  France  and  Spain  ?  p. 
What  Mountains  in  Switzerland  ?     a. 

Which  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Alps  7    A.  Mont  Blanc,  the  high, 
est  mountain  in  Europe.  .    ^ 

What  Mountains  in  Italy  7  a. 
What  Mountains  in  Austria  ?  c. 
What  Mountains  in  Turkey  7  b. 
What  Mountains  between  Russia  and  Asia  7   v* 


What  Mountain  in  Sicily  7   e. 
What  Mountain  near  Naples  ? 
What  Mountain  in  Iceland  ?  h. 


V. 


What  is  a  Cape  7     What  is  a  Promontory  ? 

What  Cape  north  of  Norway  ?  n. 

What  Cape  south-west  of  Norway  7  n. 

What  Cape  south-west  of  England  7  l-e 

What  Cape  South  of  Ireland  ?  c. 

What  Cape  north  of  France  ?    l.-h. 

What  Cape  north-west  of  Spain  7  o. 

What  Cape  west  of  Spain  7  f. 

What  Cape  south-west  of  Portugal  7  St.  v.  \ 

Wha>  Cape  south  of  Italy  ?  s. 

What  Cape  south  of  Greece  7    » 


What  large  River  rises  in  Russia,  and  empties  into  the  Caspian 
JlSea  7  V. 

What  River  empties  into  the  sea  of  Azof  7  •'d. 

What  river  rises  in  Germany  and  empties  into  the  Black  Sea  7  d. 


t  i' 

i    ! 


:\'. 


m 


42 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSON 8i 


What  two  Rivers  rise  in  Switzerland  ?  r.  and  r.  ^ 

What  two  Rivers  empty  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  7  «.  and  i.. 
What  River  empties  into  the  British  Channel  7  s. 
What  five  Rivers  rise  in  Spain  and  empty  into  the  Atlantic  7 


a.  9, 


T.  D.  M. 


Which  is  the  principal  River  in  England  7  t» 
Which  is  the  largest  River  in  Ireland  7  s. 
Which  is  tb*?  principal  River  in  Norway  7  a% 
What  is  a  River  7    What  is  a  Lake  7 


What  two  Lakes  in  Russia  7  o.  l.         "'■"  *  ' 

What  three  Lakes  in  Sweden  7  w.  w.  and  Ma.lar'. 

What  two  Lakes  in  Switzerland  7    A>  Constance  and  Geneva^ 

What  is  the  Capital  of  England  7  l.  Of  Portugal  7  l.  Of  Spain? 
M.  Of  France  7  p.  Of  Holland  7  h.  Of  Belgium  7  e.  At  what 
place  in  Germany  does  the  Federative  Diet  hold  its  sessions  ?  A.  At 
Frankforuon.the.Mayne.  What  is  the  Capital  of  Denmark  7  c.  Of 
Switzerland  7  B.  Of  Italy  7  r.  Of  Austria  7  v.  Of  Turkey  7  c. 
Of  Greece  7  a.  Of  Prussia  7  b.  Of  Russia  7  St.  p.  Of 
s.    Of  Norway  7  c.    Of  Scotland  7  K.    Of  Ireland?  d. 


•Jweden  1 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  England  7  In  what  direction  froin 
England  is  Norway  7  Prussia  7  Italy  7  Spain  7  Ireland  7  Ru8> 
aia  7    Portugal  7    In  what  direction  are  toe  from  Portugal  ? 

Does  Europe  lie  in  north  or  south  latitude  7    Why  7 

In  what  Zones  is  Europe  7    What  are  Zones  T 

In  what  direction  from  Europe  is  Asia  7 


MAP  OF  ASIA. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Asia  7 
What  Ocean  lies  north  of  Asia  7  a. 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  east  7  p. 
What  Ocean  on  the  south  7  i. 
What  Grand  Division  west  of  Asia  7  B. 
In  which  hemisphere  is  Asia  7 


What  Isthmus  connects  Africa  and  Asia  7  s. 
What  Division  embraces  the  northern  part  7  s. 
What  extensive  Empire  south  of  Siberia  7  &. 
What  general  name  is  given  to  the  Divisions  south  of  the  Clilnrne 
Empire  7     India. 
What  Division  in  the  south-western  part  of  Asia  7    a. 
What  Division  north  of  Araoia  7  t. 
What  Division  east  of  Turkey  7  p. 
What  two  Divisions  east  of  Persia  7  a.  and  ■.  . 


?J8, 


INTRODUCTORY    LE880N8. 


48 


I. 


*.- 


?  a.  andL. 

s. 

he  Atlantic  7    a>  s, 


-lar'. 

nee  and  Geneva* 

;al?  L.  Of  Spain? 
:ium  ?  E«  At  what 
ts  sessions  ?  A.  At 
f Denmark?  c.  Of 
V.  Of  Turkey  ?  c. 
t.  p.  Of  Ijvveden  I 
nd?  D. 

rhat  directutn  froin 
7     Ireland  7    Rua. 
Portugal  ? 
hy? 


uth  of  the  Cliin««e 
iia  ?    A. 


What  Division  north  of  Afghanistan  7  i-t. 

What  Division  between  the  Caspian  and  Black  seat  7 


What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 


Sea  between  Asia  and  Africa  7  R. 

Sea  between  Arabia  and  Hindostan  7  a.  , 

Sea  or  Bay  east  of  Hindostan  7  b. 

Sea  south  of  China  7  c.  •        .  . 

Sea  between  China  and  Corea  7  t.  .    " 

Sea  between  Corea  and  Niphon  7  j. 

Sea  in  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia  7  o.  ' 

Sea  east  of  Kamtchaika  7   k. 

Sea  between  Nova  Zembla  and  Siberia  7  K. 

Sea  west  of  Independent  Tartary  7  c. 

Sea  in  Independent  Tartary  ?  a. 

Sea  in  the  southern  part  cf  Syria,  or  Palestine  7  d 


What  Gulfs  between  Arabia  and  Persia  7  p.  o. 
What  two  Gulfs  west  of  Hindostan  7  c.c. 
What  Gulf  south  of  the  firman  Empire  7  m. 
What  Gulf  south  of  Siam  ?  s. 
What  Gulf  east  of  Anam  7   T. 
What  Gulf  in  the  northern  part  of  Siberia  7 
What  Gulf  between  Cey-lon'  and  Hindostan  7 
What  Gulf  at  the  northern  extremity  ot  the  Red  Sea  7 
of  Suez. 


A.  Galf 


What  Mountains  between  Siberia  and  the  Chinese  Empire  7 

What  Mountains  between  the  Chinese  Empire  and  Hindostan. 

Which  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains  7  A. 
Chumularee,  or  Dhawala.Giri.  It  is  the  highest  mountain  on  the 
globe. 

What  chain  unites  the  Altay  and  Himalaya  Mountains  7  b.t. 

What  Mountains  ir.  the  southern  part  of  Hindostan  7  g.  ^ 

What  Mountains  in  the  western  part  of  Turkey  7  t. 

What  Mountain  in  the  northern  part  of  Arabia  7  r. 

What  Mnrmtains  separate  Siberia  from  Russia  in  Europe  7  v. 
What  is  a  Mountain  7  .  , 


What  is  a  Peninsula  7  \ 

What  Peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Farther  India  7   m. 
What  Peninsula  between  the  Yellow  Sea  and  Japan  Sea  ?  c. 
Whet  Peninsula  between  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  and  the  Sea  ol  Kami. 
chatka  7  k. 


What  Cape  north  of  Siberia  7  n.  e.  ' 
What  Cape  south  of  Kamtchatka  7  L. 
What  Cnpe  south  of  Malacca  ?  R. 
What  Cape  south  of  Hindostan  7   c. 
3 


m 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS. 


!      ! 


X. 


What  is  a  Strait  ?    What  is  a  Channel  7 
What  Strait  betv/een  Asia  and  North  America  7  b* 
What  Strait  between  Malay  Peninsula  and  Sumatra  7 
What  Strait  between  Sumatra  and  Java  7  s. 
[See  the  Map  of  the  IVorld.] 

What  Strait  between  Borneo  and  Celebes  7  m.  "     , 

What  Strait  between  Australia  and  New  Guinea  7  T. 
[See  the  Map  of  the  World.] 

What  Strait  between  the  Persran  Gulf  and  the  Gulf  of  Orman  7 
A.  The  Strait  of  Orman.  »    .  ..      i 

What  Strait  is  the  entrance  to  the  Red  Sea  7 


B. 


into 


What  Rivers  unite  and  empty  into  the  Persian  Gulf  7  e.  t.  it. 

What  large  River  rises  in  the  Chinese  Empire   and  empties 
the  Sea  o(  Arabia  ?  i. 

What  two  large  Rivers  empty  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal  7    o.  b. 

What  River  empties  into  the  China  Sea  ?  c. 

What  River  passes  through  the  middle  of  China  and  empties  into 
Che  Pacific  7  k. 

What  River  empties  into  the  Yellow  Sea  7  h*h.  ^     *; 

What  River  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Tartary  7  a.  '     / 

What  River  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Anadir  7  a. 

What  three  large  Rivers  empty  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  7  l.  o.  t. 

What  River  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Obi  7  o. 

What  River  from  Europe  empties  into  the  Caspian  Sea  T 


What  is  an  Island  7 

What  Island  south  of  Hindostan  7  c. 

What  Island  south  of  Malay  Peninsula?  s. 

What  Island  south-east  of  Sumatra  ?  j. 

[See  Map  of  the  World.] 

What  large  Island  east  of  Malay  Peninsula  7  b. 

What  large  Island  east  of  Borneo  ?  c. 

What  large  Island  south.east  of  Asia  7    a. 

[Se3  Map  of  the  World.] 

What  Island  south  of  Australia  7  v.  d.  l. 

What  large  Island  north  of  Australia  7  n-o. 

What  cluster  of  Islands  east  of  Farther  India  7  P. 

What  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin  7  h.  ^  „,     .. , 

What  large  If<land  east  of  Corea  7  s. 

What  two  Islands  east  of  the  Gulf  of  Tartary  7  j.  •• 

What  Island  north-west  of  Siberia  7  jx.%. 


,••  f 


'li^'^hat  Oceans  border  or  Asia  7  a.  p.  i. 
?i)  hat  five  Seas  east  of  Asia  7     k.  o.  j.  t.  o. 
ft  hat  Seas  west  of  Asia  7   r.  x.  a.  m.  b.  9, 


•iV,'   -J!+ 


'Ml 


IKTRODUCTOKt    LESSONS. 


48 


Gulf  of  Orman  ? 


What  is  the  Capital  of  Turkey  ?  c.  Of  Arabia  ?  m.  Of  Persia  7 
t.  Of  Afghanistan  ?  c.  Of  Beloochistan  ?  K.  Of  Hindostan  ?  c. 
Of  the  Birman  Empire  ?  a.  Of  the  Chinese  Empire  ?  P.  Of  Inde- 
pendent Tartary  ?  B.     Of  Siberia?    A.  Tobolsk. 

Where  is  the  Empire  of  Japan  ?  A.  In  the  east  of  Asia ;  includ. 
ing  the  islands  of  Niphon,  Kiuaof,  Ximo  and  Sikof  k,  be8idf;8  several 
imaller  ones.     Its  capital  is  .Vddo. 

What  three  Islands  does '  .„  Equator  cross  ?  s.  b.  c. 

Through  what  Divisions  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  pass?  a.  h.  b.  c. 

Through  what  Division  the  Arctic  Circle  ?   s. 

What  Divisions  are  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  10®  N.  latitude  T 

St  Mk  A. 

What  by  the  parallel  of  20°  ?  A.  n.  b.  a. 
What  by  the  parallel  of  30°  ?  a.  p.  b.  a.  h.  c.e» 
What  by  the  parallel  of  40  ?  t.  c.  i-t.  ce. 

Through  what  Divisions  doei  Um  80th  meridian  of  east  longitude 
pasa  ?  s.  CB.  H. 
In  what  Zones  does  Asia  lie  ? 
At  what  place  is  Asia  connected  Math  Africa  ?  s. 
What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Asia  is  Africa  ? 
If  you  travel  out  of  Asia  into  Africa,  what  Division  will  you  enter  ? 


MAP  OF  AFRICA. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Africa  ? 

What  Sea  lies  north  of  Africa  ?  m. 

What  Sea  and  Ocean  east  of  Africa  7  e.  and  i. 

What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  west  7  a.  ' 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  does  most  of  Africa  lie  7 

With  which  of  the  other  Grand  Divisions  ia  Africa  connected  ? 

In  which  hemisphere  is  Africa  7 


What  States  in  the  northern  part  7    Barbary  States. 
What  are  their  names  7  m.  a.  t.  t.  b. 
Which  is  the  most  western  of  the  Barbary  States  7  m. 
What  does  Morocco  include  7    A.  The  former  kingdoms  of  Tall. 
let  and  Fez. 
Which  is  the  most  eastern  of  the  Barbary  States  7  b. 
What  Division  in  tho  north-eastern  part  of  Africa  7  e» 
What  Division  south  of  Egypt  7   n. 
What  Division  south«west  of  Nubia  7  d. 
What  Division  south-east  of  Nnbia  7  a. 
What  extensive  Desert  south  of  the  Barbary  States  7  s» 
Can  you  mention  any  oasis  in  the  desert  7 
What  is  the  meaning  of  oasis  7     A.  An  island. 
What  larg'e  Division  south  east  of  the  Desert  7  s.  or  n.  i 

What  Division  west  of  Soudan  7  s> 
What  two  small  Divisions  south  of  Sene  Gambia  7  s.  l  and  &•  - 


'11 


'( 


I  i 


nil 


i  !'r 
i  'w 

h 
'  'ill 


46 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS. 


What  name  hnp  been  pven  to  the  coaai  between  Sene  Gambia  and 
the  Niger?     Upper  Guinea. 

What  names  have  been  given  to  the  coast  between  the  Niger 
and  the  River  Nourse  ?  b.  l.  c.  a.  b. 

What  Coluny  in  the  southern  part  of  Africa  ?  c. 

What  small  Division  oast  of  Cape  Colony  7  c. 

What  is  the  interior  of  thp  southern  part  of  Africa  called  ?  e. 

What  do  we  know  respecting  Ethiopia  ?  A.  But  little  except  its 
name,  as  it  has  never  been  explored  by  any  except  those  who  in. 
habit  it. 

Wha:  names  have  been  given  to  the  coast  between  Caffraria  and 
Abyssinia  ?  m.  z.  a. 

What  Division  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Desert  7  F. 


i. 
I 


Which  is  the  most  northern  Cape  7  b. 
Which  is  the  most  eastern  Cape  7   o.^i^ 
Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  ?  o.h. 
Which  is  the  most  western  Cape  ?  v. 
What  is  a  Cape  7    What  is  an  Island  7 


Which  is  the  most  northern  group  of  the  African  Islands  ?  a. 

In  what  direction  from  Morocco  are  the  Azores  7 

What  Islnnds  west  of  Morocco  ?  m. 

What  cluster  of  Islands  south-west  of  Morocco  7  c. 

What  Islands  west  of  Sene  Gambia  7  c-v. 

W'bat  Island  west  of  Cimhebas  ?  St.  h.  • 

For  what  is  Si.  Helena  distinguished  7 

A.  For  boiiip  the  pince  ti»  which  Niipolenii  noiiaptirte  wns  Vanished  in  1815 
fie  was  (It'tHiiK-d  on  lliis  iHhiiiii  a  pri8uiierot'  war,  till  hisiilfalh,  May  5,  \i*il 
In  AuilMiil,  IH4(),  tilt;  Fmich  L'ovt^rnniHil  sent  a  ship,  the  Belle  Puule,  to  8i.  He- 
lena lor  the  piir|M)He  of  brin(!iii$!  the  reniaiTiK  of  N»|»oleon  to  Prance.  It  arrived 
there  Or.tolier  Hth.  On  the  1,5th,  \m  tomb  wat)  opened,  and  liin  tiody  conveyed 
on  hoard  the  HJiip ;  and  on  the  Mtth  of  October,  1H4<>,  tlie  Belle  Poule  oailed  for 
France,  where  xhe  arrived  early  in  Dereinber,  and  on  the  l.'iih  of  the  manie 
month  his  body  was  dep* iniied  in  the  chui  ch  of  the  Hospital  of  InvulidH  In  Paris, 
with  all  the  honors  due  to  the  greatest  warrior  of  modern  times. 

In  what  direction  from  France  is  Si.  Helena  7 

In  what  direction  from  vg  is  Si.  Helena  7 

What  large  Island  south-east  of  Africa  7  w. 

What  Islands  in  the  northern  part  of  »hp  Channel  of  Mozambique  t 

What  two  Islands  east  of  Madagascar  7  m.  b. 

What  Island  near  Cape  Guardafui  7  s. 


What  Isthmus  unites  Africa  and  Asia  7  s. 

How  wide  is  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  7 

What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea  ?  b. 

What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  7 

How  wide  are  each  of  these  Straits  t 

What  lands  are  separated  and  what  waters  connected  by  the  Strnit 
of  Gil>ral'nr  ' 

FroD.  6a  r*daf«we. 


INTRODUCTORY     LESSONS. 


47 


Sene  Gambia  and 
itween  the  Niger 

:a  called  ?  B. 
(ut  liitle  except  its 
pt  those  who  in- 

een  CafTraria  and 


1  Islands  7  i. 
? 


c. 


vns  hantshed  in  1815 
•>  (liHlh,  May  5,  18*21 
elle  Poll  In,  lo  Si.  He- 
(>  Francn.  It  arrived 
lit  IiIh  hniiy  c(>iivf.'y(;d 
itfile  Pmilf  (unllHl  tor 
lie  irnli  of  tlie  oanie 
it  of  liivulids  in  Paris, 
times. 


1  of  Mozambique  t 


an? 

lected  by  the  Strait 


What  Channel  between  Madagascar  and  Mozambique  7  m. 
What  Gulf  east  of  Tunis  ?  c. 
What  Gulf  north  of  Tripoli  ?  s. 

What  Gulf  at  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Red  Sea  7     A.  The 
Gulf  of  Suez. 
What  Gulf  south  of  Guinea  7  a. 
What  Bay  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?     A.  Table  Bay. 

What  River  rises  in  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  and  runs  north 
through  Abyssinia,  Nubia  and  Egypt  into  the  Mediterranean  ?  n. 
What  large  River  in  Soudan  ?  n.  • , 

Where  does  the  Niger  empty  ? 
What  three  Rivers  in  Sene  Gambia  7  s.  o.  o. 
What  River  separates  Loango  from  Congo  7  i. 
What  River  in  South  Africa  runs  west  into  the  Atlantic  7  o. 
What  River  empties  into  the  channel  of  Mozambique  7  i. 


What  Mountains  in  the  Barbary  States  7   a. 

What  IVIountains  extend  through  the  middle  of  Africa  7  o.  or  m. 

What  Mountains  north  of  Guinea  7  k. 


What  is  the  Capital  of  Egypt  7  c. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Barca  7  d. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Tripoli  7   t. 

Of  Tunis  7  t.     Of  Algiers  ?  a.     Of  Morocco  7  m. 

What  is  the  principal  Town  in  the  Cape  Colony  7  ct. 

Wha.'  is  the  Capital  of  Congo  7  St..s. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Abyssinia  7  a. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  TripoK  7 

In  what  direction  from  Tripoli  is  the  Cape  Colony  7  Abyssinia  7 
Sene  Gambia  7  Egypt  7  Morocco  7  Nubia  7  G.  of  Guinea  7 
Fezzan  ? 

Through  what  Divisions  of  Africa  does  the  Equator  pass  7 

Through  what  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  7 

Through  what  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  7 

In  what  Zones  does  Africa  lie  7 

Suppose  you  were  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to>day  at  12  o'clock, 
would  the  "un  be  north  or  south  of  you  7     Why  7 

6p*  ween  what  two  Capes  is  Africa  the  longest  7  Between  what 
two  Capes  the  widest  7 

How  wide  is  the  Sahara  or  Great  Desert  7    - 

How  long  is  the  Mediterranean  Sea  7  , 

In  what  direction  from  Africa  is  this  place  7       .  'r- 1'^/;: 

What  bodies  of  water  border  on  Af.ica  7 

What  prevents  Africa  from  being  a  contment  by  itself.' 

When  and  by  whom  was  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  first  discovered  7 

When  and  by  whom  was  it  first  doubled  7 


48 


OITIL    OEOORAPHT. 


>  '  II 


There  are  rve  grand  varieties  of  the  human  species,  vix. :  The 
European  race, — the  Asiatic  or  MongoHan  race,— the  Malay  race, — 
the  Nejjro,  or  African  race,--and  the  Indian,  or  American  race  ; 
but  they  imperceptibly  approach  and  are  lusf  in  each  other. 


1.  The  European  race  lias 
regular  features  and  fair  com- 
plexions, and  includes  the  Eu- 
ropeans and  their  descendants 
in  Annerica,  Turks,  Tartars, 
Arabians,  Persians,  Hindoos, 
Abyssinians,  Egyptians  and 
Moors. 


2.  The  Asiatic  or  MongO' 
lian  race  has  a  brown,  or  olive 
complexion,  flat  foreheads, 
small  eyes,  coarse,  straight 
black  hair,  and  wide  months 
The  race  includes  the  Chi 
nese,  Japanese,  Mongolians 
Sil  erian  tribes,  Nova  Zem 
blans  Laplanders,  Green 
landers,  and  Esquimaux  In 
dians. 


3.  The  Malay  race  has  a 
dark  brown  complexion,  with 
large  features,  strong  hair, 
broad  nostrils,  and  great 
mouths.  This  race  includes 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Maylay 
Peninsula,  of  the  East  India 
Mslands,  and  of  Polynesia. 


CITIL    OEOORAPHT 


tecies,  vi«. :    The 
he  Malay  race, — 
American  race  ; 
h  other. 


pean  race  lias 
and  fair  com- 
iludes  the  Eu- 
ir  descendants 
jrks,  Tartars, 
ans,  Hindoos, 
gyptians    and 


tic  or  MongO' 
)rown,  or  olive 
at  foreheads, 
arse,  straight 
wide  months, 
udes  the  Chi- 
,  Mongolians, 
,  Nova  Zem- 
ders,  Green- 
squimaux   In- 


ay  race  has  a 
iplexion,  with 

strong    hau', 

and     great 

race  includes 

)f  the  May  I  ay 

le  East  India 

Polynesia. 


< 


4.  The  African  race  has  a 
jet  black  complexion,  woolly 
hair,  flat  noses,  prominent 
chins,  and  thick  lips.  This 
race  includes  the  Negroeri  of 
Africa,  the  natives  of  Aus- 
tralia. New  Guinea,  and  Van 
Diemcn's  Land. 


5.  The  Indian  or  American 
race  has  a  copper  color,  coarse, 
straight  black  hair,  high  cheek 
bones,  sunken  eves,  and  stout 
masculine  limbs.  This  race 
includes  all  the  Indians  dis- 
persed over  the  American  con- 
tinent, except  the  Esquimaux. 


Notwilhstandinff 'hr  numerous  varirties  in  thehumnn  sppciep,  the 
Scriptures  inform  vi;*  that  they  are  the  offspring  of  one  common  parent ; 
that  the  delicaie  European  and  the  swarthy  Ethiopian  are  brothers 
descended  fnmi  th*  same  ancestor. 

CHmate,  or  rh<?  temperature  of  the  nir.  is  the  principnf  cause  of  the 
different  c<»mplpxion,  and  the  external  formofthe  varieties  of  the  hu- 
man race,  which,  when  extremely  warm  or  cold,  produces  in  process 
of  time,  a  dark,  and  when  temperate,  n  fiiii  complex'oii.  Difference 
of  education,  food,  clothincr,  modes  of  hfe,  and  particular  customs 
may  be  assigned  as  other  causes. 


To  wliich  race  do  7/OM  belonp  1  Why?  Have  you  ever  srrn  a  person  that 
belonged  to  the  Asiatic  race "?  Malay  race  ]  African?  American  or  Indian 
race  1'  Do  the  several  races  differ  from  each  other  a.-  inncli  in  form  and  features 
as  in  complexion  ?  Which  race  has  taken  the  Ifad  in  civilization,  in  the  arts, 
sciences,  &c.?  Will  not  each  race  adopt  snch  form  of  uovernment.  and  estab- 
Jisih  such  institutions,  as  are  in  harmony  with  its  intellectual  and  moral  condi- 
tion ?  Why  have  the  European  then  ever  taken  the  lead  1  Which  race  do  you 
think  superior  in  physical,  moral  and  intellectual  power]  Which  race  seems 
d^siined  ultimately  to  hold  the  supremacy  ? 


ftO 


CIVIL    OEOORAPHT. 


>     ,1 


STATE  OF  SOCIETY. 

The  different  nations  of  the  earth  are  divided  according  to  their 
habits  of  life,  and  state  of  improvement,  into  four  classes,  via* : 
Savage^  Half-civilized,  Civilized^  and  Enlightened. 

(n  the  savage  state,  men  subsist  principally  by  hunting,  fishing,  and  the  spon- 
taneous pniductioMci  of  the  earth.  Tliey  possess  but  little  knowledge  of  agricul- 
iBre,  or  the  mechanic  arts.  They  live  in  liuts  formed  of  poles  or  stakes  covered 
with  bark  or  leaves,  or  plastered  with  clay.  The  most  noted  in  this  state  pf  so- 
ciety are  the  North  American  Indians. 

In  the  haJf-civHized  state,  men  subsist  by  agriculture  and  pasturage,  and  un- 
derstand many  of  the  arts;  but  science,  literature,  rnd  foreign  e  >mmerce  are 
almost  unknown.  They  have  established  laws  and  religion,  andsome  of  their 
finer  mnnufnctureR  they  have  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection.  The  most 
Moted  in  this  stale  of  society,  are  the  Persians. 

In  the  civilized  utate,  men  are  acquainted  with  the  arts  and  sciences,  and  de- 
r.  ve  their  subsistence  from  agriculture,  manufactures  and  f^ommerce.  The  moat 
noted  in  this  state  of  society  are  tlie  Cliinese. 

In  tUe  enlightened  state,  m"n  huve  carried  the  arts  and  sciences  to  a  high  de- 
gree of  perfection,  and  are  distinguished  for  their  industry,  intelligence,  ingenu- 
ity and  enterprise.  A  mons  enlightened  nations,  the  most  noted  are  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  the  English,  French,  and  Germans.       ,. 

To  which  state  ofsociety  do  you  belong?    Whyl  ^        . 


GOVERNMENTS.;:  >     ; 

Government  is  the  system,  or  power,  by  which  the  laws  of  a  coun- 
try are  made  and  executed. 

There  are  three  simple  forms  of  Government,  viz.:  Monarchy,  Aristocracy, 
and  Republican.  .,--/ 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Monarchies ;  absolute  and  limited. 

An  absolute  monarchy  is  a  government  in  which  the  will  of  the  monarch  is 
the  law  ;  as  in  Turkey  and  Persia. 

Questiims  on  the  Maps. — What  is  the  government  of  the  Russian  empire  1 
Of  the  Chinese  empire  1    Of  the  I'urkish  empire  ?    Of  Persia?    Afghanistan? 

A  limited  monarchy  is  a  government  in  which  the  power  of  the  sovereign  is 
limited  by  law  ;  as  in  England. 

(Questions  on  the  Maps, — Under  what  form  of  government  is  France  ?  Spain  ? 
^Sweden?    How  many  countries  of  Europe  have  limited  monarchies  ? 

An  aristocracy  is  a  government  administered  by  a  few  men,  usually  styled  the 
inobili.) . 

A  Republic  is  a  free  governn  ent,  in  which  the  people  choose  their  own  rulers ; 
as  in  the  United  States. 

Questions  on  the  Maps.— Under  what  form  of  government  is  Mexico  ?  Swit- 
zerland ?    What  other  conniries  have  a  republican  governmeni  ? 

The  government  among  savage  nations  is  usually  that  of  patriarchs  or  chiefii, 
who  are  elected  to  oflice  on  account  of  their  bravery,  wisdom,  and  experience. 
They  are  generally  called  Independent  Chiefs;  as  among  the  North  American 
Indians,  Arabians,  &c. 

A  Viceroy  is  the  governor  of  a  kingdom  or  country,  who  is  appointed  by  a 
monarch,  and  who  rules  with  regal  authority 

Questions  on  the  Jlfa/>«>— Under  what  government  is  British  America? 
•Cape  Colony  1 


CIVIL    GEOGRAPHT* 


51 


cording  to  their 
R  CLASSES,  via*: 

ling;,  and  the  spon- 
twledee  of  agricul- 
B  or  stakes  covered 
in  this  state  of  so- 

taiturage,  and  un- 

gn  c  immerce  are 

and  some  of  their 

ectioa.    The  most 

I  sciences,  and  de- 
merce.    The  most 

inces  to  a  high  de- 
telligence,  ingenu- 
tcd  are  the  people 


RELIGIONS. 

The  four  prevaih'ng  religions  of  the  world  are  Christian,  Mahomet 
dan,  Jewish,  and  Pagan,  or  Heathen. 

Christians  are  those  who  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  as  the  Saviour  of  mankM* 

There  are  tliree  great  dlviMons  of  Christians,  viz. :  &onia.i  Catholics,  Greek 
Church,  and  Proresfanis. 

The  Roman  Catholics  are  ttiora  who  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
Pope. 

The  Greek  Church,  in  its  forms  and  ceremonies,  resembles  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic, but  denies  the  supremacy  of  the  Pope. 

Protestants  are  those  who  disrlnim  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  Pope,  and  take  the 
Bible  as  the  only  foundation  of  Chrintian  faith  and  Worship. 

Protestants  are  divided  into  various  8<*ct8  ;  the  principal  of  which  are  Epis- 
copalians. Presbyterians.  ConffrpgaMnna lists.  RapMf<ts,  Methodists,  and  Friends. 

Mohammedans  are  those  whot>elieve  in  Mohammed,  an  impostor  of  Arabia, 
who  flourished  600 years  after  Christ. 

The  Jews  are  those  who  believe  in  the  Old  Testament  and  reject  die  New, 
and  expect  a  Saviour  yet  to  come. 

rapans,  or  Heathen,  are  those  who  believe  in  false  gods,  and  woralili^-idoks, 
bersts,  reptiles,  &c. 


''i^ . 


PART  SECOND. 


iawsof  aeoun. 
rchy,  Aristocracy, 

f  the  monarch  is 

Russian  empire  1 
t1  Afghanistan? 
)f  the  sovereign  is 

I  Prance  1  Spain  1 
chies  1 

usually  styled  the 
their  own  rulers; 

I  Mexico  1    Swit- 

riarchs  or  chiefly 
,  and  experience. 
North  American 

}  appointed  by  a 
ritish  America? 


1 


'       AMERICA, 

America  is  less  in  size  than  the  eastern  continent, 
but  surpasses  it  in  the  number  and  magnitudeof  its 
rivers,  its  numerous  lakes,  and  its  lofty  and  extended 
ranges  of  mountains. 

It  is  9,000  miles  in  length,  and  on  an  average  l,S0O 
miles  in  width,  containing  about  15  million  square 
miles. 

It  is  distinguished  for  the  variety  of  its  climate,  ite 
valuable  productions,  and  for  the  freedom  of  its  civil 
and  religious  institutions. 

The  climate  is  generally  colder  than  that  of  the  eastern  conti- 
nent. It  is  calculated  that  the  heat  is  10  degrees  less  than  in  the 
same  parallels  in  the  eastern  hemisphere. 

It  abounds  in  almost  all  the  animal,  vegetable  and  mineral  pro- 
ductions. It  contains  a  great  variety  of  wild  animals,  and  in  cook 
paring  those  of  the  same  species  in  the  two  continents,  it  has  heen 
ound,  in  a  migority  of  instances,  where  a  difference  in  sixe  hae  kmn 


53 


AMERICA. 


ascerfninecl  that  the  American  animal  is  larger  than  that  of  the  east- 
ern continent.* 

The  birds  are  exceedingly  numerous,  and  are  said  to  he  more 
beautiful  in  their  phimaffe  than  those  of  Asia  and  Africa,  but  in  their 
notes  leas  melod  ous.  The  Condor  of  South  Amer'ca,  in  size,  strength 
and  rnpacity,  surpasses  all  others  of  the  feathered  creation. 

It  abounds  in  i»old  and  silver  mines,  and  produces  an  abundance 
of  iron,  copper,  quicksilver,  antimony,  sulphur,  nitre,  lead,  loadstone, 
and  marbles  of  every  sort.  It  has  various  kmds  of  precious  stones, 
as  diamonds,  rubies,  emeralds,  amethysts,  alabaster,  &;c. 

It  produces  every  kind  of  firain,  fruit,  pulse,  herbs,  plants  and 
flowers,  native  to  Europe,  besides  a  great  variety  of  others — as  cinna. 
mon,  pepper,  sarsaparilla,  cocoa,  scarlet  dye,  mahogany,  logwood, 
Bra'»il  wood,  sassafras,  &,c.  &c. 

Tiie  population  of  America  is  usually  estimated  at  47  millions ; 
consisting  of  three  classes,  viz  — Whites,  Negroes  and  Indians. 


The  Whites  are  the  descendants  of  Europeans  who  have  settled 
in  America 'since  its  discovery.  The  Negroes  are  the  descendants 
of  Africans  who  have  been  brought  from  their  native  country.  The 
Indians  are  the  descendants  of  those  who  occupied  the  country  at 
the  time  of  its  discovery,  and  are  generally  savages. 

History. — America  is  often  called  the  new  worlds  because  it  is  but 
a  little  more  than  three  centuries  since  it  was  first  made  known  to  the 


I 
I 


*  American  Encyclupedia. 


AMERICA 


m 


hat  of  the  east- 

d  to  be  more 
ca,  but  in  their 
fisize,  strength 
irion. 

an  abundance 
Jad,  loadstone, 
recious  stones, 
:.c. 

,  plants  and 
ers — as  cinna- 
f^ny,  logwood, 

t  47  millions ; 
Indians. 


0  have  settled 

descendants 

auntry.     The 

fie  country  at 

cause  it  is  but 
known  to  the 


people  of  the  eastern  continent.     The  honor  of  this  important  event 
belongs  to  Christopher  Columbus,  who  discovered  it  in  14IJ2.* 


DISCOVERY  OF  AJMLEEICA  BY    COLUMBUS,    IN    1492. 

'"  discovery  of  America  excited  a  spirit  of  enterprise  throughout 
tb:  X  'zed  world,  unknown  and  unfelt  at  any  time  before,  and  drew 
auVcLiurersfrom  all  parts  of  Europe.  In  1497,  John  Cabot,  and  \m 
Kon  Sebastian,  natives  of  Venice,  in  the  service  of  Henry  VII.  kiaj^  o( 
England,  discovered  North  America,  and  explored  the  coast  from 
Newfoundland  to  Florida. 
In  1499,  Aniericus  Vespuciue,  a  native  of  Florence,  discovered  the 

"Columbus  was  bom  in  1435,  in  the  city  of  Genoa*  at  that  time  a  re- 
piblic  in  the  north-western  part  of  Italy.  Great  exertions  were  made 
by  the  maritime  powers  of  I^^tirope  at  that  time  to  find  a  pae^^age  by  sea 
to  the  East  Indies.  The  Portuguese  had  miide  several  attempt**  to  ac- 
complish this,  by  sailing  down  the  wefetorn  coast  ol  Africa.  But  Colum- 
bus, from  long  and  close  application  to  the  study  of  geography,  btioame 
persuaded  that  the  shortest  and  mo«t  dire(;t  route  to  India  would  be 
found  by  sailing  in  a  westerly  direction.  For  he  imagined  tliat  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Asia  ami  the  western  shore  of  Enrop'^  were  separated  by  an 
ocean  of  moderate  extent.  To  determine  this  point,  he  resolved  on  a 
voyage  of  disrovery.  He  applied  to  the  government  of  Genoa  for  assist- 
ance, but  without  success ;  he  also  applied  to  the  government  of  Portoi- 
gal,  but  his  applications  were  here  rejected  ;  he  next  applied  to  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  the  sovereigns  of  Castile  and  Arrngon,  who  furnished 
him  with  three  small  veesek  and  90  men.  He  sailed  from  I'ulos  ia 
Spain,  the  3d  "f  August,  1492,  and  discovered  San  Salvador,  the  most 
easterly  of  the  bahama  Isles,  Oct.  12th,  1492.  He  made  four  voyages  oi 
diacoveey  to  this  continent,  and  died  at  Valladolid  in  louC^  aged  51'. 


■| 


NORTH     AMERICA. 


continent  at  Paria,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  On  his  return  to 
Europe,  he  published  an  account  of  his  voyage,  and  acquired  the  utk 
de»erved  honor  of  giving  his  name  to  this  continent.  In  a  short  time 
the  whole  continent  was  discovered,  and  settlements  made  in  various 
parts  of  it,  by  different  nations  uf  Europe.  South  America  and  th© 
southern  part  of  North  America,  were  peopled  by  colonies  from  Spain 
mnd  Portugal ;  the  eastern  part  of  North  America  by  colonies  from 
England,  France  and  Holland.  America,  at  ihe  time  of  its  discovery, 
was  inhabited  by  a  rude,  barbarous  and  wariike  people,  whom  Co- 
Iambus  and  his  followers  named  Indians.  T*hey  considered  the  Span- 
iardf  ^  a  superior  race  of  beings,  and  treated  them  with  all  the  kind 
iies£!  i,iid  hospitality  of  which  native  innoc&nce  is  capable.  But  their 
kindness  was  ill  repaid.  Impelled  by  a  thirst  for  gold,  the  Spaniards 
eommitted  the  most  horrid  cruelties  ujion  them,  and  tn  srme  instan. 
ees  destroj>ed  whole  nations^ 

Questions. — Between  what  two  oceans  does  the  western  continent 
3ie?  How  long  since  Ameriaa  was  discovered  ?  What  name  is  given  to 
the  northern  part  of  the  co-ntinent  ?  What  name  is  given  to  the  souttt. 
em  part?  What  isthmus  unites  these  two  portions  ?  What  islands  bo. 
tween  North  and  South  America  ?  Which  approaches  nearest  to 
thf  eastern  continent,  North  or  South  America  ?  n-a.  On  which 
pert  of  the  western  continent  do  you  live  ?  In  what  zones  does  the 
western  continent  Ke  ?  In  what  direction  from  South  America  is 
N«rth  America  ? 


^orlh  America* 


In  extent  of  territory,  North  America  ranks  among 
the  largest  grand  divisions  of  the  globe.  It  is  about 
4,500  miles  in  length,  and  on  an  average,  2,500  miles 
in  breadth.  It  is  distinguished  for  the  number  and 
size  of  its  rivers  and  lakes,  and  its  extended  ranges  of 
mountains.  Lake  Superior  is  the  largest  collection  of 
fresh  water  in  the  world,  and  the  Missouri  and  Missis- 
sippi far  surpass  the  rivers  of  the  eastern  continent. 

There  are  two  great  rang&s  of  mountains  in  North  America. 
The  western  extends  from  the  isthmus  of  Darien  to  the  Arctic  ocean, 
and  contains  several  peaks  whose  tops  are  covered  with  perpetua) 
Si30w.  The  northern  part  of  this  range  is  called  The  Eocky  Moun- 
tains; the  southern  part,  The  Cordilleras.  The  eastern  range  its 
caileJ  the  Alleghany,  and  extends  through  the  United  States,  yuiV' 
xcng  nearly  parallsl  with,  the  coast. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


)n  his  return  to 
cquired  the  un. 
In  a  short  timo 
nade  in  various 
nierica  and  the 
lies  from  Spain 
colonies  from 
jf  its  discovery, 
pie,  whom  Co- 
lered  the  Span, 
th  all  the  kind 
ble.  But  their 
,  the  Spaniards 
^  seme  instan. 


rfem  continent 
ame  is  given  to 
3n  to  the  southi- 
'^hat  islands  bo. 
hes  nearest  to 
■A.  On  which 
zones  does  the 
tth  America  wt 


a»ks  among 
It  is  about 
2,500  miles 
lumber  and 
id  ranges  of 
coJlection  of 
and  Missis- 
continent. 

forth  America, 
e  Arctic  ocean, 
with  perpetuai 
?  Rocky  Moun- 
astern  range  its 
ed  St&tes>  ru3V' 


i 


i 


North  America  has  almost  every  variety  of  climate.  The  part 
north  of  50°  is  a  barren  and  frozen  region,  and  is  covered  with  snow 
and  ice  a  great  part  of  the  year.  Between  50°  and  35°,  the  country 
is  subject  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  and  produces  in  most 
parts,  grass,  grain  and  various  kinds  of  fruit.  South  Oi*  35°  the  cli- 
mnte  is  warm,  and  produces  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  indigo,  sugar-cane, 
and  tropical  fruits,  as  oranges,  lemons,  pine  apples  and  figs. 

The  mineral  treasu/es  of  North  America,  so  far  as  discovered, 
consist  of  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  lead,  coal,  &c.  The  gold  and 
silver  mines  of  Mexico  are  suppo'^oJ  to  be  the  richest  in  the  world. 
Gold  has  recently  been  discovered  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Geor- 
^a  and  Alabama,  and  large  quantities  are  now  annually  obtained. 
Iron  is  abundant  in  various  parts,  especially  in  the  United  States. 
There  are  rich  mines  of  copper  near  Lake  Superior,  also  on  the 
banks  of  the  Copper-mine  river,  and  others  in  various  parts  of  the 
United  States.  Coal  is  abundant.  The  most  remarkable  mines  of 
it  are  found  in  Pennsylvania.  Tin  is  produced  in  Mexico ;  and 
the  lead  mines  of  Missouri,  Illinois  and  Iowa  are  among  the  most 
productive  on  ;'  t  globe.  Salt  is  plenty  in  all  parts  ;  the  most  noted 
pprin  »8  are  found  in  the  state  of  New  York.  Sulphur  and  all  sorts 
of  marble  are  found  in  different  places. 

The  vegetable  kingdom  embraces  a  great  variety  of  produc. 
tinns,  many  of  which  are  peculiar  to  N.  America.  The  forests  con- 
tain pines  of  an  extraordinary  height,  oaks  of  various  spjcies,  walnut 
and  chestnut  trees,  ash,  beech,  birch,  yew,  cypress  willow,  elm,  pop- 
lar, and  other  trees  common  to  the  other  continent.  Among  those 
which  are  peculiar  to  America,  are  the  magnolia,  the  tulip  tree,  the 
acacia  and  many  other.  In  the  forests  of  the  warmer  regions  are 
the  palms,  mahogany,  cocoa  and  cotton  trees.  Besides  these  native 
productions,  the  orange  and  lemon  trees,  the  coffee  shrub,  the  sugar 
cane  and  the  indigo  plant,  have  been  introduced  and  cultivated  with 
aiiccpsa.  Indian  corn,  tobacco  and  the  potato  were  found  here  by 
the  Krropeans,  and  by  them  introduced  into  the  eastern  continent. 

The  animal  kingdom  embraces  a  great  variety  of  species.  In 
the  most  northern  regions  are  found  th<^  musk  ox,  the  reindeer  and 
white  hear.  The  vast  prairies  are  peopled  with  immense  herds  of 
bisons,  elks,  moose,  deer,  antelopes,  &,c.,  Carniverous  animals,  such 
as  the  black  bear,  grisly  bear,  wolf,  cougar  or  panther,  lynx,  &,c.  are 
numerous  in  the  unfrequented  parts  oi  he  country.  In  some  parts 
ofN.  America  have  been  found  imberlded  in  the  earth,  the  bones  of  re. 
markahle  animals  that  are  not  now  known  to  exist.  A  few  years 
since  nearly  an  entire  skeleton  of  one  of  these  animals  was  dug  up 
near  Newburffh.  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  is  now  preserved  in 
the  museum  in  Philadelphia.  It  must  have  been  several  times  larsrer 
than  the  elephant,  as  a  tall  man  can  walk  upright  under  its  bell)'. 
Bones  of  the  same  species  of  animals  are  found  in  various  parts  of 
the  western  states,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  at  a  very  remote 


it 


NORTH     AMERICA 


period,  they  existed  here  in  great  numberB.     They  are  are  caUed 
Mammoth  or  Mastodon. 

All  the  domestic  animals  of  Europe,  the  horse,  ox,  sheep,  goat, 
hog,  dog  and  cat,  were  introduced  into  America  by  the  first  settlers, 
and  some  of  them  have  increased  to  such  a  degree  that  they  form 
large  herds  in  a  wi!d  state. 

Among  the  birds  of  North  America,  the  most  noted  is  the  wild 
turkey.  It  is  peculiar  to  this  country,  and  was  first  introduced  into 
Europe  in  1525,  and  is  the  original  stock  whence  have  sprung  the 
tame  turkeys.  The  mocking  bird  of  the  southern  stales  is  celebrated 
for  its  wonderful  power  of  song.  It  surpasses  all  other  tribes  of  me- 
lodious '  ds  in  the  sweetness  of  its  notes.  The  humming  bird  is 
distingiT  .eH  for  its  beauty  and  diminutive  size.  There  are  numer- 
ous  oihe/  birds  peculiar  to  this  continent ;  and  others,  as  the  eagle, 
owl,  crow,  hawk,  swan,  goose,  duck,  &c.  which  in  many  resppcts 
differ  from  those  of  the  same  name  in  the  eastern  continent.  The 
coasts  and  inland  waters  swarm  with  water  fowl. 

Alligators  are  found  in  the  southern  rivers,  and  the  waters  are 
filled  with  sturgeons,  pikes,  trout,  eels  and  salmon.  The  banks  of 
Newfoundland  and  the  neighboring  coast  abound  in  cod,  Three 
thousand  vessels,  and  one  hundred  thousand  men  from  the  United 
States,  Gre»  Britain  and  France,  are  annually  engaged  in  the  cod 
fisheries. 

Respecting  the  northern  part  of  North  America,  nothing  is  known 
with  any  degree  of  certainty.  During  a  few  years  past,  several  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  sail  round  this  part  into  the  Pacific,  or  in 
other  words,  to  find  a  north-west  passage  ;  but  all  have  been  unsuc. 
cessful.  Capt.  Parry  entered  Barrow's  Strait,  and  sailed  to  the  106® 
W.  longitude,  where  he  discovered  a  large  island,  which  he  named 
Melville,  but  was  unable  to  proceed  farther  on  account  of  ice.  Mac- 
kenzie, Hearne,  FrankHn  and  others,  attempted  to  explore  this 
yegion  by  land,  but  were  not  able  to  penetrate  these  fearful  abodes 
of  perpetual  ice  and  snow. 


Questions. — What  bodies  of  water  border  on  North  America  ? 
Which  ocean  borders  most  on  North  America  ?  What  is  thediffer. 
ence  between  the  length  and  the  average  breadth  of  North  America? 
What  prevents  North  America  from  being  a  continent  by  itself? 
Is  North  America  longer  from  north  to  south,  or  from  east  to  west  ? 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

How  is  North  America  bounded  T 

British  America  ?         Capital  ?  Chief  Towns  ? 

U.  S.  and  Territory  ?    Capital  ?  Chief  Towns  ? 

Mexico  ?                       Capital  ?  Chief  Towns  ? 

Guatimala  ?                  Capital  ?  Chief  Towns  ? 

Russian  Possessions  ?     ■— — .  ?  — — —  7 


Rivers  ? 
Rivera.  ? 
Ri\er6  ? 
Rivfers? 


NORTH     AMERICA, 


57 


are  are  called 


hat  they  form 


as  the  eagle, 


VVhfre  doea  Mackenzie's  River  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it  run, 
and  where  does  it  empty  ?  Coppermine  ?  Liards  ?  Peace  ?  Atha- 
basca ?  Slave  ?  Saskatchawan  ?  Churchill  ?  Nelson  7  Sev. 
em?  Albany?  Rupert?  Ottawa?  St.  Lawrence?  Columbia? 
Clark's  ?  Lewis  ?  Colorado  ?  Gila  ?  Grand  del  Norte  ?  St. 
Juan  ?  Mississippi  7  Missouri  ?  Yellowstone  ?  Arkansas  7  Red 
River  ?  

CAPES.  r  > 

Wliai  is  a  Cape  ?     Where  is  Cape  Farewell  1 

Where  is  Cape  Charles  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Sable  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Lisburne  7 

Where  is  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  1 

Where  is  Cape  St.  Lucas  ? 

Where  is  Cape  San  Antonio  ? 


ISLANDS. 

What  is  an  Island  7  Wher  j  is  Melville  Island  7  Sabine  7  Dis- 
CO  ?  Iceland  ?  Southamptr  n  ?  Mansfield  ?  Anticosti  ?  Cape 
Breton?  Prince  Eduard?  Newfoundland?  Bermudas?  Baha- 
mas ?  Greater  Antilles,  viz.  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico  7 
Carribbean  Islands,  viz.  Santa  Cruz,  Antigua,  Gaudaloupe.  Domini, 
ca,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Barbadoe^  "-enada,  Tobago,  Trinidad  7 
Little  Antilles,  viz.  Curacoa,  Buen  Ayre,  Orua,  Margurita  ?  Prince 
of  Wales  ?     Queen  Charlotte's  ?     Vancouver's  or  Nootka  Island  ?/'' 


STRAITS. 

What  is  a  Strait  ?     Where  is  Davis*  Strait  ? 
Where  is  Iliidson's  Strait  7 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle  ? 
Wiiere  is  Barrow's  Strait  ? 
Where  is  Behring's  Strait? 


BAYS. 

What  is  a  Bay  ?     Where  is  Baffin's  Bay  ? 
Where  is  Hudson's  Bay  ? 
Wh»^re  is  Jarn«s'  Bay  ?  ^  ,     . 

Wiiere  \8  the  Bay  of  Fundy  7  , 

Where  is  the  Bay  of  Honduras  7 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Campeachy  ? 


INLET3. 

Where  is  Regent  Inlef  7 
Where  is  Northumbe  'and  Inlet? 
Where  is  Chesterfie'd  Inlet? 
Where  is  Cook's  Inlet  7 


58 


VORTH     AMERICA. 


GULFS. 

What  is  a  Gulf  7     Where  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  T 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  California  7  * 


SOUNDS. 

What  is  a  Sound  7    Where  is  Prince  William's  Sound  T 
Where  is  Queen  Charlotte's  Sound  ?    Nootka  Sound  ? 
Where  is  Smith's  Sound  7    Where  is  Whale  Sound  ? 


.■*l 


PENINSULAS.  '         ■  ' 

What  is  a  Peninsula  7    Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Greenland  t 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  7  .     . 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Florida  7 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan  7  , 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  California  7 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska  7 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  is  a  Mountain  7    Where  are  the  Alleghany  Mountains  t 

Where  are  the  Cordilleras  Mountains  7 

Where  are  the  Rocky  Mountains  7 

Where  is  Mount  Fairweather  7     Where  is  Mount  St,  Elias  Tj 

Where  is  the  volcano  of  Popocatapetl  7 


LAKES. 

What  is  a  Lake  7    Where  is  Lake  Superior? 

Where  is  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  7   • 

Where  is  Lake  Winnipeg  7 

Where  is  Athabasca  Lake  7 

Where  is  Great  Slave  Lake  7     Where  is  Great  Bear  Lakn  T 

Where  is  Lake  *Chapala  7 

Where  is  Lake  tNicaragua  7 


wvisroNS. 
What  are  the  Divisions  of  North  America  T 
Which  is  the  most  northern  Division  7 
Which  is  the  middle  Division  7 
Which  is  the  south-western  Division  7 
Which  is  the  southern  Division  7 
Which  is  the  most  north-western  Division  7 


What  is  the  length  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  7 
What  is  the  length  of  the  Gulf  of  California  7 
What  is  the  length  of  the  Carribbean  Sea  7 
What  is  the  length  of  Hudson's  Bay  7 


»  Sh.pa'.lA. 


t  Nic-ar>aw'-gua. 


UMITSD     STATES 


59 


UNITED  STATES. 

The  United  States  are  the  most  interesting  and 
important  division  of  the  western  continent.  They 
are  distinguished  for  the  excellence  of  their  govern- 
ment,— the  rapid  increase  of  the  population, — and  for 
the  intelligence,  industry,  and  enterprise  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

In  extent  of  territory,  the  United  States  rank 
among  the  first  political  divisions  of  the  globe.  They 
ire  about  3000  miles  in  length  from  |^st  to  west,  and 
1700  miles  in  breadth,  from  north  to  south  ;  embra- 
cinor  almost  every  variety  of  surface,  soil,  and  climate. 

The  commerce*  of  the  United  States  ranks  next 
to  Great  Britain.  It  extends  to  all  nations,  and  to 
every  clime.  The  chief  articles  of  export,t  are  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  wheat,  flour,  rice,  fish,  ashes,  lumber, 

*  Com'  merce,  the  exchanging  of  the  goods  or  produv.  ions  of  one  coun> 
try  for  those  of  another  ;  trade,  traffic, 
t  Ey.'-port,  carried  out  of  our  country. 


60 


UNITED     STATES. 


I'f'i 


i>mm 


III 


^lilii 


and  naval  stores.  The  chief  articles  of  import,*  are 
woollens,  cottons,  silks,  teas,  coffee,  sugar,  spirits, 
spices  and  wines. 

By  examining  the  map,  you  will  perceive  that  the  United  States* 
territory  is  divided  by  the  Alleghany  and  Rocky  Mountains  into 
three  great  natural  sections  or  divisions,  viz.  1.  The  Atlantic 
Slope,  which  extends  from  the  Allegany  mountains  to  the  Atlantic ; 
2.  The  M rssissippi  Vatley,  which  lies  between  the  Alleghany  and 
Rocky  mountains,  and  is  watered  by  the  Mississippi  and  its  nunier. 
ous  branches ;  3.  The  Pacific  Slope,  which  comprises  the  region 
between  the  Rocky  mountains  and  the  Pacific  ocean.  Hence  it 
will  be  seen,  that  the  general  features  of  the  country  is  that  of  an 
immense  plain  traversed  by  two  great  chains  of  mountains. 

There  is  no  country  of  equal  extent  so  well  watered  as  the  Uni. 
ted  States,  by  noble  rivers  and  lakes,  or  so  highly  favored  by  nature 
with  channels  for  internal  commerce  or  mutual  intercourse.  With 
the  Atlantic  ocean  on  the  east,  the  Pacific  on  the  west,  the  gulf  of 
Mexico  on  the  south,  and  the  lakes  on  the  north,  the  United  States 
contain  some  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  possess  every 
advantage  for  commercial  pursuits. 

In  a  country  so  extensive,  and  having  so  many  varieties  of  ex- 
posure as  the  United  States,  the  climate  must  of  course  be  various. 
In  a  general  view,  the  country  may  be  regarded  as  comprised 
within  three  distinct  climates.  1.  That  of  the  cold  climate,  embracing 
the  Eastern  States,  the  northern  part  of  New  York,  Michigan  and 
the  western  territories.  2.  That  of  tho  temperate  climate,  compns. 
ing  the  Middle  States,  with  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Ken. 
tucky  and  Tf^nnessee.  3.  The  hot  climate,  comprising  the  South. 
em  States  and  Arkansas. 

Every  (luality  of  soil  may  be  found  in  the  United  States  from  ut- 
ter barrenness  to  the  highest  degree  of  fertility.  Viewed  as  a  whole, 
however,  probably  there  is  no  region  of  equal  extent  better  adapted 
than  this,  to  support  a  vigorous,  healthy  and  numerous  population. 
The  richest  soils  are  in  the  western  and  southern  states. 

The  vegetable  productions  of  the  United  States  are  exceedingly 
various.  There  are  some,  however,  common  to  every  section  of  the 
country.  Maize,  or  Indian  corn,  and  wheat,  are  cultivated  from 
Maine  to  Louisiana,  but  succeed  best  in  the  Western  and  Middle 
States. 

The  chief  agricultural  occupations  in  the  Eastern  States  are  graz- 
ing and  the  dairy.  The  Middle  States  are  principally  devoted  to 
the  cultivation  of  wheat  and  maize ;  the  Southern  to  that  of  cotton, 
tobacco,  sugar  and  rice ;  and  the  ^Vestern  to  maize,  wheat  and 
hemp.  The  vine  has  oecn  successfully  cultivated  in  various  parts 
of  the  Union,  and  the  mulberry-tree  grows  spontaneously,  and 
has  been  extensively  planted  of  late  years. 

*  Im'-port,  brought  into  our  country. 


UNITED    STATES 


61 


nport,*  are 
ar,  spirits, 

United  States' 
[ountains  into 
HE   Atlantic 

the  Atlantic ; 
Alleghany  and 
and  its  nunier. 
ises  the  region 
an.     Hence  it 

is  that  of  an 
1  tains, 
'ed  as  the  Uni. 
ored  by  nature 
■course.  With 
!8t,  the  gulf  of 
}  United  States 
il  possess  every 

^nrieties  of  ex. 
irse  be  various. 

as  compriaod 
inle,  embracing 

Michigan  and 

iwate,  conipns. 

Missouri,  Ken. 

sing  the  South. 

States  from  ut. 
■ved  as  a  whole, 
better  adapted 
ous  population. 
tes. 

ire  exceedingly 
y  section  of  the 
cultivated  from 
2rn  and  Middle 

States  are  graz. 
ally  devoted  to 
that  of  cotton, 
lize,  wheat  and 
in  various  parts 
taneously,  and 


Manufactures  are  numerous  and  extensive,  and  are  rapidly  in. 
creasing.  They  comprise  almost  every  article  used,  and  annually 
amount  to  about  350  million  dollars. 

The  fisheries  form  an  impcjrtant  branch  of  industry,  and  are  car- 
ried on  principally  by  the  people  of  the  Bastcrn  States.  The  whale 
fishery  is  prosecuted  in  the  northern  and  southern  oceans, — and  the 
cod,  herring  and  mackerel  fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland 
and  along  the  coast. 

Minerals  abound  in  the  United  States  in  great  variety  and  pro- 
fusion. Iron,  coal  and  lime,  exist  in  great  abundance.  Lead  is 
found  in  inexhaustible  quantities,  from  Arkansas  river  to  Wisconsin. 
Copper  exists  in  various  parts.  Salt  springs  abound  in  many  parts 
of  the  Union  and  large  quantities  of  salt  are  manufactured  in  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Ohio  and  Illinois.  Gold  has  recently 
been  found  in  considerable  quantities  in  Virginia,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Tennessee. 


CONVENTION    AT  PHILADELPHIA. 

History. — The  United  States  were  settled  principally  by  rmi- 
grants  from  Great  Britain.  They  were  all  included  within  the 
English  patent,  and  claimed  by  the  English  crown.  They  were 
styled  *'  British  colonies  in  North  America,"  and  remained  in  sub. 
jection  to  the  English  government  till  1775. 

From  the  first  settlement  of  this  country,  the  English  goveniTrent 
treated  (he  inhabitants  of  these  colonies  as  a  distinct  and  subordi- 


62 


UNITED     STATES. 


nate  clasa  of  suojects,  and  considered  their  interesta  entirely  auh. 
servient  to  the  aggrandizement  and  prosperity  of  the  mother  coun. 
try ;  and  after  the  conquest  of  Canada,  they  began  to  exercise  an 
undue  authority  over  them,  and  to  interfere  in  their  civil  concerns  in 
a  manner  which  excited  the  most  seiious  alarm. 

The  English  government  claimed  the  right  of  taxing  the  colonie5i, 
although  they  allowed  them  ro  participation  in  their  legislative  coun. 
cils.  The  colonies  denied  this  right,  and  contended  that  **  taxa. 
tion  and  representation  were  inseparable ;  and  that  they  could  not 
be  safe  if  their  property  could  be  taken  from  them  without  their  con. 
sent." 

After  various  oppressive  acts  on  the  pnrt  of  the  English  govern, 
ment,  the  colonists  resolved  to  support  their  rights  by  force  of  arms. 
The  first  battle  was  fought  at  Lexington,  on  the  19ih  of  April,  1775. 
In  1776,  'hey  declared  themselves  free  and  independent,  under  the 
name  of  "The  United  States  of  America."  In  1783,  Januory 
20th,  peace  was  settled  between  the  two  nations,  when  Great  Bri. 
tain  acknowledged  the  United  States  to  be  free,  sotenign  and  in. 
dependent. 

In  Mny,  17b7,  a  Convention  of  delegates  from  the  several  states 
met  at  Philadrlphia,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  Constitution  ade. 
quate  to  the  exigencies  of  government,  and  the  preservation  of  the 
Union.  George  Washington  was  unanimously  elected  President  of 
this  body  of  illustrious  statesmen  ;  and  after  four  months  delibera. 
tion,  they  agreed  upon  a  Constitution,  which  was  adopted  by  the 
several  states  in  1789,  and  has  been  the  source  of  unexampled  pros, 
perity  to  the  nation. 


Questions. — From  what  country  did  the  first  settlers  of  the  United 
States  principally  come  ?  What  were  the  United  States  called  pre. 
vious  to  1775?  Why  ?  Can  you  tell  me  to  whom  Canada  belong- 
ed before  the  English  conquered  it  ?  Where  is  Canada  ?  What 
right  did  the  English  government  claim  ?  Did  the  colonies  atiknowl- 
edge  this  right  ?  What  did  the  colonies  at  last  do  ?  When  and 
where  was  the  first  battle  fought  ?  Can  you  mention  any  other  bat. 
ties  that  were  fought  during  the  revolutionary  war  ?  Can  you  men. 
tion  the  namrs  of  any  American  generals  ?  How  long  did  the  war 
continue  ?  When  was  our  present  constitution  adopted  ?  How  long 
since  7 


HISTORICAL  TABLE. 
The  following  Table  exhibits  the  settlement  of  the  different  States 
and  Territories,  the  place  first  settled,  and  by  what  nation  ;  likewise 
the  square  miles  of  each  State,  taken  from  the  best  geographical  ta. 
bles.  The  first  thirteen  States  are  those  which  united  in  declaring 
their  independence,  and  are  called  the  thirteen  original  states  ; 
the  remainder  are  placed  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  admitted 
into  the  Union. 


UNITED    8TAT1S 


■  entirely  lub. 

mother  coun. 

0  exercise  an 
v\\  concerns  in 

g  the  colonies, 
gislative  coun. 
that  *Maxa. 
they  could  not 
lout  their  con- 

nglish  govern, 
orce  of  arms. 
)f  April,  1775. 
cnf,  under  the 
783,  January 
len  Great  Bri. 
'.rtign  and  in. 

several  states 
institution  ade. 
rvation  of  the 
d  President  of 
}nths  delihera. 
adopted  by  the 
sxampled  pros. 


I  of  the  United 

ites  called  pre. 
anada  belong, 
nada  ?  What 
mies  aiOcnowl. 
f  When  and 
any  other  bat- 
Can  you  men. 
ig  did  the  war 
i  ?    How  long 


ifferent  States 
ion  ;  likewise 
ographical  ta. 
i  in  declaring 

INAL   STATES ; 

^ere  admitted 


State; 

aettl 

Nation. 

Place. 

S<i. 

milee. 

1.  Vin^inia 

1607  Ii:'.gli8h 

Jamestown 

70,000 

18 

2.  New  York 

1614  Dutch 

Albany, 

46,000 

53 

3.  Massachusetts 

1620  English 

Plymouth 

7,500 

99 

4.  N.  Hampshire 

1623  English      ' 

Dover 

9,280 

31 

5.  New  Jersey 

1624  Danes 

Bergen 

8,320 

45 

6.  Delaware 

1627  Swedes  &  Finns 

C.  Henlopen 

2,120 

37 

7.  Connecticut 

1633  English 

Windsor 

4,676 

66 

8.  Maryland 

1634;  English 

St.  Mary's 

13,959 

33 

9.  Rhode  Island 

1 636' R.  Williams 

Providence 

1,360 

HO 

10.  N.  Carolina 

1650' English 

Albemarle 

4s,000 

12 

11.  S.  Carolina, 

1670l  English 

Port  Royal 

25,000 

25 

12.  Pennsylvania 

1682;  Wm.  Penn 

Philadelphia 

46,000 

38 

13.  Georgia 

1733  English 

Savannah 

58,000 

13 

Vermont 

1724  English 

Fort  Dumme- 

10.300 

28 

Kentucky 

1769,Cor.  D.  Boon 

Boonsbor ; 

40,500 

18 

Tennessee 

1765  English 

Nashville 

45,60(J 

18 

Ohio 

1788|  English 

Marietta 

40,000 

38 

Louisiana 

1699,French 

Ibberville 

45,30w 

8 

Indiana 

1730  French 

Vincennes 

36,(:./0 

19 

Mississippi 

1716 

French 

Natchez 

45,760 

8 

Illinois 

1749 

French 

Kaskaskia 

50,000 

u 

Alabama 

1783 

Spanish 

Mobile 

46  MOO 

13 

Maine 

16.30 

English 

York 

3i/,»<rJ 

17 

Missouri 

1663 

French 

St.  Genevieve 

6'.,0()0 

5 

Michigan 

1670 

French 

Detroit 

66,000 

4 

Arkansas 

1685 

French 

Arkansas 

.54.500 

2 

Florida 

1565 

Spanish 

St.  Augustine 

r)7,ooo 

1 

Queafions.—  Which  is  the  largest  state?  How  manysf  imre  miles 
has  Virginia  ?  Which  are  the  three  next  largest?  How  many  square 
miles  has  Missouri  ?  Georgia  ?  How  many  square  miles  has  Mas- 
sachusetts ?  How  many  times  larger  is  Maine  than  Massachusetts? 
Divide  the  number  of  square  miles  in  Maine  by  those  in  Massachu- 
setts—thus,  7500)30,000(4.  Hence  we  see  that  Maine  is  four 
times  larger  than  Massachusetts.  About  ho  •  many  times  larirer  is 
Viri^inia  than  Connecticut  ?  A.  Nearly  ^.sirteen  times  larger. 
Which  is  the  smallest  state  ?  Which  is  the  next  smallest  ?  Which 
is  the  most  thickly  inhabited  state,  or  which  has  the  greatest  popula- 
tion to  a  square  mile?  See  the  right  hand  column  above.  How 
many  inhabitants  has  Massachusetts  to  a  square  mile  ?  Virginia  7 
New  York  ? 


Government. — The  several  states  are  all  unitad  under  one  sene. 
ral  government  called  a  Federal  Republic,  that  i  i  tioubhc  in  which 
several  separate  republics  are  united  in  one. 


■,  I 


64 


UNITED     STATES 


.1. ,...!: 


Each  state  is  a  republic  by  itself;  for  it  has  a  government  of  iti 
own,  and  is  at  liberty  to  make  laws  relative  to  its  own  peculiar  in. 
terests ;  but  the  more  general  concerns  of  the  nation,  as  the  regula. 
tion  of  commerce,  the  declaration  of  war^  the  coining  of  money,  &c. 
arc  entrusted  to  a  general  government. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  consists  of  three  branches, 
viz. :    The  Legislative  ;  the  Executive^  and  the  Judicial  power. 

1.  The  Legislative  power  IB  \ested  in  a  Congress  which  consists 
of  two  branches — the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives. 
The  Senate  consists  of  two  members  from  each  state,  chosen  by  the 
legislature  thereof,  for  the  term  of  six  years.  The  members  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  are  chosen  for  two  years,  by  the  people  of 
each  stale,  according  to  the  population.  Since  June,  1843,  each 
state  is  entitled  to  one  representative  for  every  70,680  inhabitants ; 
consequently  if  it  has  six  times  70,680  inhabitants,  it  sends  six  repre* 
sentatives.  Congress  meets  at  Washington  every  winter  on  the  first 
Monday  in  December  to  attend  to  the  general  interests  of  the  nation. 

2.  The  Executive  power  is  vested  in  a  President  and  Vice  Presi. 
dent,  assisted  by  four  Secretaries,  called  Heads  of  Departments,  ap* 
pointed  by  the  President,  viz. :  The  Secretary  of  State,  the  Secretary 
of  War,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasu. 
ry.  These  are  termed  the  cabinet.  The  President  and  Vice  Presi. 
dent  are  chosen  for  four  years,  by  delegates  elected  by  the  people, 
called  electors.  Each  state  chooses  as  many  electors  as  it  has  mem. 
bers  in  congress.  For  example,  Connecticut  is  entitled  to  six  elec 
tors,  because  the  State  has  six  members  in  congress,  viz.— four 
representatives  and  two  senators.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the 
Presidents  since  the  adoption  of  the  present  Constitution  in  1789. 

1.  George  Washington,  of  Va.      from  1789  to  1797,  8  years. 

2.  John  Adams,  "  Mass. 

3.  Thomas  .lefferson,       "  Va. 

"  Va. 
"  Va. 


*t 


i( 


<« 
(t 


1797 

"  1801,  4   " 

1801 

"  1809,  8   " 

1809 

"  1817,  8   " 

1817 

"  1825,  8   " 

1825 

"  1829,  4   " 

1829 

"  1837,  8   " 

1837 

"  1841,  4   " 

1841 

one  month. 

1841 

"  1845,  4  years. 

1845 

"  1849, 

4.  James  Madison, 

5.  James  Monroe, 

6.  John  Quincy  Adams,  "  Mass. 

7.  Andrew  Jackson,         "  Tenn. 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren,     «♦  N.  Y. 

9.  Wm.  Henry  Harrison,***  Ohio. 

10.  John  Tyler,  ♦*  Va. 

11.  James  K.  Polk,  •*  Tenn. 

As  the  executive  power  administers  the  government,  it  is  termed 
the  Administration.  Hence  we  speak  of  Washington's  administra. 
tion,  Jefierson's  administration,  «Se,c.  &c. 

3.  The  Judicial  power  is  vested  in  one  Supreme  Court,  and  in 
such  inferior  courts  as  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  establish. 

*  Wm.  H.  Harrison  held  the  office  of  President  one  month.  He  died 
the  4th  of  April,  and  John  Tyler,  the  Vice  President  became  President. 


UNITED    8TATI8 


65 


)vernment  of  iti 
own  peculiar  in* 
n,  as  the  regula. 
g  of  money,  &,c, 

three  branchea, 
idicial  power. 
8  which  consist! 
Representatives. 
p,  chosen  by  the 
members  of  the 
by  the  people  of 
ne,  1842,  each 
380  inhabitants ; 
sends  six  repre* 
inter  on  the  first 
sts  of  the  nation* 
and  Vice  Presi. 
)epartments,  ap* 
te,  the  Secretary 
y  of  the  Treasu. 
and  Vice  Presi. 
1  by  the  people, 
B  as  it  has  mem. 
ed  to  8ix  elec. 
;res8,  viz.— fout 
is  a  list  of  the 
tion  in  1789. 

797,  8  years. 
801,  4  " 
809,  8 
817,  8 
825,  8 
829,  4 
837,  8 
841,  4 

one  monthi 
845,  4  years. 
349, 

mt,  it  is  termed 
)n's  administra. 

e  Court,  and  in 
time  establish. 

lonth.  He  died 
came  President. 


<« 


«4 

11 


(I 
li 


The  present  judicial  establishment  of  the  United  States  consists  of  a 
Supreme  Court,  thirty.one  District  Courts,  and  seven  Circuit  Courts. 
The  Supreme  Court  is  composed  of  one  Chief  Justice  and  eight  Asso- 
ciate Justices,  who  hold  a  court  in  the  city  of  Washington  annually, 
commencing  on  the  second  Monday  of  January  ;  besides  which,  each 
of  these  justices  attends  in  a  certain  circuit  comprising  two  or  more 
districts  appropriated  to  each,  and  together  with  the  judge  of  the  dis. 
trict,  composes  a  Circuit  Court,  which  is  held  in  each  district  of  the 
circuit.  The  principal  business  of  these  courts  is  to  expound  the 
laws  of  the  United  States,  and  to  settle  all  questions  which  arise  un- 
der the  Constitution  and  treaties  of  the  United  States.  The  justices 
are  appointed  by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  Senate,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior. 

Questions. — What  is  meant  by  Government  ?  A.  The  power  that 
Biakes  and  executes  the  laws.  What  is  the  government  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  called  ?  What  is  the  meaning  of  Federal  ?  A.  United, 
joined  by  mutual  agreement.  What  power  has  each  state  ?  What 
powei 3  are  entrusted  to  the  general  government?  Of  how  many 
branches  does  the  government  of  the  United  States  consist  ?  In 
what  is  the  Legislative  power  vested  ?  Of  what  does  Congress  con« 
sist  ?  In  what  manner,  and  for  what  length  of  time  are  the  Sena* 
tors  chosen  ?  How  many  Senators  has  this  state  in  Congress  ?  Can 
you  tell  me  their  names  ?  There  are  now  twenty -six  states,  and  can 
you  tell  me  of  how  many  members  the  Senate  consists  ?  Who  is 
the  president  or  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate  ?  A.  The  Vice  Pres. 
ident.  For  what  length  of  time  and  by  whom  are  the  Representa* 
tives  chosen  ?  How  many  inhabitants  are  entitled  to  one  represent- 
ative ?  If  this  state  contained  282,730  inhabitants,  how  many  re. 
presentatives  could  it  send  to  Congress  ?  How  many  representatives 
has  this  state  in  Congress  ?  Can  you  tell  me  their  names  ?  When 
and  where  does  Congress  meet  ?  In  what  is  the  Executive  power 
vested  ?  By  whom  is  the  President  assisted  ?  Who  is  the  Presi. 
ient  at  this  time  ?  Vice  President  ?  How  is  the  President  and  Vice 
President  chosen,  and  for  what  length  of  time  ?  To  how  many 
presidential  electors  is  this  state  entitled  ?  Why  ?  If  this  state  had 
eight  Representatives  in  Congress,  how  many  Electors  would  it  have 
a  right  to  choose  ?  Why  ten  ?  In  what  is  the  Judicial  power  oi 
the  United  States  vested  ?  Of  how  many  Courts  does  it  consist  at 
present  ?  Of  how  many  Judges  or  Justices  ?  Who  is  Chief  Justice 
at  this  time  7  What  is  the  principal  business  of  these  courts  ?  By 
whom  are  the  Judges  appointed  ?  What  is  the  power  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  called  ?  A.  The  Federal  Judiciary.  Will  you  reca- 
pitulate the  powera  of  each  branch  of  our  national  government  ?  A. 
Congress  makes  the  laws,  the  President  executes  them,  and  the  Ju- 
diciary explains  and  applies  them  in  doubtful  cases.  Of  how  many 
branches  does  the  government  of  this  state  consist  ?  A.  Of  three. 
It  hts  a  legislature  to  make  the  laws;  an  Executive,  at  the  Lead  of 


66 


UNITED    STATES. 


II 


which  is  a  Governor  to  see  that  the  laws  are  enforced,  and  a  Judi. 
ciary  to  decide  in  disputed  cases  between  its  citizens.  Which  con* 
sists  of  the  most  branches  then,  the  government  of  this  state,  or  of 
the  U.  States  ? 


IifHABiTANTS. — The  population  of  the  ynited  States  consists  of 
three  general  classes,  viz. — Whites,  Negroes  and  Indians. 

1.  The  Whites  are  descendants  of  Europeans,  and  are  generally 
of  English  extraction,  but  embrace  many  French,  Germans,  Dutch, 
Scotch,  Irish,  Spanish,  &c.  The  Dutch  are  most  numerous  in  New 
York  ;  the  Germans  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  French  in  Louisiana. 

2.  The  Negroes  are  for  the  most  part  descendants  of  African 
davss,  and  are  found  principally  in  the  Southern  States. 

3.  The  Indians  are  the  descendants  of  those  who  occupied  the 
country  at  the  time  of  its  discovery  by  Europeans.  Most  of  theae 
prefer  their  own  modes  of  savage  life  to  those  of  the  whites,  and  as 
the  latter  have  extended  their  settlements,  they  have  removed  far. 
ther  and  farther  back  into  the  wilderness :  and  at  the  present  time 
but  a  small  number  of  them  are  found  east  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

A  census  or  enumeration  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States,  is 
taken  every  ten  years.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  population 
of  the  United  States  according  to  six  enumerations. 


STATICS. 

1790. 
90,540 

1800. 
T51,7'.9 

1810. 
228,705 

1820. 
298,335 

1830.     1      18407" 

Maine. 

N«w  Hampshire, 

399,955      501,793 

141,899 

183,762 

214,360 

244,161 

269,328      284,.574 

Vermont, 

85,416 

154,465 
423.245 

217,713 

235,76» 

280,6.52      291,948 

Mnssacliiisetts, 

378,717 

472,040 

523,287 

610,408       737,699 

Riiiide  Island, 

69,110 

69,122 

77,031 

83,059 

97,199       108,8M 

Connecticut, 

238,141 

25I,(KI2 

2»52,042 

27.5,202 

297,665      309,978 

New  York, 

340,120 

586,75«; 

9.59,949 

1,372,812 

1,918,608    2,428,921 

New  Jersey, 

184,139 

211,949 

249,555 

277,.575 

320,823      373,;i'M) 

Pennsylvania, 

434,373 

602,365 

810,091 

l,04<t,458 

1,348,233    1,724 ,0:}3 

Delaware, 

59.098 

64,273 

72,674 

72,749 

76,748        78,085 

Marylana, 

319,728 

341,548 

380,546 

407,:W0 

447,040      469,2;hJ 

Virpinia, 

748,3<M 

880,200 

974,622 

1,065,379 

1,211,105    1,239.791 

Nortli  Carolina, 

39.3,751 

478,103 

1    .555,5(K» 

6:<8,829 

737,987       7.53,4  Kl 

South  Carolina, 

249,073 

345,591 

415.115 

50i,74l 

581,185      594,35"8 

Georsiia, 

82,548 

162, 101 

2.52,413 

340,9^7 

516,823      691,:)9J 

Alabama, 

• 

,            , 

20,845 

127,901 

309  527      590,75« 

IVlissfiissippi, 

•           • 

8,850 

40,352 

75,448 

136,621       37.5,(i5l 

LonisiaiiH, 

•           • 

•             • 

76,556 

153,407 

215,739      352,411 

Arkaii>a9, 

•           • 

• 

•             ■ 

1      14,273 

30,.388        97,574 

Tennessee, 

35.791 

105.602 

:    261,727 

422,8!  3 

681,904      829,21(1 

Kentucky, 

73,077 

220,955 

4(H(,5II 

5«i4,3I7 

e"7.917       7<9,H28 

Ohio, 

•             • 

45,365 

230,760 

581,4.34 

937,903    I,5l9,4ti7 

IV  iriiiuan, 

•             • 

. 

4,:t)2 

8,896 

31,639      212,267 

Iniiiana, 

«             • 

4,875 

24,520 

147,178 

343,031       685,H(i() 

Illinois, 

• 

. 

I2,2H2 

5.5,211 

157,455       476,183 

Mi.s.sonri, 

•             • 

. 

20,^45 

66,58(5 

540,445      383,702 

Di-rrict  of  Columbia, 

«             , 

14,093 

24,023 

33,039 

35,,834        43,712 

Flnrid'i, 

•             • 

•             • 

. 

•             • 

34,730        54,477 

Wisconsin, 

. 

. 

•              a 

•             • 

.    .              30,945 

Iowa, 

• 

• 

•               • 

t             • 

.    .              43,112 

Total, 

3,929,827 

5  3(«,925 

7,239,814 

9,638.131 

12,8(56,920  I7,062,.5(i6 

UNITED     STATES. 


67 


ed,  and  a  Judi. 
s.  Which  con* 
this  state,  or  of 


ates  consists  of 
dians. 

id  are  generally 
rermans,  Dutch, 
imerous  in  New 
ch  in  Louisiana, 
ints  of  African 
ites. 

ho  occupied  the 
Most  of  theae 
e  whites,  and  as 
ive  removed  far- 
he  present  time 
Vlississippi  river. 
United  States,  is 
:s  the  population 


1830.     1 

1840. 

399,1(35 

501,793 

269,328 

284,.374 

280,632 

291,948 

610,408 

737,«)<)9 

97,199 

108,8^(1 

297,605 

309,978 

1,918,608 

2,428,921 

320,823 

373,:i'M) 

1,348,233 

1,724,033 

76,748 

78,085 

447,040 

469,2>2 

1,211,403 

1,239.79', 

737,987 

7.33,4151 

581,185 

594,31'8 

516,823 

691,39;; 

3tt9  527 

590,75ti 

136,6il 

37.3,(i51 

215,739 

3.32,411 

30,388 

97,574 

681,904 

829,21(1 

e«7,U17 

779,828 

937,903 

I,5l9,4tl7 

31,639 

212,267 

343,031 

68."),8tif) 

1.37,453 

476,183 

!40,445 

383,70-2 

3j,,H34 

43,712 

34,730 

54,477 

•         • 

30,945 

.     ■ 

43,112 

2,866,920  17,062,.')<)6 

Questions. — Which  was  the  most  popuhms  state  in  1790  ?  In 
J.800  ?  In  1810  ?  In  1820  ?  In  183U  ?  In  1840  ?  How  often  is 
the  census  or  an  enumeration  of  the  people  of  the  United  States 
taken  ?  When  will  tiie  next  census  be  taken  ?  What  was  the  total 
population  of  the  United  States  in  17tJ0  7  In  1800  ?  In  1810  T 
In  1820  ?     In  1830  ?     in  184(3 .? 


Religion. — In  almost  every  country,  there  ra  some  religion  estab.. 
lished  by  law,  and  the  people  are  not  only  required  to  pay  fcr  ihe 
support  of  it,  but  to  believe  it,  and  if  they  refuse,  they  sufler  great  in- 
conveniences and  persecutions.  Bui  in  the  United  States  there  is 
no  established  furm  of  religion;  every  individual  isieflto  the  free ea- 
^oyment  of  his  own  religion,  and  is  at  liberty  to  worship  God  agree- 
alily  to  the  dictahcs  of  his  own  conscience.  The  inhabitants  are  di~ 
vidcd  into  a  great  variety  of  sects,  or  dcnonainatiotis,  as  will  be  seeti 
by  the  following  table. 


Summary  of  the  pRiNcrTAii  RsLiGiotrs  DENOMiNAxroNS. 


Chiiiclies, 

M-iiiiUers,  1                          J 

DCN'UM-IKA.TIOKS. 

or  coiigte- 

Miniaiera. 

or  Cftiniuu- 

Population. 

gUliuilH. 

nicatiU. 

Baptists,         .        .       .       - 

7,b98 

4,741 

573,7021 

"        Freewill, 

981 

'647 

47,217  { 

5,000,000 

"        Seventh  Day, 

48 

54 

5,000  f 

»       Six  Principle, 

.16 

10 

2,117J 

Catholics,       -        .       -       .       ; 

51Si 

562 

1,300,000 

t'hristians,          ~        .        - 

Loeo 

800 

150,000 

;mjo,ooo 

Cougregatronaltsts, 

1,300 

1,150 

160,000 

1,400,000 

Dutch  Reformed, 

197 

192 

22,515 

450,000 

Episcopalians,         .       .       - 

950 

1,0'j9 

55,427 

600,1«»K} 

Friends,      >-       «       .        - 

500 

100,000 

tierniau  Retbrmed, 

600 

180 

30,000 

Jews,           .        -        -        - 

15,000 

Lutherans,      -        -       -        w 

750 

267 

62,266 

54U,0«)0 

Meiionites,          -       .        - 

200 

30,000 

Methodists,     -        -       -        - 

10,971 

906,363 

3,500,000 

Muruviatis,  or  [jRited  Brethren, 

24 

33 

5,745 

12,000 

Mornionites,        -       -        . 

12,000 

12,000 

Mew  Jerusalem  Clwrc*!, 

27 

S3 

5,000 

Presbyterians,     -       -       - 

2,807 

2,2rf5 

274,084  } 

■ 

"           Cumberland, 

500 

450 

50,000. 

•'           Associate, 

183 

87 

16,000  ■ 

2.175,000 

♦'            Retbrnied,     - 

40 

20 

3,000 

"          Associate  K<efurincd,, 

214 

116 

12,000  > 

Shakers,          ..... 

15 

45 

6,0U0 

6,000 

Tunkers,     -       -       -       . 

40 

40 

3,000 

30,000 

Unitarians,     ^        -       .        . 

300 

200 

200,1)00 

Universalists,      -       -       - 

6S3 

317 

600.000 

Questions. — How  many  sects  m  this  place  ?  In  the  United  States 
How  many  churches  have  the  Congregationalists  in  tke  U. 'S« 
Tue  Baptasts  ?     Methodists  ?    Presbyterians  7 

4  ♦ 


68 


UNITED     STATES. 


Table,  exhibiting  the  Governor's  term  of  office  and  salary,  the 
times  of  holding  the  Election  of  State  Officers,  and  the  times  of  the 
meeting  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States. 


'■?! 


Btatea. 


MuiriK, 

N   Huinpi^ltire, 

Vermont, 

Masauchuaetts, 

Rhode  Island, 

Connecticut, 
New  York, 
New  Jersey, 
Peiinsylvanin, 
Delaware, 
Maryliind, 
Virginia, 
N.  Oarulina, 
S.  Carolina, 
Georgia, 
Alaliarna, 
JMississippi, 
jLonislana, 
!  Arkansas, 
(Tennessee, 
Kentucky, 
Ohio. 
Iniilansk, 
lllinuis, 
Missouri, 
Michigan, 


Gov 

t'rin  Siilary 

Yrs, 


] 
2 
1 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
4 
4 
2 
4 
2 
3 
4 
4 
2 


$l,3Uii 

1,2(M) 

750 

J,  ail 

400 

4.0UO 
2,000 
4,000 
1,333 
4,2W) 

:i;m 

2,000 

3,aH) 

3,500 
3,500 
3,000 
6,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,500 
1,500 
1,500 
1,001) 
1,5(M) 
1,500 


TiiPf^  of  holding 
Elections. 

2d  Monday  In  Sept. 
'2d  Tueaday  in  March, 
1st  'I'ussday  in  rfept. 
2d  Monday  in  Nor. 

1st  Wednes.  in  Aprii, 

1st  Monday  in  April, 
I  at  Monday  in  Nov, 
2d  Tuesday  in  Oct. 
2d  Tuesday  in  Oct. 
2d  Tues'Jay  in  Nov. 
Ist  Wednesday  in  Oct 
4th  Thursday  in  April, 
Commonly  in  August, 
2d  Monday  in  Oct. 
ist  Morntay  in  Oct. 
1st  Monday  in  Aug. 
lat  Mon.  &  Tues.  iVov 
Ist  Monday  in  July, 
Ist  IViondiiy  in  Oct. 
IstThursilay  ia  Aug. 
1st  Monday  in  August, 
2d  'Tufcsday  in  Oct. 
Ist  Moikday  In  August, 
Isl  M(«iday  in  August, 
Isl  Monday  in  August, 
Ist  Monday  in  Oct. 


Times  of  the  Meeting  of 
the  Li^gislaturea. 


Ist  Wednesday  in  Jan. 
1st  Wednesday  in  June. 
2d  Thursday  in  Oct. 
1st  Wedne»day  in  Jan. 
\  Ist  Tuesday  in  May, 
(  Last  Monday  in  Oct. 
1st  Wednesday  in  May. 
lat  Tuesday  in  January. 
4th  Tuesday  in  Oct. 
1st  Tuesday  in  Jan. 
1st  Tues.  Jan.  biennially. 
Last  Monday  in  Dec. 
1st  Monday  in  Dec. 
2d  Monday  in  Nov.  bienn. 
4th  Monday  in  Nov. 
Ist  Monday  in  Nov 
lat  Monday  in  Nov. 
Is  Monday  In  Jan.  bienn. 
1st  Monday  in  Jan. 
2d  Monday  in  Oct.  bienn. 
1st  Monday  in  Oct.  tienn. 
1st  Monday  in  Dee. 
1st  Moniay?'!  Dee. 
1st  Monday  tn  Dee. 
1st  Monday  in  Dec.  btenn. 
1st  Monday  in  Nov.  bienn. 
Ist  Monday  in  Nov. 


IwTERNAL  Imfrgvements. — During  a  few  years  past  the  people  of 
the  United  States  have  made  great  and  spirited  exertions  to  improve 
their  inland  water  communication,  by  the  construction  of  canals. 
Several  of  great  extent  have  already  been  completed,  and  numerous 
others  have  been  projected,  and  are  now  in  a  state  of  forwardness, 
designed  to  connect  the  remotest  parts  of  the  country  with  each  oth. 
er.  A  great  number  of  rail  roads  have  been  constructed  in  various 
parts  of  the  Union,  and  a  multitude  of  others  are  now  in  progress  of 
constiuction ;  and  the  spirit  with  which  these  improvements  have 
been  commenced,  is  constantly  increasing.  The  canals  in  the  Uni. 
ted  States  which  are  now  finished,  comprise  more  than  2,0I'0  miles 
in  length  ;  and  the  rail  roads  already  completed  about  1,500  miles, 
and  those  of  the  latter  now  under  contract  or  in  progress,  have  been 
estimated  at  more  than  3,000  miles.  When  the  various  works  of 
this  description  which  are  now  in  progress,  or  in  prospect,  shall  be 
completed,  tne  principal  places  in  the  different  parts  of  t.'ie  country 
wiU  be  brought  comparauvely  near  to  each  other. 


:.!.!.  ii 


Vj^iitfe^ 


ITNITED     STATES. 


69 


md  salary,  the 
he  times  of  the 


'  the  Meeting  of 
[legislatures. 


lesday  in  Jan. 
lesday  in  June, 
day  in  Oct. 
lesi'day  in  Jan. 
isday  in  May, 
ionday  in  Oct. 
lesday  in  May. 
lay  in  January, 
ilay  in  Oct. 
lay  in  Jan. 
Jan.  biennially. 
iday  in  Dec. 
lay  in  Dec. 
iiy  in  Nov.  bienn. 
lay  in  Nov. 
lay  in  Nov 
lay  in  Nov. 
ly  in  Jan.  bienn. 
lay  in  Jan. 
ay  in  Oct.  bienn. 
lay  in  Oct.  bienn. 
lay  in  Dee. 
Iay?>i  Dee. 
ity  tn  Dec. 
lay  in  Dec.  btenn 
ay  in  Nov.  bienn 
ay  in  Nov. 


ist  the  people  of 
dons  to  improve 
ction  of  canals. 
,  and  numerous 
of  forwardness, 
y  with  each  oth- 
ucted  in  various 
w  in  progress  of 
rovements  have 
nals  in  the  Uni- 
han  2,0(>0  miles 
3ut  1,500  miles, 
»ress,  have  been 
arious  works  of 
'ospect,  shall  be 
» of  t!ie  country 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  canals  finished  or  in  progress 
in  the  IJniied  States. 


NA.MK8.  _ 

Cumberland  and  Oxford 
Middlesex      - 
Blacksioiie 

Fiirniiagton  -       -        - 
Delaware  and  Hudson 
Erie      -       -       *       ' 
Cliarnplain 
Black  River 
Rochester  and  Olean 

Osvvifso 

Chenango 

ISeneca  -       "        " 

Cayuga     - 

Chemung 

Ithaca  and  Oswego 

Morris 

Delaware  and  Raritan 

Delaware 

PiUdburgh  and  Erie 

Leiii};ii  -        -        " 

Scimylkill 

Little  ScUuyikili    - 

Union       -        ■        ' 

Pennsylvania  r.  r.  &  o. 

Norihuniberlund 

West  UrancU 

North  Branch 

Beaver  -        "        " 

Sandy  and  Beaver    - 

Delaware  and  Chesapeake 

Chesiipeake  &  O.  r.  r.  &  c 

Dismal  Swamp 

VVelden  -        -        " 

y,uitee  -        " 

Savannah  and  Ogechee 

Mnscle  rilioals 

La  Fuutclie 

Orleans     - 

Miami  -       -        - 

Oiliu  State 

VVabiidh  and  Erie 

Illinois 


8TATIC8. 


PLACKB  CONNUrTKD. 


Maine 

Mass. 

Mass.  It  R.  [. 

Conn.  &,  Mas 
N.Y.iL  Pa. 

New  York 

New  York 

New  York 

New  Yt-rk 

New  York 

New  Yt>rk 

New  York 

New  Yt»rk 

New  YurK 

New  York 

N.J.  &  Pa. 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Penasylv:iiiia 

Pei'.iisylvanirt 

PtMinsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Puniisylvania 

Ptinnsylvania 

Pennsylvanci 

I'a.  and  N  Y 

Pennsylva'iii 

I'a.  and  Ohio 

Delaware 

Va.  and  Md. 

Va.  and  N.  C. 

N.  (Jarnliua 

S.  (Carolina 

Georgia 

Alabama 

Louii.<iana 

Louisiana 

Ohio 

Ohio 

Ind.  and  Ohio 

Illinois 


Portland  and  !:*ebago  i^ond 
Hos:on  and  Lowell 
Providence  and  Wo-cester 
New  Haven  and  Northampton 
Honesdale  and  Hudson  river 
VIbany  and  Buffalo 
LakeChamplain  and  Hudson  r. 
Itoiiip  and  Black  riviir 
Rochester  and  Olean 
Syracuse  and  0:sw«go 
Bingham'.on  and  Utica 
•''temica  Lake  and  Erie  '"anal 
Owneva  and  Montezuma 
Seneca  Lake  and  GImyra 
Ithaca  and  Oswego 
Jersey  C  iiy  and  Kast'in,  Pa, 
N.  Brunswick  and  Bordeutown 
Bristol  and  Caston 
tiVaiiklin  and  Erie 
Easton  and  White  Haven 
'hiladelphiii  and  Port  ('arhon 
"Schuylkill  river  and  Coal  Mines 
Rendin<!and  Middletown 
I'hiladelphiaand  PIttsb.irg 
Penn  I'anal  lo  Northuinh.-rland 
Morth'ind  and  SiniiHmehoninir  r. 
Northnmbttrlnnd  and  Eiinyra 
Beavet  and  Mercer  city 
Beaver  and  Bolivar 
Delaware  and  Che-apeake  bays 
Ot'oriioioWn  and  Pltfsburu 
'  'hesiipe  ike  B.  and  N.  l.el)anon 
WtMden  and  Blakelcy 
Sa  itee  and  ('oopers  rivers 
Savannah  and  ( );:e«cliee  rivers 
Koudd  Muscle  Shoals 
N'ew  Orleansand  Grand  Like 
\.  Orli;aiis  and  L.  Pontchartrain 
'inciiinatiand  Mauiiiee 
Portsmouth  and  Cleveland 
LaCayette  and  Toledo 
PHfu  ;uid  (-'liraffo 


Tilth 

"20 

27 

43 

78 

.388 

63 

63 

176 

07 

38 

9? 

20 

20 

23 

127 

Ol 

42 

60 

90 

160 

08 

24 

378 

95 

1.39 

12.1 

50 

35 

74 

314 

42 

23 

12 

22 

16 

37 

73 

6» 

•265 

309 

214 

100 


..'iV 


70 


UNITED    STATES, 


'!      'I 


%M 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  llailroadi'  finished  or  ia 
progn^ss  in  the  United  Siotes. 


NAMKS. 


STATKH. 


PliAtKS    CONNECTED. 


1  th 


Quiigor  and  Old  Town, 
Eastern,  ... 

lioston  and  Lowell,   - 
Boston  and  Worcesier, 
Western,  -       -        . 

Kosoon  and  Providence, 
Prftvidencv  and  f^'.<»ninHton, 
^Jorwich  ftiiii  VVoa   ^ler, 
Martfurdntid  K«w  liuven, 
Hartford  and  fc>| '•itgtieid, 
Flousutonic, 

Motiawk  and  Hudson,    - 
Utitii  aMd  Wclirni^ctady, 
Utica  am!  Syracutie, 
Aubdru  and  Syracuse, 
Auburn  and  Rnchadter, 
Loci^port  and  Niagara  Fnlls. 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls. 
Tonawunda, 
New  York  and  Erie, 
Ithaca  and  Owego, 
Troy  and  Ballston,    - 
Sch«!nectady  and  Saratoga, 
Jersey  Ciiy  and  Patterson, 
Jersey  Ciiy  and  Trenton,- 
Camden  and  A inboy, 
Philadelphia  and  Trenton, 
Philadelphia  and  Columbia^ 


Maine 

Mui^a.  &  Maine. 
Mas^i.chusetts. 
Massachusetts. 
Mass,  &  N.  Y.  ! 
Mui^s.  &  R.  I.    I 
R.  I.  &.  Conn,    j 
€onn.&  Mass.  ' 
Connecticut. 
Conn.  &  Mass. 
Connecticut. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
New  York. 
iNew  York. 

New  York. 

New  York. 

New  Y'ork 

New  York. 

New  York. 

New  York. 

New  York. 

New  Jersey. 

New  Jersey. 

New  Jersey. 

Pa.  and  N.  J. 

Pennsylvania. 

Pa.  Del.  &  Md 


rhiludelphia  and  Baliimore, 
Philadelphia  and  Norristown,  Pennsylvania. 
Philadelphia  and  Reading,  iPennsylvania. 
Central,  »       -       *        iPennsylvania. 

Lancaster  and  Harrisburgh,  Pennsylvania. 
West  Clitster,  -  -  iPennsylvania. 
Baltimore  &  S.isqnehannah,  Md.  and  Pa 


Williamsport  and  Elmira, 
Reading  and  Port  Clinton, 
Little  Schuylkill, 
Cumberland  Valley, 
Wrights 'ille  and  Gettysburg, 


Pennsylvania. 
Pennsylvania. 
Pennsylvania. 
Pennsylvania. 
Pennsylvania. 


New  </astle  and  Frenchtown,  Delaware. 
Baltimore  and  Ohio,  -  Maryland, 
Baltimore  and  Wuhington,   Md.  tc  Dist.Col. 


Baii},'oi  and  Old  Town. 

Bosxiu  and  Portland. 

lioston  an(i  Lowell. 

Bos^(^n  a:id  WoptH.^tor. 

Wor«.-}Btc  ■  and  A!i:any. 

Bostotsand  Proviiiijnce. 

Providence  and  Stonington. 

Norwich  and  Worcester. 

Hartford  atid  New  Haven. 

Hartford  and  Spiingfield. 

Bridgeport  and  New  Milford 

Albany  and  Schenectady. 

Utica  and  Schenectady. 

Uilca  and  -^^yracuse. 

Auburn  ami  Syracuse. 

Auburn  and  Rochester. 

Lock))ortand  Niagara  Falls. 

Buffalo  and  IS  tagara  Falls. 

Rochester  and  Attica. 

Hudson  R.  and  LakeEri'?. 

Ithaca  and  Owego. 

Troy  and  Ballston. 

Schenectady  and  Saratoga. 

Jersey  City  and  Patterson. 

iJerSey  City  and  Trenton. 

jCamden  and  Amboy. 

'Philadelphia  and  Trenton. 

'Philadelphia  and  Columbia. 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore 
Philadelpiiia  and  Norristown 
Philadelphia  and  Reading. 

i Danville  and  Pottsville. 
Lancaster  and  llarrisburg. 

i  West  Chester  and  Columbia. 

jBaltimoreand  Wrightsville. 
Williamsport  and  Elmira. 

iReiiding  and  Port  Clinton. 
Port  Clinton  and  Tamaqua. 
Harrisburg  &  Chambersburg, 
Wrightsville  and  Gettysburg 
New  Castle  and  Frenchtown 
Complete  to  Harper's  Ferry. 

•iBaltimoreaud  Waebington. 


16 

0 

25 

4.1 

147 
42 
47 
58 
36 
26 
35 
16 
84 
50 
23 
60 
20 
23 
47 

340 
29 

23 

no 

«,« 

15 

58 
61 
26 
81 
92 
17 
56 
44 
37 
9 
70 
74 
20 
20 
49 
42 
10 
80 
40 


'  ''fl 


UNITED    STATES 


71 


NAMBB. 


lished  or  in 


[;TED. 


1th 


\wn.  \ 

Id.  i 

>•  i 

:-;lor. 

iiny. 
e;ice. 
iiiington. 
ccster. 

Hnven. 
\\ififA(i. 
w  Milford. 
lectady. 
;tudy. 

36. 

3use. 
GStor. 
;ara  Falls. 
ja  Falls, 
ica. 

ike  Erifl. 
I. 
. 

Saratoga, 
atterson. 
'reiiton. 
loy. 

Trenton. 
Columbia. 
Baltimore 
Sorristown 
Reading, 
sville. 
irrisburg. 
Columbia, 
ightsville. 
Eimira. 
Clinton. 
Famaqiia. 
nibersburg 
Settysburg 
renchtovvn. 
er's  Ferry, 
aehington. 


16 

0 

'i5 

4.1 

147 

42 

47 

58 

36 

26 

35 

16 

84 

50 

23 

60 

20 

23 

47 

340 

29 

23 
oo 

15 

58 
61 
26 
81 
112 
17 
56 
44 
37 
9 
70 
74 
20 
20 
49 
42 
10 
80 
40 


Winoliesier,   - 

Richmond  and  Potomac, 

Riclimnnd  and  Petersburg, 

Pettrtiburg and  Roanoke, 

Portsmouth  and  Roanoke, 

Roanoke  and  Greensville, 

Raleish  and  Giislon. 

VVilmington  and  Raleigh, 

South  Carolina, 

Central, 

Monroe,     -        -        - 

Georpiii, 

TnscuniDla  and  Decatur, 

Montgomery,  Chattahoochee, 

Vicksburg, 

Jackson  and  Brandon, 

Grand  Gulf  and  Port  Gibson, 

>ev/  Orleans  and  Nashville, 

Clinton  and  Port  Hudson, 

St.  Francisville  &  Woodville, 

Memphis  and  La  Grange, 

Mad  River, 

Lexington  and  Ohio, 

Central,      -        -        -       . 

Detroit  and  Pontiac, 

Erie  and  Kp.lnmazoo, 

Madison  and  Lnfnyette, 

Lawrerioebnrf,  Indianopoli», 


STATES. 

Virginia. 

Virginia. 

Virginia. 

Va.  and  N.  C. 

Va.  and  N  C. 

Va.  and  N.  (;. 

North  Carolina. 

North  Carolina. 

South  Carolina. 

Georgia. 

Georgia. 

Georgia. 

Alabama. 

AlabaniH. 

Missisiiippi. 

Mississippi. 

Mississippi. 

Lou.  and  Miss 

Louisiana. 

Louisiana. 

Tennessee. 

Ohio. 

Kentucky. 

Michigan. 

Michigan. 

Michigan. 

Indiana. 

Indiana. 


PLACES    CONNECTED. 


Winche8t''r&,  Harper's  Ferry 
Richmond  and  Potomac  R. 
Richmond  and  Petersburg. 
Petersburg  and  Blakeley. 
Portsmouth  and  Weldon. 
Hickford  and  Gaston. 
Raleigh  and  Gaston. 
Wilmington  and  Raleigh. 
Charleston  and  Hamburg. 
Savannah  and  Macon. 
Macon  and  Forsyth. 
Augusta  and  Decatur 
Tuscumhia  and  Decatur. 
Montgomery  and  West  Point, 
Vicksburg  and  Jackson. 
Jackson  and  Brandon. 
Grand  Gulf  and  Port  Gibson 
New  Orleans  and  Nashville 
Clinton  and  Port  Hudson. 
St.  Francisville&  Woodville 
Memphis  and  La  Grange. 
Dayton  and  Sandusky  City. 
Louisville  and  Lexington. 
Detroit  and  St.  Joseph's. 
Detroit  and  Pontiac. 
Toledo  and  Adrian. 
Madison  and  Lafayette. 
Lawrenceburg,  Iinllanapolis. 


I]th 

30 
75 
21 
60 

80 
18 
86 

161 

13S 

200 
25 

160 

43 

85 

54 

8 

8 

500 
28 
28 
50 

l.'SS 
9(t 

180 
30 
33 

150 


YALE  COLLEGE. 

Educ/  tion. — The  United  States  are  not  so  much  distinjruifhed  for 
eminence  in  literature  and  seienc .,  as  for  the  general  diffusion  of 
knowledge.  There  are  numerous  seminaries  of  learning  throughout 
the  country,  and  the  means  of  acquiring  a  good  common  education 
are  extended  to  all  classes  of  society. 


■m 


mm, 


m: 


72 


UNITED     STATrjiS. 


COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
The  colleges  marked  thus,  (*)  are  under  the  direction  of  Baptists ; 
thus,  (t)  Episcopalians ;  thus,  (t)  Methodists ;  thus,  (§)  Cftthohcs. 


Names. 

Where  Located. 

Incu. 
1794 

Libra.            1 
20000 

Bowdoin  college 

Brunswick,  Me. 

*Waterville  c 

Waterville,  Me. 

1820 

7000 

Dartmouth  c 

Hanover,  N.  H. 

177(1 

16500 

Vermont  University 

Burlington,  Vt. 

1791 

9200 

Middlebury  c 

Middlebury,  Vt. 

1800 

7054 

Norwich  u 

Norwich,  Vt. 

1834 

Harvard  u 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

1638 

53000 

William's  c 

Williamstown,  Mass. 

1793 

7500 

Amherst  c         ■  T; 

Amherst,  Mass. 

1821 

15000 

*Brown  u 

Providence,  R.  I.           .  -' 

1764 

14000 

Yalec 

New  Haven,  Ct. 

1700 

27000 

tTriniiy  c   ^       '      -    • 

Hartford,  Ct. 

1824 

6500 

IWesleyanu 

Middletown,  Ct. 

1831 

10300 

tColumbia  c          " 

New  York  city, 

1754 

14000 

Union  c                 ' 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.    .     '' 

1795 

1.3000 

Hamilton  c 

Chnton,  N.  Y. 

1812 

9000 

•Hamilton  Lit.  Th. 

Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

1819 

4600 

1  Geneva  c 

Geneva,  N.  Y. 

1823 

5400 

New  York  u 

New  York  city. 

1831 

New  Jersey  c 

Princeton,  N.  J. 

1746 

11000 

Kutgers  c 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

1770 

12000 

Pennsylvania  u 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

1755 

5000 

t  Dickinson  c 

Carlisle,  Pa. 

1783 

10600 

Jefferson  c 

Canonsburg,  Pa. 

1802 

4500 

Washington  c 

Washington,  i'a. 

1806 

3300 

1  Alleghany  c 

MeadvilJe,  Pa. 

1815 

8000 

I'ennsylvania  c 

Gettysburg,  Pa. 

1832 

2270 

Lafayette  c 

Easton,  Pa. 

1832 

1350 

Marshall  c 

Mercersburg,  Pa 

1836 

Newark  c 

Newark,  Del. 

1833 

1200 

St.  John's  e 

Annapolis,  Md. 

1784 

4000 

§St.  Mary's  r 

Baltimore,  Md. 

1799 

12000 

§Mount  St.  Mary's  c 

Emmetsburg,  Md. 

1830 

3500         i 

^Georgetown  c 

Georgetown,  D.  C. 

1789 

22000         i 

•Columbian  c 

Washington  city,          r 

1821 

4200 

tWilliam  and  Mary's  c 

WiUiamsburg,  Va. 

1693 

5000 

Hnmpden  Sidney  c 

Prince  Edward  Co.,  Va. 

1783 

8000 

Washington  c 

Lexington,  Va. 

18P. 

2700 

Virginia  u 

Charlottesville,  Va, 

1819 

16000 

(Randolph  Macon  c 

Boydton,  Va. 

1832 

ifimory  and  Henry  c 

Glade  Spring,  Va. 

1839 

1000 

of  Baptists ; 
5)  Catholics. 

Inco.  Libra. 


1794 
1820 

177(1 

1791 

1800 

1834 

1638 

1793 

1821 

1764 

1700 

1824 

1831 

1754 

1795 

18i2 

1819 

1823 

1831 

1746 

1770 

1755 

1783 

1802 

1806 

1815 

1832 

1832 

1836 

1833 

1784 

1799 

1830 

1789 

1821 

1693 

1783 

181-. 

1819 

1832 

1839 


20000 
7000 

16500 
9200 
7054 

53000 

7500 

15000 

14000 

27000 

6500 

10300 

14000 

13000 

9000 

4600 

5400 

11000 
12000 
5000 
10600 
4500 
3300 
8000 
2270 
1350 


1200 
4000 

12000 
3500 

22000 
4200 
5000 
8000 
2700 

16000 

1000 


UNITED     STATES. 

7a 

Names. 

Where  Located. 

(nco 
1839 

Libra. 

♦Rector  c 

Harrison  Co.  Va. 

North  Carolina  u 

Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 

1789 

9000 

Davidson  c 

Mecklenburg  Co.  N.  C. 

1838 

1150 

»VVak€  Forest  c 

Wake  Forest,  N.  C. 

1838 

4000 

Charleston  c 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

1795 

3000 

South  Carolina  c 

Columbia,  S.  C. 

1804 

13000 

Georgia  u 

AtlieJiB,  Ga, 

1785 

UOOtf 

Oglethorpe  c 

Midway,  Ga. 

1836 

t  Emory  c 

Oxford,  Ga. 

1837 

*Mercer  u 

Penfwld,  Ga. 

Alabama  u 

TuBcalooaa,  Ala. 

182^ 

6000 

tLa  Grange  c 

La  Grange,  Ala. 

1831 

1200 

t^pring  Hill  c 

Spring  H^l,  Ala. 

1830 

4000 

Jeflsrson  c 

Washington,  Miss. 

1802 

1522 

Oakland  c 

Oakland,  Miss. 

1831 

Louisiana  c 

Jackson,  La. 

1825 

1850 

J»  fitrson  c 

Bringiers,  La. 

1831 

5500 

^St.  Charles  c 

Grand  Coteau,  La. 

Baton  Rogue  c 

Baton  Rouge,  La. 

183r^ 

300 

Franklin  c 

Opei&uGae,  La. 

1839 

Greenville  c 

Greenville,  Tenn. 

1794 

3000 

Washingt<  ii  c 

Wadiiiigton  Co.  Tenn. 

1794 

1000 

Nashville  u 

Nashviiie,  Testn. 

1806 

8491 

East  Tennessee  c 

Knoxvillc,  Tenn. 

1807 

3307 

Jackson  c 

Near  Columbia,  Tenn. 

183!) 

1250 

Transylvania  u 

Lexington,  Ky. 

1798 

12242 

§St.  Joseph  c 

Bardetown,  Ky. 

1819 

7000 

Centre  c 

Danville,  Ky. 

1822 

2000 

tAugusta  c 

Augusta,  Ky. 

1825 

2500 

Cumberland  c 

Prineetown,  Ky, 

1825 

1050 

*<jeorgetown  c 

Georgetown,  Ky.            ; 

1829 

1200 

Bacon 

Harrodshurg,.  Ky. 

1836 

1200 

^St.  Mary'« 

Marion  Co.  Ky. 

1837 

4000 

Ohio  u 

Athens,  Ohio,,            '     , 

1821 

2500 

Miami  u 

Oxford,  O^iio, 

1809 

4352 

Franklin  c                        \ 

New  Athene,  Ohio, 

1825 

1900 

Western  Re&erve  c 

Hudson,  Ohio, 

1826 

4200 

tKenyon  c 

Gambier,  Oiiio, 

1826 

8720 

*Granvi]le  c 

Granville,  Ohio, 

1832 

3000 

Marietta  c 

Marietta,  Ohio^ 

1832 

3500 

Orberlin  Institute 

Oberlin,  Ohio, 

1834 

Cincinnati  c 

Cincinnati,  Ohio, 

1819 

Woodward  c 

Cincinnati,  Ohio, 

800 

^adiana  c                        j 

Bhomingtoiif  bid. 

1827 

17£5 

11,11111(1 


74 


UNITZS    8TATI8 


:>  i 


Nameii. 

Where  Located. 

Inco. 
1829 

Libra. 

South  Hanover  c 

South  Hanover,  Ind. 

Wabash  c 

Crawlbrdavilie,  Ind 

1833 

2Ut)b 

tind.  Asbury  u 

1839 

Illinois   c 

Jacksonville,  ILL 

1829 

2000 

•ShurtleHTc 

Upper  Alton,  lU. 

1835 

1000 

tMcKondree  c 

Lebanon,  Hi 

1834 

McDjnough  c 

Macomb,  Illi. 

^1837 

§St.  Louis  u 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

1829 

7900 

^St.  Mary'^8  c 

Barrens,  Mo. 

1830 

6400 

Marion  c 

New  Palmyra,  Mo, 

1831 

2a0ii) 

Missouri  u 

Columbia,  Mo. 

1840 

JSt.  Charles  € 

St.  Charles,  Mo, 

1839 

Fayette  c 

Fayette,  Mo. 

' 

Michii»an  u 

Ann  Arbor,  Mi.ch. 

1837 

Marshall  c 

Marshall,  Mich. 

3700 

St.  Phiinp'&  c 

Near  Detroit,  Mich. 

i839 

3000 

THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARIES. 


m 


( 'i 


h^ 


¥1^  )i:f' 


Name. 

Bangor  Theol.  ^vm. 
Thomaston  Tlieol.  liet.j 
Gilmanton  Theol.  Sem.j 
Theological  Seminary, 
Div.  Schoi>l,  Ilarv.  L. 
Theoh^ioal  Institutton, 
Theol.  Uep.  Yale  Coll. 
Theol.  ln»t.  oif  Conn. 
Theol.  In.  Epi.s. Church, 
N.  Y.  Theol  Sem. 
Theol.  Sem.  of  Auburn, 
Hamilton  Li*.  &  Th  In. 
Hartvvich  Seminarv, 
Theol.  Sera.  As.  Ref.  Ch 
Th.  Sem.  iVutchRef.C. 
Th.  Sem.  Pr.  Ch.  U.  S. 
Sem.  Luih.  Ch.  U.  S. 
German  Keformeil,   . 
West.  Theol.  Sem. 
Tlieol  ogi  pa  J  School, 
Theological  Seminary, 
Epia.  Th.  Scho<ifofVa. 
Union  TTieol.  Sem. 
Virginia  Baptist  Sera. 
Southern  TTieol.  Sem- 
Theological  Seminary, 
Furmnn  ITieol.  Sem. 


Place. 


Bangor,  Me. 

Thomaston,  do, 
(iilmanton,  N.  H. 
A.nd(»ver,  Mass 
Cambrjil-ge,  do, 
Nevvton»  dio. 
New  Haven,  C». 
I'].  Win«l.s!>r,  do. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

do.         do. 
Auburn, 
iiarailton, 
Harlwii'k, 
Newburgh, 
N,Br'witk,N.J, 
l'rincct(wj.,      do. 
Gettysburg,  Pa. 
York,  do. 

Alleghany  T.  do. 
Canonsburg,  do. 
Pittsburg,  do. 
Fairfax  eo.  Va. 
F*r.  Ed.  CO. 
Richmond, 
Columbia, 
Lexington, 
High  HiUb, 


Denouiiiia- 
li(>n'. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


dO'. 

do. 

S.C, 

da. 

dia^ 


Coug. 
Baptist, 
'Cong. 
jCong. 
ICong.  Unk. 
jBapii-Mt, 
|Cong. 
'ong. 
[Prot.  Epis. 
I  Presbyt. 
jPreshyt. 
'Baptist, 
jLuiheran, 
lA.s.  Il.Ch. 
I  Dutch  Rel". 
iFresbyi. 
lEvang.  L. 
G.  Ref.  Cb. 
I^-esbyj. 
Asso.  Ch. 
lAsso.  Ref. 
Prot.  Epis. 
Presbyt. 
Baptist, 
Presbyt. 
Lutheran, 
Baptist* 


ope 

ma 

1837 

1835 

1808 

1816 

1825 

1822 

1834 

1817 

]H'3G 

1821 

18201 

1816 

183GI 

1784 

1812 

1826 

1825 

18-28 

1838 
1822 
1824 
1832 
1831 
1835 


^11  Vol.. 
;  re       in 
i?  ^    Ivbia. 


139 

21 

785 
191 
137 
245 
37 
186 

344 
124 


179 
714 
130 

175 
47 

126 
175 

62 
20 


7,()0d 

500 

2,200 

17,50© 

1,800 

4,000 

200 

4,000 

7,260 

12,00© 

5.000 

2,2.50 

i,roo 

4,000 

7,000 
7,000 

6,000 
1,600 

4,000 
4,000 
1,600 
3,730 
1,800 
UOOD 


UNITED     STATES. 


Inco. 

Libra. 

1833 

2oee 

1839 

1829 

2000 

1835 

1000 

1834 

1837 

1829 

7900 

183U 

6400 

1831 

230^ 

1840 

1839 

1837 

3700 

1839 

3000 

11.    -z  "? 

Vole. 

3          -■'?. 

in 

)•:        -^.^ 

r.iebin. 

16    139 

7,000 

i7 

500 

)f>     21 

2,200 

)»   785 

17,500 

16    191 

1,800 

55    137 

4,000 

!2   245 

200 

14     37 

4,00© 

7    186 

7,260 

G 

12,00© 

1    344 

5.000 

0   124 

2,250 

6 

i,roo 

6 

4,000 

4    179 

2   714 

7,000 

6    130 

7,000 

B    175 

6,000 

47 

1,600 

i 

I    126 

4,ooe 

1    175 

4,000 

) 

1,600 

62 

3,730 

j     20 

1,800 

30 

i  1,000 

Names. 


Mr.  and  Theol  Sem. 
S.Mith  Went.  Th   Sem. 
T.nne  Seminary, 
Tlipol.  Dep.  Kon.  Coll. 
Tlieol.  Dep.  W   Res.  C 
Tlieol^cical  Srhn(d, 
rirnnvilleTbonl.  Pop. 
Oliprliti  Theol.  Pep. 
Iiidiann  Throl.  Sem. 
Alton  Theol.  Sem. 
rnrlinville  Theol.  Sem. 
Tl'eol. Dep.  Marion  (ol 


PInrp. 


Knton,  On. 

Mnrvville,     Ten. 
Cincinnnii,  Ohio, 
Hnmbier,        do. 
Htidflftn,  do. 

iColumitnH,  dn. 
rirnnville,  do. 
lOborlin,  do. 

|S  Unnnver,  In. 
Fppr  Alton,  111. 
Carlirville,  do. 
N.  Palmyra,   Mo. 


Denominn- 
tion. 


luipriHt, 

Prehbyt. 

Presbvt. 

Prot.  Kpis. 

Presbyt. 

I.nibrrnn, 

Pnptisi, 

Proshyt. 

Presbyt. 

Pniitint, 

PreKhyt. 

Frebbye. 


r«»m. 

oprr- 

ntion 

1834 
182! 
1829 

1828 


! 

'l832 
1834 

1835 

1838 


VohT 

In 
Mhrn. 


90    6,000 
43  10,300 


500 


70O 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
How  are  the  United  States  bounded  ?•     Capita)  ? 

Eastern,  or  New  England  States. 


1. 

9. 
3. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

Maine? 

N.  Hampshire  ? 
Vermont  ? 
Mnssachnsetts  ? 
Rhode  Island? 
Connecticut  ? 

Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Copital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 

Rivei''  ? 
Rivere  i 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 

Middle  States, 

1. 

2. 
3. 

4. 

New  York  ? 
New  Jersey  ? 
Pennsylvania  ? 
Delaware  ? 

Capital  ? 
Capi'al? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns' 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns? 

Rivera  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 

*  Ingivmg  tiiu  boundary  ol  a  cuuiury,  ihelearuer  sJiouid  hrsl  luentiun 
the  ditlt  rem  places  ibai  border  upon  ii  on  tlie  nuitli, — ihun  in  ihe  sanie 
munner  on  Uie  tust, — liien  on  the  south, — and  then  on  the  west.  As  lor 
example — '1  he  Lntied  Males  are  buuiidtd  iSorih  by  Bnlish  Ameri- 
ca;  Easi  by  Bniish  Ameriea  and  llie  Ailaniit  ocean  .  i-hiuth  by  the 
Aflanlic  oc»an.  Gull  ol  Mexico,  and  iViexico;  and  W  (;*!  by  tlie 
Gulf  ui  Mexico,  AJexico  and  ihe  Pacific  ocean.  j>!i.»ne  is  boun- 
ded iNurih  by  Canadu ;  East  by  ^'evv  lirunswick  and  lue  Allaniic ;, 
South  by  the  Ailaniic  i  ami  N*.  tsi  by  iNew  liunipi>;liireaiid  Canada.  iNew 
Hampshire  is  bounded  Morlb  by  Vermont  and  Canada;  Last  by 
Mauieand  the  Allaniic;  ^oulb  by  Masisachuseus,  anu  NA'esiby  Vermont 
and  Canada.  Vermont  is  buunded  ISorth  by  Canada ;  tj&'*X  by  I>iew 
hanipsbire;  Si  uth  by  New  Hampshire  and  Massacbuseits,  and  Wes 
by  ^ew  York,  &Ai.  &c.  ll  is  highly  imponanl  ihal  the  scholar 
should  correctly  learn  the  buundary  b«lure  he  siudies  tlie  descripuun 
the  cuuiiixy 

4*  .     .     -       ■ 


I:R 


76 

UNITED 

STATES. 

Snulhtrn  States, 

1.  Mnryland  T 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

^^^ver^  7 

2.  Virginia  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  7 

'.  iv'»r8? 

3.  North  Carolina 

?  Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

4.  South  Carolina 

1  Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  7 

5.  Georgia  7 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  7 

6.  Florida? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  f 

Rivers  T 

7.  Alabama? 

Capital  ? 

Cliief  Towns? 

Rivers  7 

6.  Mississippi  ? 

Ciipital  ? 

Chief  Towns  f 

Rivers  7 

9.  Louisiana  ? 

CnF)ital  ? 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Rivers  ? 

10.  Texas? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

[Vestern 

States, 

- 

1.  Tennessee  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Rivers  7 

2.  Kentucky? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  7 

Rivers  7 

3.  Ohio? 

Capital  7 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  7 

4.  Michigan  7 

Capital  7 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Rivers  7 

5.  Indiana? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  7 

Rivers  7 

6.  Ilhnois? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Rivers  ? 

7.  Missouri  ? 

Caiiital  7 

Chief  Towns  7 

Rivers  7 

8.  Arkansas? 

Capital  7 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  7 

9.  Wisconsin  ? 

Capital  7 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

10.  Iowa? 

Capital  7 

Chief  Towns  i 

Rivers  f 

L 

Territories, 

i.  Minisota? 

Rivers  7 

2.  Indian  ? 

Rivers  7 

3.  Nebraska? 

i 

Rivers  ? 

4.  Oregon  i 

— 

Rivera  7 

RIVERS. 

Where  docs  the  Columbia  river  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it  run, 
and  where  does  it  empty  7  Clark's  7  Lewis  7  yellowstone  ?  Platte  ? 
Osage?  St.  Peter's?  Des  Moines?  Missouri?  Arkansas? 
Red?  Rio  Giande  ?  Sabine  7  Mississippi?  Y"azoo?  Pearl  7  Pas. 
cagoula  7  Alabama  7  Chatahoochee  7  Flint  7  Suwanee  7  St. 
John's  7  Altamaha  7  Ogeechee  7  Savannah  7  Santee  7  Pedee  ? 
Cape  Fear  7  Neuse  7  Roanoke  7  Chowan  ?  James  7  York  ? 
Rappahannoc  ?  Shenandoah  7  Potomac  ?  Monongahela  7  Little 
Kanawha?  Great  Kanawha  7  Tennessee?  Cumberland  7  Green? 
Kentucky  ?  Ohio  7  Sciota  7  Miami  7  Maumee  7  Wabash  ? 
Kaskaskia?  Illinois?  Rock?  Wisconsin?  Chippeway?  Fox? 
Alleghany  7  Genesee  7  Susquehannah  7  Delaware  ?  Mo- 
hawk  7  Hudf^ii,  or  North  river?  Connecticut?  Merrimack? 
Androscoggin?  Kennebec?  Penobscot?  St.  Croix?  St.  John's 
river? 


LAKBS. 


Where  is  Lake  Michigan  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Ohamplain  7 


UNITED     STATES, 


7f 


Rtver^  7 

Rivers  t 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  T 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  7 


Rivera  ? 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  7 
Rivera  7 
Rivera  7 
Rivera  7 
Rivera  f 


Rivera  7 
Rivera  7 
Rivera  ? 
Rivera  7 

iun  does  it  run, 
3tone7  Platte? 
Arkansas  ? 

Pearl?  Pas. 
uwanee  7  St. 
itee  7  Pedee  ? 
mes  7  York  ? 
jahela  7  Little 
rland  ?  Green  ? 
e  7  Wabash  ? 
)eway  7  Fox  ? 
aware  7      Mo- 

Merrimack  ? 
ix  ?    St.  John's 


f 


Where  is  Lake  Georcre  7 

Where  are  Oneida.  Srnecn,  and  Cayuga  Lakes  ? 

A.  In  the  interior  of  New  York. 

Where  is  Lake  Memphramajjog  7t 

Where  is  Moosehead  Lake  7t 

Where  is  Lake  Umbncroff  7t 

Where  is  *Winnipi8eoge  Lake7t  '     ";    , 


souNns. 

Where  is  Lon^  Inland  Sound  ? 
'Where  is  Albemarle  Sound  7 
Where  is  Pandico  Sound  7 


» .•  . , 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


BAYS. 

is  Mobile  Ray  7 

is  Chesapeake  Bay  7 

is  Delaware  Bay  7 

is  Massachusetts  Bay  7 

is  Penobscot  Bay  7 

is  Georgian  Bay  7 

is  Green  Bay  7 


,  'i 


CA  PES. 


Where  is  Cape  Ann,  Cnpe  Cod  and  Cape  Malabar  ? 

Where  is  Montank  Point  7 

Where  is  Sandy  IL»ok  7 

Where  are  Cape  May  and  Cape  Henlopen  ? 

Where  are  Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry  7 

Where  are  Cape  Hatteras,  Cape  Lookout  and  Cape  Feai  7 

W^here  are  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cape  Florida  7 

Where  is  Cape  Sable  7  *  - 


ISLANDS. 

Where  are  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard  ? 
Where  is  Lonsr  Inland  ?  . 

Where  are  the  Bahama  Islands  7 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  is  the  principal  ran£:e  of  Mountains  in  the  United  States  ? 

Throuerh  what  Statps  do  the  Alleghanv  Mountains  extend  7 

Where  are  the  Cumberland  Mountains  7 

Where  are  the  Catskill  Mountains?     A.  In  New  York. 

Where  are  the  Green  Mountains?     A.  In  Ver.nont. 

Where  are  the  White  Mountains  7     A.  In  New  Hampshire. 

What  Mountains  between  Mandan  District  and  Oregon  Territory  ? 


*  Win-e-pe-saw'-ke. 


t  Se«  Map  of  the  Eastern  States. 


I 


; 


ri 


i! 


1 

1 

1 

;ii| 

1 

■\    .' 

1 

i 

h\    ■ 

'     1^ 

7« 


UNITED     STATES. 


EASTERN,  Oa  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


COMMERCE. 

The  Eastern  States  are  the  most  populous  and 
commercial  section  of  the  Unitm.  Thev  are  distin- 
guished for  the  infinite  variety  of  their  surface,  and  for 
their  numerous  lakes,  ponds,  rivers,  and  beautiful 
scenery. 

Alonf?  the  coaat,  the  land  is  mostly  level.  In  the  interior,  it  is  di- 
vej-sified  with  hills,  mountains  and  valle.vs.  There  are  no  plains  of 
any  considerable  extent;  but  beautiful  swells  of  land  in  erery  form, 
are  innumerable. 

The  two  principal  ranees  of  mountains,  are  the  White  mounfqins 
in  New   Hampshire,   and   Green  mountains   in   Vermont.     IV^      •' 
Washington,  the  most  elevated  summit  of  the  former,  is  the  hi:  " 
lind  in  the  United  States  east  of  the   Mississippi.     These  mountai;. 
abound  in  the  most  beautiful,  wild,  and  sublime  acenery,  and  afford 
a  doliiThtfulramble  during  the  warn)  season  of  the  year. 

The  climate  is  variable,  and  subject  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold.  It  is  generally  healthy  however,  except  during  the  spring 
months,  when  damp  and  disagreeable  east  winds  prevail,  particular, 
lyonthe  sea. coast.  The  autumn  is  delightful,  and  the  climate  then 
is  one  of  the  most  agreeable  in  the  world. 

The  soil  is  various,    from  barren  sand  to  the  richest  clays  and 
loams.     It  requires  diligent  cultivation  to  procure  tolerable  crops, 
is  generally  better  fitted  for  grazing  than  tillage.     The  mosst  important 
production  \p  grass.     One  of  the  leading  pursuits  of  the  farmer  is  the 
raising  of  cattle,  horses,  sheep  and  swine.    Indian  corn,  or  maze 


<  :'i 


y»   UNITED     SrATES. 


79 


'ATES. 


lous  and 
ire  distin- 
;e,  and  for 

beautiful 

n'or,  it  is  di- 
no  plains  of 
every  form, 

e  moun^nins 
»nr.     y  ,  :,♦ 
;  the  hi:  • 
B  maun  mi:. 
,  and  afford 

of  heat  and 

the  spring 

,  particular. 

climate  then 

It  clays  and 
n  crops. 
•St  important 
irmer  is  the 
ii  or  maze 


wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  flax  and  hemp,  are  extensively  cultivated. 
Apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums,  &.c.  are  produced  in  great  plenty,  js- 
pecially  in  the  southern  part. 

The  people  of  these  states  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  whale 
fisheries  in  the  Pacific,  in  the  cod  fisheries  on  the  banks  of  New- 
foundland, and  in  the  herring  fisheries  on  the  coast  of  Maine  and 
i>ova  Scotia. 

The  Eastern  States  are  not  less  distinguished  for  manutactures 
rlian  for  commerce.  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island  and 
New  Hampshire  are  extensively  engaged  in  manufacturing  cotton 
and  woollen  goods,  hats,  shoes,  clocks,  iron  and  tin  vare,  and  vari- 
ous other  articles.  The  exports  from  these  states,  in  addition  to  the 
articles  above  mentioned,  are  lumber,  pot  and  pearl  ashes  and  fish. 

Perhaps  in  no  other  part  of  the  world  is  knowledge  so  universally 
diffused  among  all  classes,  as  in  the  Eastern  states.  The  inhabitants 
are  generally  instructed  ill  the  common  branches  of  school  education, 
and  It  is  a  rare  occurrence  to  meet  witli^  a  person  of  mature  years, 
who  cannot  both  read  and  write,  and  who,  besides,  has  not  some 
practical  knowledge  of  arithmetic.  This  is  owing  to  the  universal 
provision  made  for  the  education  of  all  classes.  The  towns  are  divi- 
ded into  small  districts  in  which  a  school  is  established  and  supported 


A  SCHOOL  HOUSE. 

bylaw,  during  a  part,  or  the  whole  of  the  year.  One  of  the  most 
common  objects  that  is  presented  to  a  traveller  in  passing  through 
these  states  is  a  school  house,  in  which  the  young  are  taught  all  the 
branches  necessary  lo  the  transaction  of  the  ordinary  business  of 
life.  In  addition  to  common  schools,  these  states  are  well  supi?lied 
with  academies,  high  schools  and  colleges.  Some  of  the  latter  stand 
at  the  head  of  the  hteraty  institutions  in  Ouf  country. 


''» 


.  1^ 


irl 


'M 


'i\ 


80 


UNITED     STATES. 


*     '.ft: 


The  people  of  these  states  are  intelligent,  moral,  industrious  and 
enterprising.  They  rank  among  the  first  in  each  of  the  learned  pro. 
fessions,  and  with  the  best  mechanics,  best  farmers,  and  the  best  sea. 
men  in  our  country. 


Questions. — What  can  you  say  of  the  Eastern  states  ?    How  many 
square  miles  do  they  embrace  ?     A.  63  016.     What  was  their  pop. 
ulation  in  1840  7     A.  2,333,900.    How  mnny  inhabitants  were  there 
at  that  time  to  a  square  mile  ?     A.  36.     A  e  they  as  large  in  extent 
as  Virginia  ?     What  is  the  face  of  the  country  in  the  Eastern  Sra:tes  ? 
Which  are  the  two  principal  ranges  of  mountains  ?     What  is  said  of 
the  climate  ?     What  is  meant  by  climate  ?     A.  The  kind  of  weatli. 
er  that  prevails  in  a  country,  or  the  temperature  of  the  air.     Which 
winds  during  the  spring  months  are  most  disagreeable  ?   What  is  said 
of  the  soil  ?  What  articles  are  manufactured  ?     What  is  the  state  of 
education  ?     What  is  the  general  character  of  the  people  ?    Can  you 
tell  me  when  the  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  Eastern  states  ? 
How  many  years  since  Plymouth  was  settled  ?    Where  is  Plymouth, 
and  in  what  direction  from  us  is  it  ? 


MAINE.* 


LUMBER  TRADK. 

How  is  Maine  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Maine   is  generally  a  cold,  uneven,  and  healthy 
state      It  is  principally  distinguished  for  its  extensive 

♦This  state  was  formerly  united  with  Massachusetts,  and  was  termed' 
the  Dlfttrirt  of  Maine,  but  in  1820  it  was  erected  into  aa  faidependent  8tal» 
and  admitted  into  the  Union. 


! 


coast 
advar 

Th 
furnis 
south 
floLirii 

Tl 
on  thi 
iiobsc 
adup 


MAINE. 


81 


strious  and 
nrned  pro. 
le  best  sea. 


low  many 
their  pop. 

were  there 
in  extent 

!rn  States  ? 

It  is  said  of 

I  of  we  a  til. 

r.     Which 

'^hat  is  said 

^e  state  of 
Can  you 

irn  states  ? 

Plymouth, 


i£ 

f 

m 

r 

1 

!^ 

gs 

p 

^B*»?i 


healthy 
ctensive 

/as  termect' 
identstals^ 


coast  and  numerous  harbors,  which  afford  peculiar 
advantages  for  navigation  and  the  fisheries. 

The  northern  part  is  covered  with  forests  which 
furnish  vast  quantities  of  lumber  for  exportation.  The 
southern  parts  are  thickly  settled,  and  present  many 
flourishing  towns  and  villages. 

The  soil  is  various,  but  generally  fertile.  The  land 
on  the  Kennebec  and  between  this  river  and  the  Pe- 
nobscot, is  accounted  the  best  m  the  state.  It  is  well 
adapted  to  the  various  purposes  of  agriculture,  and  as 
a  grazing  country,  it  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  Eastern 
states. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures  have  received  con- 
siderable attention ;  but  the  people  are  principally 
engaged  in  commercial  pursuits.  Ship  building,  the 
lumber  trade,*  and  the  fisheries,  are  leading  branches 
of  industry. 

'  Chief  Towns. — Augusta  is  a  flourishing  town,  pleasantly  situ- 
nitd  at  the  head  of  sloop  ot  navigation  on  the  Kennebec,  43  miles 
from  the  ocean.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  contains  a  handsome  State 
House,  and  possesses  i'ninense  water  power  for  mill  sites. 

Portland  is  pleasantly  siiuated  on  a  peninsula  in  Casco  bay.  It  is 
well  laid  out  and  hande-omely  built,  and  is  the  most  important  town 
in  the  State.  It  has  a  safe  and  capacious  harbor,  and  is  extensively 
engaged  in  commerce  and  the  Psherie?. 

Bangor,  on  the  Penobscot,  6o  >iiiles  from  the  ocean,  is  a  large  and 
flourishing  town.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  c  -in.try,  and  is  noted 
for  the  elegance  of  its  buildings,  and  fur  il:^  extensile  trade  in  lumber. 

Tliomaston  is  an  important  place.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  prison, 
and  is  noted  for  its  exports  of  lime,  marble  and  granite. 

Bath,  situated  on  the  Kennebec,  13  triilos  from  its  mouth,  is  a 
fiourisbing  place.     It  is  noted  for  its  ship  builiiingand  trade. 

Gardiner  has  flourishing  manufactories  Hallowell  is  noted  for  its 
granite  quarries, — Castine  for  its  fine  military  portion,  and  its  exceU 
lent  harbor, — Eastport  for  its  lumber  trade  and  the  fisheries, — Belfast 
for  its  fine  harbor  and  extensive  trade, — Brunswick  as  the  seat  of 
Bowdoin  college,  and  Waterville  as  the  seat  of  Waterville  college. 

Machias,  Saco,  Calais,  Orono,  are  noted  for  their  numerous  saw 
mills  and  trade  in  lumber.  Old  Town  is  the  residence  of  a  remnant 
of  the  Penobscot  tribe  of  Indians. 


*  The  value  of  the  lumber  exported  from  Maine  is  more  than 
$10,000,000  annuaUy. 


1 


y. 


li^ 


82 


UNITED     STilTES. 


•M&S)\ 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Maine  long, 
est  ?  For  what  is  Maine  distingu'shed  ?  What  river  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick?  St.  c.  Be, 
tween  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  ?  A.  Salmon  Falls  river  ?  What 
river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  in  the  N.  E.  part  ?  St.-j.  What 
other  rivers  in  Maine  ?  What  lake  ?  What  mount  ?  Hills  V  Towns  ? 
Which  extends  farthest  north,  Maine  or  Iowa?  South?  Which 
part  of  the  slate  is  most  populous  ?  Which  most  fertile  ?  At  what 
time  is  the  annual  meeting  for  the  choice  of  state  officers  held  f  [  e 
table,  p.  68.]    In  what  are  the  people  of  Maine  principally  engaged  ? 

Map  of  New  England.  How  many  square  miles  does  Maine 
comprise  ?  What  was  its  population  in  1840  ?  What  are  its  princi. 
Pk'  rivers  f  s.  a.  k.  p.  St..c.  St..j.  What  lakes  ?  What  is  the 
length  of  Moosehead  lake  ?  Kennebec  river  ?  Penobscot  ?  St. 
Croix  ?  What  is  the  height  of  mount  Kalahdin  ?  What  counties  in 
Maine?  What  are  the  shire,  or  county  towns?*  What  bavs  on 
the  coast  ?  c.  p.  f.  n.  e.  m.  p.  What  islands  on  the  coast  ?  What 
colleges  in  Maine  ?  Theological  seminaries?  Canals?  Railroads? 
Can  yoa  sail  from  Augusta  to  Concord  ? 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


\,.jt''' 


••1^1 


DARTJ/IOUTH  COLLE(,E. 

How  is  New  Hampshire  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


*  Shire,  or  county  towiis,  are  the  tuwnsin  which  tbecuunty  and  higher 
courts  ore  tield 


M 


SEVf      HAMPSHIRE. 


is  Maine  long. 
?r  forms  part  of 
k?  St.c.  Be. 
s  river  ?  What 
?  St..j.  What 
iillsV  Towns? 
outh  ?  Which 
ile  ?  At  what 
ers  held  f  [  e 
pally  engaged  ? 

les  does  Maine 
t  are  its  princi. 
What  is  the 
snobscot  ?  St. 
hat  countie.s  in 
What  bavs  on 
coast  ?  What 
I?    Railroads? 


'apital  ? 


ir.y  and  higher 


New  Hampshire  is  a  mountainous,  healthy,  and 
fertile  state,  and  is  noted  for  its  numerous  rivers  and 
lakes,  and  for  its  beautiful  and  picturesque  scenery. 

It  has  but  a  small  share  of  commerce,  but  is  distin- 
guished for  its  agriculture,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures. 

Chief  Towns. — Concord  is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing  town,  and  is 
the  centre  of  trade  for  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

Portsmouth,  the  only  seaport  of  New  Hampshire,  is  a  large,  well 
built,  and  flourishing  town,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Piscataqua,  3 
miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  an  exceiieui  harbor,  and  contains  a 
United  States'  navy  yard. 

Dover  is  situated  on  the  Cocheco  river,  4  miles  above  its  junction 
with  the  Piscataqua.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  and  is  noted 
for  its  extensive  manufactures. 

Hanover  is  be.  iitifully  situated  on  the  Connecticut  river.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Dartmouth  College,  one  of  the  most  respectable  and  flourish. 
ii  g  institutions  in  the  United  States. 

Exeter  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Exeter  river,  a  branch  of  the  Pisca- 
taqua. It  is  the  seat  of  Philips  Academy,  and  is  distinguished  fur 
its  numerous  manufacturing  establishments.  Great  Fal!.«,  Nashua, 
Sorneifi worth  Mannlioster.  and  New  Market,  are  thriving  places, 
and  noted  fur  their  manufactures. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  w  hat  direction  is  New  Hampshire 
longest?  What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  New 
Hampshire  and  Maine  ?  A.  Salmon  Falls  river.  Between  N.  H, 
and  Vermont  ?  How  many  miles  of  sea-coast  has  New  Hampshire  '/ 
A.  Eighteen.  What  sea  port?  What  can  you  say  of  Portsmouth  ? 
For  what  is  New  Hampshire  noted?  Distinguished  7  Which  ex- 
tend3  farthest  nor'h.  New  Hampshire  or  Vermont?  South  ?  When 
are  the  state  ofTicers  chosen  ? 


Map  of  New  Enrlanp.  Kow  many  square  miles  does  N'>w 
Hampshire  comprise?  What  was  its  population  in  1840  ?  What 
the  principal  rivers?  Lakes?  Mountains?  What  is  the  highest 
summit  of  i,he  White  mountains  ?  How  high  is  mount  Washington  ? 
What  counties  in  New  Hampshire  ?  Shire  towns  /  What  college  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  Dartmouth  college  ?  What  theological  semin- 
ary  ?  What  towns  on  the  Connecticut  river  ?  In  what  lake  docs 
the  Connecticut  rise  ?  When,  where,  and  by  whom  was  New 
Hampshire  settled  ?  [See  page  63.]  Can  you  sail  from  Concord  to 
Burlington  ? 


I  li 


w^ 


I    %'M-' 


im  :  I 


84  UNITED    STATES, 

VERMONT.* 
How  ie  Vermont  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Vermont  is  a  beautiful,  picturesque,  and  inland  state. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  Green  Mountains,  which 
extend  through  its  whole  length,  dividing  it  into  east- 
ern and  western  declivities. 

It  is  a  well  watered,  healthy,  and  fertile  state,  and 
is  noted  for  its  mines  of  iron^  copper^  and  lead,  and 
for  its  numerous  quarries  of  marble. 

A  large  portion  of  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  grazing  or 
tillage.  Wheat  is  extensively  cultivated  on  the  west  side  of  ihe 
mountains.  Barley,  rye,  oats,  peas,  flax  and  potatoes,  flourish  in  all 
parts  of  the  state.  Mnple  sugar  is  made  in  quantities  nearly  equal 
to  the  home  consumption.  Horses,  cattle  and  sheen  are  raised  in 
great  numbers,  and  sold  for  New  York,  Boston  and  Tvlontreal  mar. 
kets. 


Chief  Towns, — Montpelier  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  town, 
pleasandy  situated  on  Onion  river,  43  miles  from  its  moufh. 

*  The  word,  Vermont,  is  derived  from  two  French  words,  siffnifyire 
Green  Monntain— Verd,  green,  and  Mont,  mountain.  The  mountains 
were  po  called  on  account  of  the  numerous  evergreens  with  which  they 
were  covered.  The  soldiers  from  Vermont,  soceh>brafed  for  hrav«»ry  in 
the  revolutionary  war,  were  denominated  "  Green  Mountain  Boys." 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


85 


apital  7 

inland  state, 
tains,  which 
it  into  east- 

le  state,  and 
nd  lead,  and 

d  to  grazing  or 
est  side  of  the 
8,  flourish  in  all 
es  nearly  equal 
p  are  raised  in 

ivloatreai  mar- 


ourishing  town, 
noufh. 

k'ords,  siernifyiig 
The  mountains 
with  which  they 
fd  for  bravory  in 
itftin  Boys." 


Bennington  is  the  oldest,  and  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the  state. 
It  is  celehrated  for  a  battle  fought  here  in  1777,  in  which  the  Ameri. 
cans,  under  Gen.  Stark,  defeated  a  detachment  from  the  army  of 
Burgoyne.* 

Burlington  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  the 
most  commercial  town  in  the  state. 

Middlebury,  situated  on  Otter  Creek,  20  miles  from  its  mouth,  is 
the  srreatest  manufacturing  town  in  the  state. 

Windsor  is  pleasandy  situated  on  the  Connecticut  river,  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  beautiful  and  picturesque  scenery.  It  is  well 
built,  and  has  considerable  trade. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Vermont  long. 
est  ?  Which  part  widest  ?  What  river  separates  it  from  New 
Hampshire  ?  What  lake  mostly  separates  it  from  New  York  ? 
From  what  does  Vermont  derive  its  name  ?  For  what  is  it  noted  ? 
What  is  the  principal  employnrient  of  the  people  ?  Which  is  the 
oldest  town  in  the  state  ?     For  what  is  Bennington  celebrated  ? 


Map  of  New  England.  How  many  square  miles  does  Vermont 
comprise  ?  Its  p  )pulation  ?  What  are  the  principal  rivers  ?  c.  m. 
L.  0.  0.  What  lakes?  What  river  connects  lake  Champlain  with 
the  St.  Lawronce  ?  Lake  iVIemphromago!;f  with  the  St.  l.  ?  What 
mountains  in  Vermont?  What  is  the  length  of  the  Green  moun- 
tains? What  counties  in  Vermont?  Shire  towns?  What  towns 
on  Connecticut  river?  Lake  Chaiiiplain  ?  What  ia  the  length  of 
lake  Champlain  ?  What  collet^es  in  Vermont  ?  University?  When, 
where,  and  by  whom  was  Vermont  settled?  Can  you  sail  from 
Burlington  to  Boston  ?  » 


MASSACHUSETTS. 
How  is  Massachusetts  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  * 


Miissachtjsetts  is  the  oldf3st,  most  populous  and  im- 
portant of  the  Eastern  States.  It  is  dlstin'j^uisliod  for 
t.he  number  of  its  literary  institutions  and  for  the  intel- 
ligence, industry  and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants. 

In  agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce,  it  is  one 
of  the  first  states  in  the  Union.  It  abounds  in  flour- 
ishing towns  and  villages,  noted  for  the  neatness  of 
their  dwellings,  the  elegance  of  their  churches,  and 
the  beauty  of  their  rich  and  fertile  landscapes. 

*  See  Oi'.ey's  History  of  the  United  States,  page  148. 


j'5 

'f  ! 

>i  > 
J   . 
!'«  ' 


>  t 


r\ 


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86 


UNITED     STATES. 


4    i 


|l 


It  is  generally  an  uneven,  healthy,  and  fertile  state. 
Its  numerous  rivers  and  smaller  streams  furnish  every 
facility  for  manufacturing  operations ;  and  its  internal 
communication,  by  means  of  canals,  railways,  and  ex- 
cellent roads,  is  scarcely  equalled. 


A  VIEW  OF  BOSTON. 

Cilics.  Boston  is  a  large,  wealthy,  and  flourishing  city,  situated 
on  a  email  peninsula  in  Massachusetts  bay,  and  surrounded  by  a 
beautiful  and  populous  country.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor  and  an 
extensive  commerce,  and  is  noted  for  the  elegance  of  its  public 
buildings  and  the  number  of  its  humane  and  literary  institutions.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Boston  are  many  interesting  places ;  Cambridge,  noted 
for  its  university,  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  endowed  literary  institu. 
tions  in  the  Union  ;  Charlestown,  celebrated  for  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  and  the  noble  monument  erected  in  commemoration  of  it ;  and 
Roxbury,  for  the  increase  of  its  population,  the  elegance  of  its  coun. 
try  seats  and  well  cultivated  gardens. 

Salem  is  a  large,  wealthy  and  flourishing  place,  14  miles  N.  E.  of 
Boston.  It  is  chiefly  built  on  a  narrow  peninsula  formed  by  two  in. 
lets  from  the  sea,  called  North  and  South  rivers.  Its  situation  is  low, 
but  it  is  pleasant  and  healthy.  It  contains  many  handsome  build, 
ings  and  is  noted  for  its  extensive  commerce. 

Plyriouth,  36  miles  S.  E.  of  Boston,  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade,  and  is  noted  for  being  the  first  settled  town  in  New  England. 

The  first  English  settlement  in  New  England  was  made  at  Ply- 
mouth,  Dec.  22d,  1820,  by  101  Puritans,  who  fled  from  England  ol 
account  of  religious  persecution.  The  anniversary  of  the  landing  of 
the  Pilgrims  is  still  observed. 


MASSACHUSETTS 


87 


fertile  state, 
arnish  every 
1  its  internal 
ays,  and  ex- 


g  city,  situated 
rrounded  by  a 
harbor  and  an 
ce  of  its  public 
institutions.  In 
mbridge,  noted 
literary  institu. 
attle  of  Bunker 
ifionof  it ;  and 
nee  of  its  coun. 

miles  N.  E.  of 
ned  by  two  in- 
situation  is  low, 
mdsome  build- 

f  considerable 
New  England. 

made  at  Ply- 
m  Rn^dand  oi. 

the  landing  oi 


Una 


LANDING  OF  THE  PILGRIMS  AT  PLYMOUTH. 

Worcester*,  situated  40  miles  W.  of  Boston,  in  the  midst  of  a  fer- 
tile  country,  is  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  inland  towns 
in  New  Enjjland.  It  contains  many  elegant  buildings,  and  ia  a  place 
of  ^reat  wealth  and  trade. 

Springfield  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  town,  87  miles  W.  of  Bos. 
ton.  It  contains  a  number  of  elegant  public  buildings,  and  a  large 
United  States*  Armory  ;  and  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive  inland 
trade,  and  numerous  manufivcturing  establishments. 

Northampton  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  New  England. 
Lowell,  on  the  Merrimack,  is  noted  for  its  extensive  manufactures, 
and  the  rapid  increase  of  its  population.  Newhuryport,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Merrimack,  is  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  its  situation,  and 
the  regularity  of  its  streets,  and  for  its  commerce.  Marblehead  and 
Gloucester  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  cod  fisheries.  Nantucket 
and  New  Bedford  are  largely  concerned  in  the  whale  fisheries. 
Lynn,  on  the  coast  between  Bostpn  and  Salem,  is  a  pleasant  and 
flourishing  town,  noted  for  the  manufacturing  of  shoes.  Pittsfield, 
Lenox  and  Stockbridge,  are  pleasant  towns  in  the  western  pan  of 
the  state.  — — — 

Map  op  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Massachu. 
setts  longest  ?  What  bay  east  of  Massachusetts  ?  What  three 
capb.  ?  A.  c.  M.  What  large  river  runs  through  it-*  What  river 
in  the  N.  E.  part  ?  What  two  islands  S.  E.  of  Massachusetts  ? 
Which  extends  farthest  north  Massachusetts  or  Illinois  ?  For  what 
js  Massachusetts  distinguished  ?     When  are  the  state  ofllicers  chosen  ? 

JM,»rrwi*-4 — '*'      -----  •         i  ■■' -    '  '■■         '  ■ ■         ..    -     .         -  - .  - II     n_ 

*  Wooru'-ter 


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Mr 


88 


UNITED     STATES, 


1. 


i.31 


II 


II  ' 


'U'ii 


I  :j;i 


Map  of  New  England.  What  is  the  extent  of  MaMachuHettg? 
Population  ?  What  are  its  prinripnl  rivers  ?  Bays  ?  What  mciin. 
tains  in  the  western  part?  h.  Of  what  chain  are  the  Hoosack 
mountains  a  continuation  ?  g.  What  two  mouniains  near  North- 
anipton  ?  t.  h.  What  counties  in  Massachusetts  ?  Shire  tov  - n? 
What  large  mai  fncturing  toMn  on  the  Merrimack  25  miles  N.  W. 
of  BoHion  ?  Which  is  the  first  se»lled  town  in  Massaihnsetts? 
When  was  Plymouth  settled?  Where  is  Lexingtoru  inemornhlj'  f„r 
the  first  battle  of  the  Revolution?  When  was  the  battle  fonglit? 
A.  The  19th  of  April,1775.  What  towns  on  the  Connecticut  river' 
What  canals  in  Massachusetts?  Railroads?  Through  u hat  large 
towt  s  does  the  western  railroad  pass  ?  w.  s.  w.  p.  What  hterary 
institutions  in  Massachusetts  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Boston  to 
Providence  ? 


-*• '.  ,<■ 


RHODE  ISLAND. 
How  is  Rhode  Island  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Rhode  Island  is  a  small,  pleasant  and  healthy  state ; 
and  is  distinguished  for  its  flourishing  manufactures, 
and  extensive  commerce. 


MANUFACTtJRES  AND  COMMERCE. 


It  is  mostly  a  level  state,  and  has  generally  a  fer- 
tile soil,  especially  on  the  islands  and  shores  of  Nar* 
ragansel  Bay. 


RHODE     ISLAND. 


89 


MaMachusetts? 
?  What  nioun. 
re  the  Hcjopnck 
lins  near  North. 
Shire  towns? 
25  milep  JV.  VV. 

Massachiisetis^ 

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e  baule  fought .» 

innecticut  river' 

ugh   what  large 

What  hterary 

from  Bob  ton  to 


ital  ? 


eal thy  State; 
lanufactures, 


erally  a  fer-- 
res  of  Nar- 


RhoJe  Tslaiid,  from  whirh  the  Btate  takes  its  name,  is  in  the  sonth- 
Pin  part  of  Narraoranset  btiy,  and  contains  about  50  square  miles.  It 
IS  celel)ratcd  for  its  delightful  and  healthy  climate,  and  is  a  noted  re- 
aort  of  invalids  from  various  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Chief  Towns. — Providence  is  situated  on  Providence  river  at  the 
hea(i  of  Nnrraganset  bay,  35  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  wealthy  and  nourishing  towns  of  its  size  in  the  United  States. 
It  has  tin  extensive  commerce,  and  is  distinguished  for  the  e.xtent  and 
variety  ot  its  manufactures. 

Newport  is  finely  situated  on  Rhode  Island,  and  is  distinguished 
for  its  Ixiauti'.ul  situation,  and  the  aaiuljrity  of  its  climate.  It  has  con- 
8i(leral>le  commerce,  and  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  United  States. 

HriHtol  is  a  pleasant,  wealthy,  and  commercial  town,  situated  ubout 
liilf  way  hetwien  Providence  and  Newport. 

Pawtucket,  situated  on  Pawfucket  Fnil^  ^  'ps  N.  E.  of  Provi. 
(li.ice,  IS  one  of  the  most  flourishing  ma  ^r  villages  in  the 

United  States. 


Map  of  toe  United  States.?  In  what  dii  nun  is  Rhode  Island 
lon!ie3t?  Which  part  widest  ?  Which  extends  farthest  east,  Rhode 
1^1,  lid  or  New  Hampshire  7  For  what  is  it  distinguished  ?  From 
what  does  the  state  take  its  name.^  For  what  is  the  Island  of  Rhode 
Island  celebrated  ?  What  college  i.i  Rhode  Island.''  For  what  is 
Providence  distinguished.'*  Newport?  When  are  tfie  state  officers 
chosen  ? 


Map  of  New  Ewqland.  What  is  the  extent  of  Rhode  Island  ? 
What  its  population  ?  What  bay  in  Rhode  Island  i*  What  island  in 
the  southern  part  of  Narragansett  bay?  What  island  south  of  Rhode 
Island  ?  B.  What  two  points  at  the  entrance  of  Narragansett  bay  ? 
Pt.  Judith  and  Sekonnet  point  on  the  east.  What  five  counties  in 
Rhode  Island?  p.  k.  w,  Newport  county  comprisps  Rhode  Island 
and  several  smaller  islands  in  Narragansett  bay  an  J  the  part  of  the 
st'ite  east  of  the  bay.  Bristol  county  embraces  the  small  part  of  the 
.■^laie  north  of  iNarragansett  hay.  What  canal  ?  Railroads?  When, 
where,  and  by  whom  was  Rhode  Island  settled?  How  will  you  sail 
from  Providence  to  Hartford? 


CONNECTICUT. 
>iow  is  Connecticut  bounded  ?     What  are  its  Capitals  ? 

Connecticut  is  a  small,  healthy  and  fertile  state,  and 
is  noted  for  the  extent  and  variety  of  its  manufac- 
tures ;  for  its  literary  institutions,  and  for  the  intelli- 
gence, enterprise,  and  good  morals  of  the  people. 


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UNITED     STATES. 


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VIEW  OP  HARTFORD. 

Connecticut  has  generally  an  uneven  surface,  and 
abounds  in  beautiful  scenery. 

It  is  well  situated  for  commerce,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  with  the  West  Indies,  and  with  the 
Northern  and  Southern  States, 

In  prcportion  to  its  population,  Connecticut  is  more  extensively 
engaged  in  manufactures  than  any  other  state  except  Rhode  Island* 
The  ingenuity  and  industry  of  the  people,  in  this  respect,  have  a  repu. 
tation  throughout  the  Union.  At  Middletown  are  manufactories  of 
cotton,  woollen,  paper,  combs,  rifles,  &.c.  At  Tariflville,  are  mauu. 
factories  of  cotton  and  carpeting.  At  Norwich,  ere  manufactories  of 
flannel,  cotton,  leather,  paper  and  iron.  At  Manchester  and  Vernon, 
there  are  extensive  cotton  manufactories.  At  Canton,  is  u  celebrated 
manufactory  of  axes.  At  Enlieid,  is  a  manufactory  of  carpets.  liaru 
ford  is  distinguished  for  the  manufacture  of  books,  chiefly  fur  educa. 
tion.  There  are  also  in  difllerent  parts  of  the  state,  extensive  nianu. 
factories  of  hats,  clocks,  combs,  block  tin  ware,  and  other  things. 
Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  the  culture  and  manufacture  of  silk, 
ftt  Mansfl<eld,  Hartford  and  other  places,  and  the  increasing  attention 
that  is  paid  to  it,  renders  it  probable  that  in  a  few  years  it  will  becoim 
an  important  branch  of  industry. 

Connecticut  is  more  amply  provided  with  the  means  of  common 
education  than  any  other  state  in  the  Union,  and  in  no  part  of  the 
world  are  the  useful  branches  of  education  more  generally  under- 
stood. The  School  Fund  belonging  to  the  state  amounts  to  more 
than  two  millionB  of  dollaiVk    The  income  of  this  fund  is  appro- 


CONNECTICUT. 


91 


1  surface,  and 

1  carries  on  a 
,  and  with  the 

more  extensively 

tpt  Rhode  Island. 

|pect,  have  a  repu. 

manufactories  of 

jiflville,  are  nianu. 

manufactories  of 

lester  and  Vernon, 

m,  is  u  celebrated 

lof  carpets.    Hart- 

jchiefly  for  educa. 

extensive  nianu- 

and  other  things, 

inufactureof  silk, 

:reasing  attention 

lars  it  will  becoiiK 

;ans  of  common 
In  no  part  of  the 
jgencrally  under- 

imounts  to  more 
US  fund  is  appro- 


priated by  the  constitution  of  she  state,  to  the  support  of  prima- 
ry schools,  and  is  divided  among  the  different  towns  in  propor- 
tion  to  the  numl>er  of  children  between  4  and  16  years  of  ajre. 
In  1843,  the  number  of  children  was  eighty.four  thouwand,  eigh 
hundred  and  thirty.peven.  The  amount  of  money  distributed,  dnring 
the  yea^,  was  one  hundred  and  eighteen  thousand,  four  hundred  and 
ninety-six  dollars. 

Chief  Towns. — Hartford  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Connecti. 
cut  River,  50  miles  from  its  mourh,  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  and  fer 
tile  country.  During  a  few  3-6 a rs  past,  it  has  rapidly  increased  in 
commerce,  population  and  wealth.  It  contains  a  number  of  elegant 
public  buildings ;  among  which  are  several  beautiful  churcUcS,  a 
state  house,  and  market. 


PtJBLIC  SQUARE,  OR  GREEN,  IN  NEW  HAVEN. 

New  Haven  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  4 
miles  from  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  built  in  squares,  with  wide  and 
handsome  streets,  and  is  not  excelled  in  beauty  by  any  town  in  the 
United  States.  One  of  the  squares  is  occupied  by  the  state  liouse, 
the  college  buildings,  several  churches  and  other  edifices,  which,  with 
rows  of  elm  trees  surrounding  the  spot,  render  it  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  places  in  the  country.  The  commerce  of  New  Haven  is 
considerable,  and  is  yearly  increasing.  In  addition  to  Yale  College, 
the  ciiy  is  celebrated  for  the  number  of  its  boardmg  schools  and 
smaller  seminaries  for  the  young  of  both  sexes.  Hartford  and  New 
Haven  are  the  alternate  places  for  the  meeting  of  the  state  legislature. 

New  London  is  situated  on  the  Thames,  3  miles  from  its  mouth, 
it  has  a  considerable  amount  of  shipping,  and  one  of  the  best  harbor* 
in  New  England.'  r>.  • 

6 


90 


UNITED     STATES 


\ 


Norwich*  is  finely  situated  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on  the 
river  Thames,  14  miles  N.  of  New  London.  It  is  a  beautiful  and 
romantic  town,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  manufactures  and  popu. 
lation. 

Middletown  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Connecticut^  31  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  has  a  considerable  share  .of  commerce,  and  is 
noted  for  the  extent  and  variety  of  its  manufactures. 

Litchfield  is  30  miles  west  of  Hartford,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and 
hilly  country.  The  principal  village  is  delightfully  situated  on  an 
elevated  plain,  affording  extensive  and  beautiful  prospects. 

Wethersfield  is  a  pleasant  town,  noted  for  the  State  Prison.  Say. 
brook  and  Guilford  are  resorted  to  in  summer,  for  sea  bathing.  Staf. 
ford  is  distinguished  for  its  iron  works  and  mineral  waters.  Berlin 
and  Meriden  are  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  tin- ware.  Bris. 
tol,  Plymouth,  Watertovvn  and  Waterbury,  for  the  making  of  wood, 
en  clocks.  Danbury  for  the  manufacture  of  hats.  Farmington  is  a 
beautiful  town.  SufHeld  is  noted  for  the  Baptist  Literary  Institu. 
tion  established  there  ;  and  Windsor  for  being  the  first  settled  town 
in  Connecticut. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Connecticut 
longest?  Which  partis  widest?  Which  is  the  principal  river  in 
Connecticut  ?  What  is  its  length  ?  For  what  is  Connecticut  noted? 
For  what  have  the  people  a  reputation  ?  What  does  the  School  Fund 
amount  to?  What  can  you  say  of  Hartford?  New  Huven? 
When  is  elector's  meeting  held  in  Connecticut? 


|l(;ffl 


Map  of  Nev  England.  What  is  the  extent  of  Connecticut  ?  Its 
population  ?  Which  are  the  three  principal  rivers  in  Connecticut? 
H.  c.  T.  What  branch  has  the  Housatonic?  Naugatuc.  Wha 
branch  has  the  Connecticut?  Farmington.  What  two  rivers  nnite 
at  Norwich  and  form  the  Thames  ?  Yantic  and  Shetucket.  What 
eight  counties  in  Connecticut?  l.  h.  t.  w.  n-l.  m.  n-h.  f.  What 
are  the  shire  towns  of  each  ?  What  large  island  south  of  Connecti- 
cut  ?  To  what  state  does  Long  Island  belong  ?  A.  To  New  York. 
How  long  is  it  ?  What  three  small  islands  at  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Long  Island  sound  ?  f.  g.  p.  What  island  east  of  Long  Island  ? 
a.  W  hat  city  near  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  ?  nl.  When  was 
New  London  burned  by  the  British  ?  What  are  the  principal  towns 
on  Connecticut  river  ?  Housatonic  ?  What  other  tow  ns  can  you 
mention  in  Connecticut.  What  canal?  Railroads?  Literary  in- 
stitutions  ?  Which  is  the  most  populous  city  ?  When,  where,  and 
by  whom  was  Connecticut  settled  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Hart- 
ord  to  Albany  ? 

•Nor'-ry. 


MIDDLiC    STATES. 


93 


TRAVELS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  STATES. 

How  will  you  sail  from  Hartford  to  Portland  ?  What  is  the  popu- 
lation of  Portland  7  For  what  is  Portland  noted  ?  What  is  meant 
by  commerce  ?  A.  The  exchanging  of  the  gjods  or  productions  of 
one  country  for  those  of  another.  For  what  is  Maine  distinguished  7 
What  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  of  Maine  7  How 
will  you  sail  from  Portland  to  Concord  7 


For  what  is  New  Hampshire  noted  7  For  what  is  it  distinguished  7 
What  do  you  mean  by  agriculture  ?  A.  The  cultivation  of  the 
ground  to  raise  various  kinds  of  grain  and  vegetables.  What  is 
meant  by  Manufacture*  ?  A.  Making  things  by  the  hand  or  ma- 
chinery, as  cloth,  paper,  knives,  &c.  What  mmntains  in  New 
Hampshire  ?    How  will  you  sail  from  Concord  to  Windsor  7 


How  will  you  describe  Vermont  ?  For  what  is  Vermont  noted  ? 
What  Mountains  in  Vermont  7  Which  is  the  oldest  settled  town  in 
Vermont  ?  For  what  is  Bennington  celebrated  ?  Which  is  the 
greatest  manufacturing  town  in  Vermont  ?  Which  is  the  most  com- 
mercial town  7    How  will  you  sail  from  Windsor  to  Boston  7 


How  wiU  you  describe  Massachusetts  7  For  what  is  Massachu- 
setts distinguished  7  Which  is  the  oldest  settled  town  in  Massachu. 
setts  ?  How  many  years  since  Plymouth  was  settled  7  What  is  the 
population  of  Boston  ?  When  was  Boston  settled  7  A.  In  1621. 
How  many  years  since  7  For  what  is  Boston  nof^d  7  How  will  you 
sail  from  Boston  to  Providence  7 


For  what  is  Rhode  Island  distinguished  7  What  large  Island  in 
the  southern  part  of  Narraganset  Bay  7  For  what  is  Rhode  Island 
celebrated  7  What  large  Town  is  situated  on  Rhode  Island  7  For 
what  is  Newport  distinguished  ?  In  what  direction  from  Newport  is 
Providence  ?  What  is  the  population  of  Providence  ?  For  what  is 
Providence  distinguished  7  How  will  you  sail  from  Providence  to 
Hartford.  -? ' 

For  what  is  Connecticut  noted  ?  What  is  the  population  of  Hart- 
ford ?  When  was  Hartford  settled  7  A.  In  1635.  How  many 
years  since  ?  What  literary  institutions  in  Hartford  ?  How  will  you 
sail  from  Hartford  to  New  Haven  ?  Describe  New  Haven.  What 
College  in  New  Haven  7  What  Canal  in  Connecticut  7  How  will 
you  sail  from  New  Haven  to  Albany  7 


;  ,^  V   f     MIDDLE  STATES.  i  ^t  tr   ' 

Which  are  the  Middle  States  7    [See  Page  75.]    How  many  of 
them  border  on  the  Atlantic  7    Which  one  has  no  sea-coast  7    What 


94 


UNITED    8TATE8 


lake  borders  on  Pennsylvania  ?  Which  is  the  niost  northern  of  these 
states?  Which  is  the  most  southern?  Which  extends  farthest 
east  ?  Which  extends  farthest  west  ?  Which  is  the  largest  of  these 
states  7  How  many  square  miles  has  Pennsylvania  ?  Which  is  the 
next  largest  ?  How  many  square  miles  has  New  York  ?  Which  is 
the  smallefit  of  the  Middle  States  ?  Which  is  most  thickly  inhab- 
ited,  or  has  the  greatest  number  of  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile  7 
How  many  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile  has  New  York  ?  What 
large  island  belongs  to  New  York  7  Which  of  these  states  is  long, 
est  7  Which  is  most  nearly  square  7  Which  is  most  irregular  in 
its  shape  7  The  Middle  States  contain  102,440  square  miles,  how 
much  larger  are  they  than  the  Eastern  States  7 


iliij 


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M 


.,  COMMERCE  AND  INLAND    NAVIGATION. 

The  Middle  States  occupy  an  important  section  of 
our  country.  They  are  distinguished  for  agriculture, 
manufactures,  and  commerce,  and  for  their  numerous 
and  extensive  canals  and  railroads. 

In  general,  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  mild 
and  healthy.  Wheat  is  the  most  important  production ; 
but  rye,  oats,  barley,  Indian  corn,  buckwheat,  beans, 
flax  and  hemp  are  raised  in  large  quantities.  The 
climate  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  growth  of  various 
kinds  of  excellent  fruit.  Apples,  pears,  peaches,  &c. 
are  produced  in  abundance. 


WXW    YORK 


95 


These  states  are  rich  in  minerals.  Iron  is  found 
in  most  parts.  Copper,  lead,  limestone  and  marble 
exist  to  some  extent ;  but  the  most  important  mine- 
ral is  anthracite  coal.  In  no  part  of  the  world  is  this 
valuable  material  found  so  abundantly  as  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. Bituminous  coal  is  found  in  large  quantities 
in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg.  Salt  springs  are  numer- 
ous, especially  in  Nev^r  York.  The  most  noted  are 
at  Salina  and  Syracuse,  where  more  than  two  mill- 
ion bushels  of  salt  are  made  annually. 

The  enlightened  zeal  which  the  state  of  New  York  has  shown  in 
promoting  education,  is  deserving  of  the  highes'  praise.  Common 
schools  are  established  and  supported  by  law  in  every  town,  and  am- 
ple provision  is  made  for  the  education  of  all  classes  of  society.  Be. 
sides  the  common  schools,  there  are  about  one  hundred  academies 
and  high  schools.  All  the  public  literary  institutions  of  New  York 
are  united  in  one  body,  under  the  name  of  the  University,  and  are 
under  the  superintendence  of  a  body  of  literary  men,  called  "  tha 
Regents  of  the  University  of  New  York." 

In  Pennsylvania,  considerable  has  been  done  for  the  establish, 
ment  and  support  of  common  schools,  and  many  parts  of  the  state 
are  well  supplied  with  the  means  of  elementary  instruction.  • 

In  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  public  attention  has  been  turned  to 
the  subject  of  common  schools,  and  exertions  have  recently  been 
made  for  their  establishment  in  every  town. 


NEW  YORK. 


How  is  New  York  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 


In  population,  wealth  and  political  importance,  New 
York  is  the  first  state  in  the  Union.  Its  territory  is 
extensive  and  fertile ;  and  it  is  remarkable  for  the 
rapid  growth  of  its  cities,  towns  and  villages.     '     ' 

Its  natural  advantages  for  agriculture,  commerce 
and  manufactures,  are  unrivalled.  Indeed,  it  abounds 
in  all  that  constitutes  the  prosperity  of  a  people.  It 
has  taken  the  lead  in  internal  improvements,  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  numerous  canals  and  railroads ; 


96 


UVITID    STATES 


': :%  ' 


i:;:. 


.4 


NEW   YORK.  rr  '^ 

for  its  navigable  rivers  and  lakes ;  and  for  the  indus- 
try, intelligence  and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants. 

New  York  produces  in  abundance  all  the  staple  commodities  and 
luxuries  common  to  the  climate.  The  principal  of  these  is  wheat. 
It  is  rich  in  minerals.  Limestone,  iron  ore,  marble,  &.c.  are  found 
in  large  quantities.  There  are  numerous  and  valuable  salt  springs  ; 
the  most  important  are  at  Salina  and  Syracuse  where  more  than 
two  million  bushels  of  salt  are  produced  annually. 

The  mineral  springs  at  Ballston  and  Saratoga  are  famous  through, 
out  the  country.  During  the  warm  season,  they  are  the  resort  of  the 
sick,  the  gay,  the  fashionable,  from  various  parts  of  the  Union,  and 
they  give  health  to  many,  and  pleasure  to  all  who  visit  them. 

The  falls  of  Niagara,  between  lake  Erie  and  lake  Ontario,  are  the 
most  stupendous  cataract  on  the  globe.  The  river  is  three  quarters 
of  a  mile  in  width,  and  falls  perpendicularly  over  a  precipice  in  two 
columns,  to  the  depth  of  about  160  feet.  The  shock  causes  the 
earth  to  tremble  for  a  considerable  distance  ;  and  a  cloud  of  vapor 
rises  over  the  spot  which  is  sometimes  seen  20  or  30  miles.  During 
the  summer  and  autumn,  these  falls  are  visited  by  persons  from  dif. 
ferent  parts  of  the  world. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Albany  is  situated  on  the  w.-'st  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  i50  miles  north  of  New  York,  near  the  head  of  tide  water. 
In  commerce,  population  and  wealth,  it  is  the  second  town  in  the 
state.  It  contains  a  handsome  state  house,  and  many  other  elegant 
buildings.  It  is  a  place  of  great  trade,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  beauti. 
ful  and  populous  country,  and  within  a  short  distance  are  many 
thriving  villages  and  towns.   ' 


MKW    YORK 


97 


NIAGARA  FALLS. 

New  York  is  situated  on  New  York  or  Manhattan  island,  about 
16  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  at  the  junction  of  tlio  Hudson  and  East 
rivers.  It  is  the  most  populous  city  in  America,  and  one  of  the  first 
commercial  places  on  the  globe.  The  city  is  principally  built  of 
brick,  and  most  of  the  buildings  have  a  neat  and  many  of  them  an 
elegant  appearance.  The  finest  street  is  Broadway,  which  travers- 
es the  whole  city  in  a  straight  line  from  north  to  south,  and  is  eighty 
feet  in  breadth.  It  is  occupied  chiefly  by  shops  and  elegant  public 
buildings,  and  few  streets  in  the  world  equal  it  for  the  splendor^  bus- 
tie  and  fashion  which  it  exhibits.  The  public  buildings  are  numer- 
ous; the  most  noted  among  them,  are  the  Merchants*  Exchange, 
the  Custom  House,  City  Hall,  Trinity  Church,  Hall  of  Justice,  i,\s(or 
House,  &,c.  The  Croton  water  works,  by  means  of  which  the  city 
is  supplied  with  an  abundance  of  pure  and  wholesome  water,  are 
among  the  great  works  of  the  age,  and  stand  as  a  proud  monument 
of  the  enterprise,  Hberality  and  wisdom  of  its  citizens.  There  is  no 
city,  perhaps  in  the  world,  which  possesses  greater  advantages  of 
situation  than  New  York,  both  for  internal  and  external  commerce. 
It  is  here  that  merchants  and  traders  resort  from  all  quarters — from 
the  shores  of  the  Adantic,  the  confines  of  the  lakes,  and  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi,  with  a  certainty  that  they  can  dispose  of  their  own 
produce,  and  supply  themselves  with  every  article  they  require.  It  is 
here  that  strangers  and  travellers  assemble  as  the  place  of  departure 
to  every  part  of  the  world.  It  is  at  present,  and  probably  will  long 
remain,  in  a  great  degree,  the  central  point  for  the  commerce  of 
the  United  States. 


'.I 


98 


UNITED     STATES 


W  r.  I 


•  CITY  HALL. 

Brooklyn,  directly  opposite  to  New  York,  on  the  west  end  of  Long 
lalnnrl,  has  grown  within  n  few  years  to  an  important  city.  It  is 
rapidly  increasing  in  population  and  trade.  Its  situation  is  high, 
and  affords  many  pleasant  sites  overlooking  New  York  city  and  bay. 
In  the  northeastern  part,  on  a  bay  called  the  Wallabout,  is  the  Uni- 
ted States*  Navy  Yard. 

Troy  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  6 
miles  above  Albany.  Tt  is  regularly  built,  and  contains  many  ele- 
gant  buildings.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  distinguished  for 
its  manufactures. 

Hudson  is  well  situated  for  trade,  38  miles  south  of  Albany,  at  the 
head  of  ship  navigation  on  the  Hudson.  It  is  one  of  the  most  im. 
portant  places  on  the  river,  and  is  at  present  increasing  in  business 
and  wealth. 

Newburg,  Poughkeepsie,*  Cattskill,  Lansingburg  and  Schenecta- 
dy.  are  flourishing  and  important  places.  Utica,  96  miles  N.  W.  of 
Albany,  is  a  thriving  place  with  an  extensive  inland  trade.  It  is 
regularly  built,  the  streets  are  broad,  straight  and  commodious.  It 
»s  noted  for  its  benevolent  and  literary  institutions,  and  for  the  ex- 
pensive manufactories  in  its  vicinity.  The  city  is  nearly  the  geo- 
graphical  centre  of  the  state. 

Rochester,  on  the  Genesee  river,  is  a  place  of  great  trade  and 
wealth,  and  of  astonishingly  rapid  growth.  It  is  well  built,  and  its 
streets  are  handsome  and  regular.     It  stands  on  the  Erie  Canal,  7 

*Po-kep'-8e. 


HIW    YORK 


99 


miles  from  lake  Ontario.  It  it*  noted  fur  its  manufacture!,  especially 
those  of  flour. 

Bufllalo  is  a  large  and  thriving  place,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ca. 
nal  with  lake  Erie.  It  is  the  grand  emporium  of  the  lake  commerce. 
Its  harbor  is  thronged  with  steamboats  and  other  vessels,  and  its 
streets  with  travellers,  emigrants,  and  men  of  business.  It  is  rapid. 
[y  increasing  in  population  and  wealth. 

Lockport  is  a  tlourishing  place  on  the  Cnnal,  65  miles  W.  of  Ro. 
Chester.  Geneva  occupies  a  fine  situation  on  Seneca  lake.  Auburn, 
situated  at  the  outlet  of  Owasco  lake,  is  a  flourishing  villoge.  Can. 
andaigua,  near  the  outlet  of  Canandaigua  lake,  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able trade. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  New  York 
longest?  How  many  states  border  on  it  7  Lakes  7  What  large 
river  in  the  costRrn  part  7  What  branch  hos  the  Hudson  or  North 
river  7  M.  What  two  large  rivers  rise  in  the  southern  part  ? 
What  river  rises  in  Pennsylvania  and  runs  N.  into  Lake  Ontario  7 
G.  What  towns  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson  7  t.  h.  p.  What 
towns  on  the  west  bank  7  n.  c.  a.  Where  is  the  military  academy 
of  West  Point?  A.  On  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  52  miles 
north  of  New  York.  Which  are  the  three  principal  towns  on  the 
Mohawk  7  s.  u.  r.  What  town  near  the  month  of  the  Genesee  ? 
R.  What  is  the  principal  town  on  lake  Erie  7  What  is  the  popula. 
tion  of  Buffalo  7  What  Uterary  institutions  in  New  York  7  At 
what  time  is  the  election  of  state  officers  held  7  For  what  length 
of  time  is  the  governor  chosen  7  His  salary  7  For  what  is  New 
York  distinguished  7 


Map  of  New  York.  What  is  the  extent  of  New  York?  Pop. 
ulation  7  What  three  rivers  empty  into  lake  Ontario  7  b.  o.  a. 
What  three  in  the  southern  pan  7  s.  a.  d.  Which  is  the  longest 
river  in  New  York  7  What  lake  is  connected  with  lake  Cham- 
plain?  What  is  the  length  of  lake  George  7  Champlain  7  What 
lakes  in  the  interior  of  New  York  7  o.  s.  o.  c.  s.  c.  and  Crooked 
lake.  What  river  is  the  outlet  of  these  lakes  ?  How  many  counties 
can  you  mention  in  New  York  7  Shire  towns  7  How  many  coun. 
ties  on  Long  Island  7  x.  q.  s.  What  separates  Long  Island  i  nm 
Connecticut  7  What  is  the  population  of  New  York  city  7  Albany  ? 
Utica  7  Rochester  7  Rome  7  Syracuse  ?  Auburn  7  Owego  T 
Buffalo  7  What  river  connects  lake  Erie  and  lake  Ontario  f 
What  is  the  length  of  Niagara  river  ?  What  celebrated  falls  in  it  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  Niagara  falls  7  What  large  island  in  Niagara 
river  jusi  ab^ve  the  falls  ?  What  battle  was  fought  in  Canada  near 
the  falls  7  Wnen  was  the  battle  of  Chippewa  fought?  Saratoga? 
White  Plains?  Stoney  Point?  Brooklyn  heights?  PlattsburgT 
What  canals  in  New  York  ?    Railroads  7    Where  is  Crof^n  aque. 

5* 


l\ 


100 


UNITED    STATES. 


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-VI 


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duct  for  conveying  water  to  the  city  of  New  York  7  Its  length  7 
fSee  map  uf  Central  Status.]  Where  are  the  two  state  penitentia. 
ries  of  New  York  ?  A.  At  Auburn  and  Sing  Sing.  Where  are 
Saratoflfa  and  Bnllston  mineral  springs  7  How  will  you  sail  from 
Albany  to  Trenton  7 

NEW  JERSEY 
'*'  How  is  New  Jersey  bounded  7    What  is  its  Capitol  f 

!  New  Jersey  is  a  small  but  interesting  state.  It  is 
noted  for  its  navigable  rivers,  canals,  and  railroads, 
and  for  its  flourishing  manufactures. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  diversified.  It  is  flat 
and  sandy  in  the  south  ;  uneven  and  hilly  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  mountainous  in  the  north.  The  central  por- 
tions of  the  state  are  fertile,  highly  cultivated,  and 
covered  with  handsome  towns  and  villages. 

New  Jersey  abounds  in  valuable  garden  vegeta- 
bles, and  in  apples,  pears,  peaches,  and  other  fruits  of 
the  finest  quality,  and  it  always  finds  a  ready  market 
for  these  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

The  great  thoroughfare  between  the  northern  and  southern  states 
passes  through  New  Jersey,  and  the  advantage  which  the  state  en. 
joys  as  it  regards  distance  and  facihties  in  transporting  goods  to 
market,  are  not  exceeded  by  those  of  any  district  of  equal  extent  in 
our  country. 

Towns. — Trenton,  situated  at  the  head  of  tide  waters  on  the  Del. 
aware,  30  miles  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia,  is  a  handsome  town,  and  a 
place  of  considerable  trade  and  manufactures. 

New  Brunswick  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Raritan,  14  miles 
from  its  mouth.     It  is  the  most  commercial  town  in  the  state. 

Newark,  on  the  Passaic,  9  miles  W.  of  New  York,  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  towns  in  the  United  States.  It  is  distinguished  for  the 
manufacture  of  shoes  and  leather. 

'^rinceton,  11  miles  N.  E.  of  Trenton,  is  situated  on  the  great  road 
between  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  It  is  a  pleasant  town,  and 
contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings. 

Burlington  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Delaware  river,  17  miles 
N.  E.  of  Philadelpliia.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  considerable  manu. 
factures  and  trade. 

EUzabethtown  is  situated  on  Elizabethtown  creek,  in  the  :iiidst  of 
a  beautiful  and  fertile  country.  It  contains  several  handsome  build, 
ings  and  has  considerable  commerce* 


KIW    JIR8ET 


101 


Piitterton  \u  situated  on  the  Papnaic  river,  IS  milei  N.  W  of  New 
York.  It  is  a  flourishinf;  tOM  n,  and  the  seat  of  very  important  man- 
ufuoturing  establiphmentr. 

The  PasRoic  Falls  at  this  place,  are  the  grcntest  curit  gity  in  the 
itate.  The  river  is  40  yards  wide,  and  falls  perpendiculnrly  70  frH 
in  one  entire  sheet,  preventing  a  scene  of  singular  beauty  and 
grandeur.  » 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  New  .Terpcy 
If  ncrest ''     Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  ?     The  most  northern  7 

nndy  Hook.  What  bny  eepnrntes  Nevf  .Tercoy  from  Dtln«nre  T 
Wliat  river  divides  it  from  Pennsylvnnin  '  For  vhnt  xm  New  .lertey 
nored  "^  What  docs  it  abound  in?  What  literary  insiituiions  in 
New  Jersey  ? 


Ma?  of  the  CI^TKAL  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  New  Jersey  ? 
Population  ?  What  harbors  on  the  const  ?  What  is  the  length  of 
Delaware  bny  7  DelaM  are  river  ?  What  counties  can  you  men- 
tion? Shire  towns?  Cnnals?  Railroads?  How  many  towns  can 
you  mention  in  New  Jersey?  Which  is  the  largest  ?  n.  What  is 
eaid  of  Newark  ?  Trenton  ?  When  was  the  battle  of  Trenton 
foii^dit?  What  town  on  the  Passnic,  fifteen  miles  N.  W.  ot  New 
York  ?  What  noted  curiosity  at  Patterson  ?  Which  is  the  most 
ror'hern  county  ?  Which  the  most  southern  ?  What  boy  south 
of  Staten  Island  7  Raritan  bay.  On  how  many  sides  is  New  .fersey 
bounded  by  water  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Trenton  to  Harris, 
burg? 


PENNSYLVANIA.* 
How  is  Pennsylvania  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  7 

Pennsylvania  is  a  large,  healthy  and  fertile  state, 
and  is  distinguished  for  its  agriculture,  manufactures 
and  commerce ;  for  its  fine  roads,  bridges  ahvVianals, 
and  for  its  extensive  mines  of  coal.  It  enjoys  a  mild 
and  agreeable  climate,  abounds  in  fruit,  and  may  be 

*  The  colony  of  Pennsylvania  was  founded  in  1682,  hy  William  Penn, 
a  distinguished  philanthropist,  belonging  to  the  denomination  oi  FriendH. 
He  obtained  of  Chares  I.  a  grant  of  the  territory  now  included  in  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania ;  but  believing  thnt  this  gave  him  no  just  right  to 
the  country,  he  purchased  the  territory  of  the  Indians,  whom  he  consider* 
ed  the  just  and  lawful  owners.  Shortly  after  he  planted  his  infant  colo- 
ny, he  met  the  Indians  under  "  the  great  elm  tree,"  at  Kensington,  and 
entered  into  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  remained  uninterrupted  for  th« 
space  of  70  years. 


102 


UNITED    STATES. 


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WILLIAM  PENN  FORMING  A  TREATY  WITH  THE  INDIANS. 

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regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  United 
States. 

The  middle  portion  oi  the  state  is  mountainous ; 
the  remainder  is  generally  level  or  moderately  une- 
ven. The  soil  is  fertile,  and  under  a  high  state  of 
cultivation.  • 

Pennsylvania  is  the  greatest  manufacturing  state  in 
the  Union.  All  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  many  of 
its  luxuries,  are  to  be  found  in  this  state,  either  the 
produce  of  its  soil,  or  the  labor  of  its  citizens. 

Pennsylvania  abounds  in  all  the  elements  of  wealth  and  power. 
Public  opinion  has  given  it  a  strong  impulse  towards  manufactures 
and  a  gigantic  system  of  internal  improvements.  New  towns  and 
villages  are  springing  up  in  every  direction.  Its  inhabitants,  though 
composed  of  all  nations,  are  distinguished  for  their  habits  of  order, 
industry  and  frugality.  The  passing  stranger,  as  he  traverses  the 
state,  is  struck  with  the  noble  roads,  canals,  railroads,  and  other 
public  works,  with  the  well  cultivated '  farms,  their  commodious 
houses  of  stone  or  brick,  extensive  barns  and  other  buildings  of  the 
same  materials. 

Towns. — Harrisburg  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Susquehannah, 
97  miles  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  hand- 
somely  built.  The  state  house  occupies  an  elevation  overlooking 
the  town,  and  is  a  large  and  elegant  building. 


m 


PENNSTLTAlf  I  A 


103 


Philadelphia,  in  the  extent,  variety,  and  value  of  its  manufactures, 
is  tiie  first  city  in  the  Union.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  between  the 
Delaware  and  Schuylkill,  six  miles  above  their  confluence,  and  by 
the  course  of  the  river  and  bay,  126  miles  from  the  ocean.  Its  com- 
merce is  very  extensive,  and  ships  of  the  line  can  sail  up  to  the  city. 
It  is  laid  out  in  squares,  and  is  probably  the  most  regular  and  uni. 
form  city  in  the  world.  The  streets  are  handsomely  paved,  broad, 
and  pleasant,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  kept  remarka. 
bly  clean.  The  houses  are  neatly  built  of  brick,  three  stories  high, 
ornamented  with  marble  steps  and  window  sills.  The  city  is  adorn. 
ed  with  many  handsome  public  as  well  as  private  dwellings.  But 
the  greatest  pride  of  Philadelphia,  is  the  Fair  Mount  water  works, 
by  which  the  city  is  supplied  with  pure  and  wholesome  water  from 
the  Schuylkill. 

Philadelphia  is  celebrated  as  a  seat  of  literature,  and  especially  of 
medical  science,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  religious  and  benevolent 
institutions.  It  contains  numerous  schools  and  seminaries  of  learning. 


6IEARD  COLLEGE. 

and  by  the  will  of  the  late  Stephen  Girard,  a  large  sum  was  left  to 
found  and  support  a  college  for  the  education  of  the  poorer  classes  in 
society. 

Pittsburg  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monon- 
gahela,  300  miles  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest 
manufucturing  towns  in  the  United  States,  and  is  the  centre  of  an 
extensive  trade.  In  general,  the  town  is  well  built,  but  the  use  of 
pit  coal  in  the  houses  and  manufactories,  gives  it  a  dingy  and  disa. 
greeable  appearance,  from  its  dust  and  smoke.  Its  growth  has  been 
remarkably  rapid,  and  it  is  noted  for  its  brass  and  iron  foundries, 


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104 


VNITID    8TAT18, 


INTERIOR  OF  A  COAL  MINE. 

glass  works,  and  for  its  inexhaustible  mines  of  coal.  By  means  of 
the  Ohio,  it  has  an  easy  communication  with  the  Western  Slates 
and  New  Orleans,  and  at  the  point  where  the  two  rivers  uniie,  may 
be  seen  a  crowd  of  steamboats  which  are  occupied  in  plying  between 
this  and  the  various  towns  below. 

Lancaster,  62  miles  from  Philadelphia,  is  a  pleasant,  flourishing, 
and  wealthy  town,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  handsomest  in  the 
Middle  States.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  highly  cultivated 
country,  and  carries  on  a  large  trade  with  the  interior. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Pennsyvania 
longest  ?  How  many  states  border  on  Pennsylvania  ?  What  river 
forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  Pennsylvania  ?  What  river  passes 
nearly  through  the  centre  of  the  state  ?  What  two  rivers  unite  and 
form  the  Ohio?  What  city  at  their  junction  ?  p.  What  can  you 
say  of  Pittsburg  ?  Between  what  two  rivers  ia  Philadelphia  ?  d.  s. 
What  can  you  say  of  Philadelphia  ?  For  what  is  Pennsylvania  dis. 
What  Hterary  institutions  in  Pennsylvania  ? 


tinguished  ? 


Map  of  the  Central  S-^ates.  What  is  the  extent  of  Pennsyl- 
vania  ?  Population  ?  What  branches  has  the  Delaware  river  ?  s.  l. 
What  branches  has  the  Susquehannah  ?  J.  w.  t.  What  branch 
has  the  Alleghany  ?  k.  Monongahela  ?  y.  Which  is  the  longest 
river  in  Pennsylvania  ?  What  counties  can  you  mention  in  Penn- 
sylvania ?  Shire  towns  ?  Canals  ?  Railroads  ?  What  towns  on 
the  Delaware  ?  Susquehannah  ?  Ohio  ?  Alleghany  ?  Wlipn  did 
the  massacre  of  Wyoming  take  p^ce  ?  Braddock's  defeat  ?  Battle 
of  Germantown  ?    What  mountains  ?    What  minerals  does  Penn. 


DEL  A  Wl  RE. 


105 


gylvania  abound  in  ?  A.  Coal,  iron,  lime,  and  salt  springs.  When, 
and  by  whom  was  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania  founded  ?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Harrisburg  to  Wilmington  ? 


DELAWARE. 


DEEP  CUT  OF  THE  CHESAPEAKE    AND  DELAWARE  CANAL. 

How  is  Delaware  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Delaware  is  the  least  populous  state  in  the  Union, 
and  the  smallest  in  extent,  except  Rhode  Island. 

The  northern  part  of  the  state  is  generally  hilly, 
and  has  a  fertile  soil ;  the  southern  part  is  level,  and 
unproductive.  The  commerce  of  Delaware  is  small ; 
but  its  manufactures  are  considerable. 

Wheat  is  extensively  raised  in  this  state,  and  the 
flour  made  here  is  of  a  superior  quality.  The  tlour 
mills,  near  Wilmington,  on  the  Brandywine,  arc  the 
best  and  most  celebrated  in  the  United  States. 

The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal  crosses  the  northern  part 
of  this  state,  uniting  the  two  bays.  It  begins  at  Delaware  Cify,  46 
miles  below  Philadelphia,  and  passes  westerly  14  miles  to  Rock 
Creek,  a  navigable  branch  of  Elk  river.  It  is  traversed  by  steam 
boats,  packets  and  merchant  vessels.  The  Deep  Cut  is  a  passage 
through  a  hill  4  milea  long  and  90  fe«t  in  height,  being  t^  deepest 


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106 


UNITED     STATES 


cut  of  any  canal  in  the  world.    The  Summit  Bridge  which  croMei 
the  canal  at  this  place,  is  a  single  arch  255  feet  in  length. 

Near  Lewiston  is  the  Delaware  Breakwater,  an  im;  ortant  na. 
tional  work,  consisting  of  two  piers, — an  ice-breaker  1700  feet  long, 
and  a  breakwater  2,800  feet  long.  The  worit  forms  an  artificial 
harbor  of  great  extent  and  importance,  and  cost  about  three  million 
dollars. 


VIEW  OF  DELAWARE  BAY 

TownsJ- — Dover  is  pleasantly  situated  between  the  two  principal 
branches  of  Jones'  Creek,  10  miles  from  its  entrance  mto  Delaware 
Bay.  It  is  regularly  laid  out  with  wide  streets,  is  generally  well 
built,  and  contains  a  handsome  State  House. 

Wilmington  is  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  between 
Christiana  and  Brandywine  creeks,  1  mile  above  their  confluence. 
It  is  the  largest  and  most  important  town  in  the  state,  and  is  celebra* 
ted  for  its  flour  mills  and  other  manufacturing  establishments. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Delaware 
longest  ?  What  separates  it  from  New  Jersey  ?  What  cape  has 
Delaware?  Which  extends  farthest  south,  Delaware  or  Ohio? 
Which  state  is  longest,  Delaware  or  Connecticut  ?  What  can  you 
say  of  Delaware  ?  

Map  of  the  Central  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Delaware! 
Population  ?  What  counties  has  Delaware  ?  Shire  towns  ?  What 
swamp  in  the  southern  oart  ?  What  and  where  is  the  Delaware 
Breakwater  '/  What  is  the  length  of  Delaware  bay  ?  What  canal  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal  ?  What 
railroads  ?  When  was  the  battle  of  Brandywine  fought  7  How 
will  you  sail  from  Wilmington  to  Annapolis?     r<> 


SOUTHERN      STATES. 


SOUTHERN  STATES. 


107 


Which  are  the  Southern  States  ?  [See  page  76.]  How  many  are 
there  i  Which  is  the  most  northern  of  the  Southern  States  ?  Which 
is  the  most  western  ?  How  many  of  them  border  on  the  Atlantic  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Southern  States  ?     t. 


The  Southern  States,  in  extent  of  territory,  far  sur- 
pass the  Eastern  or  Middle  States,  and  are  distinguish- 
ed for  their  valuable  productions,  numerous  slaves, 
and  for  the  amount  of  their  exports. 

The  Southern  States,  alon^  the  coast,  varying 
from  00  to  200  miles  in  breadth,  are  generally  low, 
sandy  and  barren,  except  near  the  rivers  and  bays. 
This  section  abounds  in  pine  forests,  and  is  usually 
termed  "  the  Pine  Barrens."  The  interior  is  hilly 
and  mountainous,  and  has  a  rich  and  productive  soil. 
The  climate,  in  the  eastern  and  southern  part,  is 
warm  and  unhealthy  ;  in  the  interior  it  is  mild  and 
salubrious.  '     '  •  ■  '  -''■ 

Wheat,  tobacco,  and  Indian  corn  are  the  principal 
productions  in  the  northern  part ;  rice,  cotton,  and 
sugar  in  the  southern ;  and  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  and 
lumber  in  the  eastern  part. 


I 


II 


108 


UNITED   STATES. 


mi- 


The  middle  and  western  portions  of  these  states  are  inhabited  pnn. 
cipally  by  farmers,  who  have  few  slaves  and  small  estates,  depend. 
ing  principally  on  their  own  labor  for  support.  The  eastern  part,  or 
low  country,  is  occupied  by  planters.  These  Hve  on  large  planta. 
tions,  at  a  considerable  distance  from  each  other,  and  are  supported 
1  by  the  labor  of  their  slaves.  They  are  usually  well  informed,  polite, 
and  remarkably  hospitable.  Their  incomes  are  large,  and  they  have 
much  leisure  to  indulge  in  amusements.  Hunting  and  dancing  are 
favorite  diversions,  and  music  is  cultivated  with  much  diligence  and 
success.  The  women  are  generally  well  educated,  and  usually  poa. 
sess  refined  manners  and  cultivated  minds.  Education  however,  is 
less  generally  diffused  in  the  southern  than  in  the  northern  states, 
and  there  is  less  of  intellectual  activity  and  of  '  ae  spirit  of  enterprise 
and  improvement. 

Gold  is  the  most  important  mineral.  It  is  found  inmost  of  the 
states  bordering  on  the  Atlantic,  but  more  abundantly  in  North  Car- 
olina, Georgia  and  Virginia.  This  metal  is  now  found  so  ext^n- 
fcivelv,  that  if.  has  become  an  object  of  national  importance.  The 
government  has  established  branches  of  the  United  Slates'  Mint  at 
Charlotte,  in  North  Carolina,  and  at  Dahlonega,  in  Georgia,  for  the 
purpose  of  coining  the  gold  found  in  the  Southern  States.  The 
gold  region  reaches  from  Virginia  to  Alabama.  Coal  and  iron 
are  found  in  various  parts,  but  more  abundant  in  Virginia  than  in 
any  other  of  the  Southern  States. 


V        MARYLAND.  <- 

How  is  Maryland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Maryland,  considering  its  extent  and  population,  is 
one  of  the  first  commercial  states  in  the  Union.  It 
is  well  watered  by  rivers  emptying  into  Chesapeake 
bay,  afTording  numerous  facilities  for  inland  naviga- 
tion. In  addition  to  these,  the  state  is  largely  enga- 
ged in  internal  improvements.  When  these  are  com- 
pleted, Baltimore  will  be  one  of  the  most  favorable 
positions  for  foreign  and  domestic  commerce  in  the 
United  States.  *  : 

The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  all  sorts 
of  grain,  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits.  Its  exports  of 
flour  and  other  bread  stuffs,  are  immense.  The  sta- 
ple production  is  tobacco. 

It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  Chesapeake  bay, 
called  the  eastern  and  western  shore.     The  eastern 


MARYLAND. 


109 


part  is  generally  level ;  the  western  part  is  hilly  and 
mountainous. 

'fotcn*.— Annapolis  is  a  handsome  and  regular  city,  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  Severn  river,  two  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Chesa- 
peake  bay. 


A  VIEW  OF  BALTIMORE.  t 

Baltimore  is  situated  on  the  Patapsco  river,  14  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Chesapeake  bay.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  both 
foreign  and  inland,  ana  may  be  considered  the  best  flour  market  in 
the  world.  It  is  divided  by  a  small  river  into  two  parts,  called  the 
Town  and  Fell's  Point.  The  latter  is  the  principal  seat  of  commer- 
cial business.  It  is  finely  built,  chiefly  of  brick,  and  the  streets  are 
neatly  paved.  It  contains  many  handsome  buildings,  and  two  splen- 
did marble  monuments — one  to  the  memory  of  Washington — the  oth- 
er to  the  memory  of  those  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  North  Point,  in 
1814.  The  city  has  had  a  rapid  growth,  and  is  distinguished  for 
the  amount  of  its  shipping. 

Frederick  is  pleasantly  situated  42  miles  W.  of  Baltimore,  in  a 
fruitful  tract  of  country,  and  is  well  built.  It  has  a  considerable 
trade  in  flour  and  grain. 

Hagerstown  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  has  considerable  inland 
trade. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Maryland 
longest  ?  What  bay  divides  Maryland  ?  On  which  side  of  Chesa- 
peake bay  is  the  largest  division  of  Maryland  ?  What  river  sepa- 
rates Maryland  from  Virginia  ?    What  river  empties  into  the  head 


no 


UNITED    8T  ATS8. 


'Hi 


mi' 


of  Chesapeake  bay?     What  literary   institutions  in  Maryland 7 
What  can  you  say  of  Maryland  7        5         • 


Map  or  the  Central  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Maryland  ? 
Population?  What  is  the  length  of  Chesapeake  bay?  Potoinac 
river?  What  counties?  Shire  towns?  Canals?  Railroads? 
What  towns  can  you  mention?  What  can  you  sny  of  Baltimore? 
When  Mas  the  battle  of  North  Point  fought?  What  town  at  the 
head  of  Chesapeake  bay,  burned  by  the  British  in  1813  ?  H-d-s. 
What  railroad  passes  through  Havre  de  Grace  ?  How  will  you  kH 
from  Baliiinore  to  Washington  ? 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


m: 


IS!\, 


>/"    ALEXANDRJA.. 


iiin 


The  District  of  Columbia  is  ten  miles  square,  de- 
lightfully situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Potomac. 
The  land  is  finely  elevated,  and  beautifully  diversifi- 
ed by  hill  and  dale.     It  is  not  a  state,  but  is  under 


DISTRICT    or    COLUMBIA. 


Ill 


the  immediate  government  cf  Congress.  The  terri- 
tory of  this  district  was  given  to  the  United  States 
by  Maryland  and  Virginia,  in  1790,  for  the  purposes 
of  a  national  capital,  and  in  1800  it  became  the  seat 
of  the  general  government. 


UNITED  STATES  CAPITOL, 

Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  on  the 
Potomac,  3J0  miles,  by  the  course  of  the  river  and  bay,  from  the 
ocean.  The  city  is  laid  out  on  a  regular  plan,  and  when  completed, 
will  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  commodious  cities  on  the  globe. 
The  Capitol,  for  the  meetings  of  Congress,  is  situated  on  capital 
square,  at  the  head  of  Pennsylvania  avenue,  and  cununands  a  de» 
■ightful  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country.  It  is  constructed 
ot  free-stone,  and  composed  of  a  centre  and  two  wings.  The  length 
of  the  whole  is  35U  feet;  depth  of  the  wings,  121  feet;  height  to  the 
top  o(  the  dome,  12U  feet.  The  Senate  chamber,  in  the  north  wing, 
is  a  semi-circle  of  74  feet  in  length,  and  42  in  height.  The  Repre- 
aentatives'  chamber,  in  the  south  wing,  is  also  a  semi  circle,  95  feet 
in  length  and  6U  in  height.  About  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  the  Cap. 
itol,  is  the  President's  house,  an  elegant  structure  of  froc-stone,  two 
stories  high,  with  a  lofty  basement,  180  feet  long  by  83  wide.  Near 
it  are  four  elegant  brick  buildings,  occupied  t^y  tlie  Secretaries  wt 
Heads  of  Departments. 

[In  August,  1814,  Washington  was  taken  by  the  British,  under 
General  Ross,  who  destroyed  the  Capitol,  President's  house,  and  tho 
pnblie  offices.    They  w«re  soon  re-built  however,  with  great  spleo- 


113 


UNITED     ST  ATK8. 


I 

m 

III 


m  ■ 


'.'i 


dor.    The  library  of  Congress  was  burnt  at  this  time,  and  that  of 
Mr.  Jeflferson  was  subsequently  purchased  to  replace  it.] 

Georgetown  is  situated  on  the  Potomac,  3  miles  west  of  Washing. 
ton.    It  is  a  handsome  town,  and  has  a  considerable  trade. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Washington  7  After  whom  was  it 
named  ?  Who  was  George  Washington  ?  In  what  direction  from 
Washington  is  Georgetown  ?  Alexandria  ?  Is  Alexandria  in  the 
District  of  Columbia  ?  It  is  not :  It  was  set  off  by  act  of  congress, 
to  Virginia  in  1846.  Which  has  the  greatest  latitude,  or  is  farther 
north — Washington  or  this  place  7  Is  this  place  in  east  or  west  Ion. 
gitude  from  Washington  ?  In  what  longitude  from  Washington  is 
Boston?  St.  Louis*  Philadelphia?  Detroit?  Charleston  ?  How 
will  you  sail  from  Washington  to  Richmond  ? 


VIRGINIA. 


MOUNT  VERNON. 

How  is  Virginia  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital?  . 

Virginia  is  the  largest,  and  one  ;f  the  most  wealthy, 
populous  and  influential  states.  It  is  distinguished  for 
its  great  natural  resources,  its  happy  climate,  navigable 
rivers,  and  the  amount  of  its  exports. 

The  vegetable  productions  are  numerous.  Wheat,  tobacco,  corn, 
&c.  are  produced  in  large  quantities.  The  mineral  treasures  are 
boundless.  Extensive  gold  mines  have  been  discovered.  Iron, 
copper,  lead,  coal,  &c.  are  found.  In  the  western  part  are  salt 
springs,  from  which  great  quantities  of  salt  are  made.    The  princi- 


ill' :''  .1 


A    VIRGINIA. 


113 


pnl  works  are  on  the  Little  and  Great  Kanawha,  where  about  thre« 
million  bushels  are  annually  produced. 

The  Natural  Bridge  over  Cedar  Creek,  is  one  of  the  greatest  natu. 
ml  curiosities  in  the  world.  It  is  about  100  feet  in  length,  60  feet 
KJde,  and  250  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  There  are  sev. 
era!  remarkable  caves — the  Blowing  cave,  Weir's  cave,  &.c. 

Towns. — Richmond  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  Falls  on  James 
river,  150  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  town  rises  gradually  from  the 
water,  and  has  a  fine,  picturesqiHe  appearance.  Most  of  the  houses 
are  of  brick,  and  many  of  them  are  elegant.  Its  public  buildings  are 
very  commodious.  The  capitol  is  built  upon  an  eminence,  and  has  a 
commanding  and  delightful  prospect.  It  has  good  schools,  and  con. 
vcnient  houses  of  public  worship  for  many  religious  denominations. 
Its  inland,  coasting,  and  foreign  trade  is  extensive,  and  increasing. 
It  has  nourishing  manufactures,  and  by  means  of  the  river  and  canals, 
the  city  is  connected  with  a  rich  and  highly  cultivated  back  country, 
ahoimding  in  wheat,  corn,  hemp,  tobacco  and  coal. 

Norfolk,  the  principal  sea.port  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  Elizabeth 
ri\"r,  Smiles  from  its  entrance  into  Hampton  Roads.  Its  harbor  is 
good,  and  it  has  more  foreign  commerce  than  any  other  town  in  the 

state. 

Alexandria  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Potomac,  6  miles 
south  of  Washington.  It  has  an  extensive  trade,  principally  in  flour. 
It  is  a  pleasant,  regular  and  well  built  city. 

Yorktown,  situated  on  York  river,  11  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  fa. 
mous  for  the  capture  of  Lord  Cornwallis  and  his  army,  19  th  Octo. 
ber,  1781.* 

Mount  Vernon  is  situated  on  the  Potomac,  9  miles  below  Alexan. 
dria.  It  is  memorable  for  having  been  the  residence  of  Gen.  Wash. 
ington. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Virginia  long- 
est?  Does  any  part  of  it  lie  on  the  east  side  of  Chesapeake  bay  ? 
How  many  states  border  on  Virginia  ?  What  two  rivers  empty 
into  Albemarle  sound  ?  r.  c.  What  four  into  Chesapeake  bay  ? 
J.  y.  R.  p.  What  branch  has  the  Potomac  ?  s.  What  three  empty 
into  the  Ohio?  l-k.  q-k.  b.s.  What  river  in  the  northern  part 
unites  with  the  Alleghany  at  Pittsburg  ?  m.  Which  is  the  longest 
river  in  Virginia  ?  What  mountains  in  Virginia  ?  What  are  the 
principal  towns  ?  What  literary  iiistitutions  ?  What  can  you  say 
I  of  Virginia  ? 


Map  of  the  Central  States.     What  is  the  extent  of  Virginia  ? 
Population  ?     How  many  counties  can  you  mention  ?  Shire  towns  ? 


*  See  Olney's  History  of  the  United  States,  page  176. 


^'^ 


1 


114 


UNITED     STATES. 


V 


r 


i».  1 


111;  t 


'b 


Canali  T  RailroadB  7  Which  ia  the  moat  northern  county  ?  b. 
Moat  aouth.weatcrn  7  l.  What  two  countiea  enat  of  Chcsupeake 
bay  7  a.  if.  In  whot  county  ia  Richmond  7  Norfolk  7  i'rcdpf. 
ickaburg  7  Wheeling  7  By  what  rivera  ia  Virginia  bounded  f 
When  and  where  waa  the  firat  aettlement  made  in  Virginia  7  Whf  n 
waa  the  battle  of  Yorktown  fought  7  Which  extenda  farthest  nonh, 
Virginia  or  Delaware  7  Whore  ia  the  Natural  Bridge  7  A.  In  the 
southern  part  of  Rockbridge  county,  156  milea  west  of  Richmond. 
What  can  you  aay  of  the  Natural  Bridge  7  What  did  Mr.  .Tefltrson 
■ay  of  the  paaaage  of  the  Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge  at  Hnrper'a 
Ferry  7  A.  He  said  it  is  one  of  the  most  atupcndoua  scpnes  in 
natire.  Where  are  the  Hot  and  Warm  Springs  7  A.  In  Baih 
county.  Where  am  Madiaon'a  and  Weir'a  caverns  7  A.  In  Rjck. 
ingham  county.  What  can  you  aay  of  that  portion  of  the  statj;  Iyin2 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Alleahany  mountains  7  A.  It  is  cnlleji 
the  "Great  Valley  Section,"  and  consists  of  an  elevated  tahle-lanj 
from  1200  to  1500  feet  above  the  levol  of  the  sea,  tioted  for  i's  fcriil. 
ity  and  singular  wildness  and  beauty.  Where  is  the  University  nt 
Virginia  7  When  does  the  annual  election  of  state  officers  take 
place  7     How  will  you  sail  from  Richmond  to  Wilmington  7 


-If.' 


i.i:r  \ 


II'  '1,-fy  !•  :    ;  , 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

.    How  is  North  Carolina  bounded  7     Its  Capital  7        ; 

North  Carolina  is  a  large  state,  and  is  noted  for  its 
agricultural  productions.  It  exhibits  great  diversity 
of  surface,  soil,  and  climate.  The  country  for  more 
than  sixty  miles  from  the  coast,  is  a  low  plain  wit!i 
many  inlets  and  swamps  from  the  sea.  This  is  call- 
ed the  low  country,  and  abounds  in  pine  forests. 

The  interior  is  uneven,  healthy  and  productive, 
and  is  the  ;  lost  populous  part  of  the  state.  The 
western  part  is  mountainous,  and  remarkable  for  the 
purity  of  its  air. 

The  productions  of  North  Carolina  are  varioi 
Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats  and  flax  are  cultivated. 
Indian  corn  h  abundant  throughout  the  whole  state; 
and  cotton  is  raised  in  considerable  quantities.  To- 
bacco, rice,  and  svi?ot  potatoes  abound,  and  the  soil 
and  climate  are  favor ab^o  ^o  th^  growth  of  the  grape 
and  mulberry. 


ijilii,, 


NORTH     CAROLINA. 


115 


The  coast  is  lined  with  sand  banks  and  islands 
which  render  access  to  the  bays  and  sounds  extreme- 
Iv  dilRcult.  It;  commerce  is  chirfly  carried  on 
through  the  seaports  of  the  neighboring  itatei.  The 
cxjiorts  are  rice*  cotton,  tobacco^  jritch,  tarjr'piin- 
tine  and  lumber. 

North  Carolina  nbounds  in  iron  ore,  and  la  remarkable  for  its  rich 
mines  of  gold.  The  rej^non  containing  theec,  rnihracea  an  extent  <»*" 
1000  square  miles  in  this  ?tnfe,  and  reaches  from  Virginia  across  the 
centre  of  the  state  through  T^outh  Carolina  and  Georgia,  into  Alaba. 
ma.    The  mines  in  "'  "^  C  rolina  occupy  above  20,000  men. 


GOLD   MINES. 


*The  cultivaiion  of  rice  is  necessarily  limited  to  lands  that  admit  of 
being  overflowpd  ;  to  swnrnps  on  hays,  creeks  and  rivers,  overflowed  by 
the  tide,  and  to  inland  swamps  with  reservoirs  of  water.  Inland  planta- 
iions  yield  from  60"  to  1500  pounds  of  clean  rice  per  acre  ;  tide  pjanta- 
I  li.s  from  ,  M^O  to  1,500,  and  the  best  as  high  as  2,400  per  acre.  Rice  is 
.sown  in  tide  lands  about  the  COth  o)  March;  and  inland  swamps  about 
the  second  week  of  April.  The  land  is  previously  turned  up  with  the 
plough  or  hoe,  and  then  drilled  by  the  same  instrument  into  trenches.  In 
these  the  rice  is  sown  from  one  u.  two  bushels  per  acre.  The  tide  plant- 
ers then  flow  the  fields  with  v\af«T»  l-e^fprng  it  on  from  two  to  four  days. 
This  kills  the  worm,  and  starts  the  grain,  which  appears  five  or  six  days 
afterwards.  It  is  commonly  hood  three  time«  during  its  growth,  and  In 
the  second  hoeing,  the  grass  is  pirked  up  by  the  hand  from  the  trenches, 
and  the  rice  is  then  overflowed  from  ten  tu  twenty  davs.  As  the  water 
8  gradually  drawn  off,  the  plants  branch,  and  tui  t^  Bumber  of  branch- 
6 


Ilf. 


116 


UNITED     STATES. 


There  are  .".  great  number  of  milla  lor  grinding.  They  are  driven 
by  steam  and  water.  In  somo  inHtniics,  the  gold  is  found  in  pure 
particles  in  the  sand;  in  other  parts  it  is  found  in  mines,  or  in  the 
form  of  ore.  It  usually  exists  in  smnll  grains,  but  is  sometimes  found 
m  lumps  of  one  or  two  pounds  wrltfht. 

Towns. — Raleigh*  is  a  handsome  town,  and  is  pleasantly  situated 
near  the  central  part  of  the  state. 

Newbern  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  has  a  considerable 
share  of  commerce. 

Wilmington  is  the  most  commercial  town  in  the  state.  It  is  situa- 
ted  on  Cape  Fear  river,  36  miles  from  its  mouth. 

The  towns  in  this  state  are  small,  the  inhabitants  living  mostly  on 
their  pi«5.ntations. 


Map  op  ..:e  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  North  Caro. 
lina  longest  ?  What  capes  on  the  coast  ?  h.  l.  f.  What  sounds  ? 
Rivers  ?  What  are  the  prmcipal  towns  ?  What  mountains  in  the 
western  part  ?  What  is  the  distance  from  North  Carolina  to  Gibral. 
lar  ?  What  country  in  Asia  in  the  same  latitude  as  the  southern 
part  of  North  Carolina  ?  What  Hterary  institutions  in  North  Caro. 
'Hna  ?     What  can  you  say  of  North  Carolina  ? 


Map  of  the  Southern  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  North 
Carolina  ?  Population  ?  What  bays  on  the  coast  ?  Inlets  ?  What 
counties  can  you  mention?  Shire  towns?  What  other  towns? 
Which  is  the  most  populous  town?  What  railroads?  Canals? 
What  mines  in  North  Carolina  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  gold 
minee  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  coast  ((f  North  Carolina  ?  What 
large  river  in  the  western  part  ?  t.  Which  is  the  longest  river  in 
North  CaroUna  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Wilmington  to  Charleston? 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

How  is  South  Carolina  bounded  ?     Its  Capital  ? 

South  Oarolina  is  distinguished  among  the  South- 
ern States,  ilr  the  opulence  of  her  planters,  the  in- 
telligence and  refinement  of  her  citizens,  and  for  her 
internal  improvements,  and  amount  of  exports. 

es  depends  the  size  of  the  crop ;  each  branch  producing  one  ear  of  trora 
100  to  300  grains.  Three  months  after  sowing,  it  begins  to  joint,  bios- 
o  .and  form  the  ear.  It  is  then  overflowed  till  harvest,  which  com- 
meneesi  n  the  end  of  August  near  the  sea,  and  in  September  is  general 
through  tiie  8t«te.    Rice  was  introduced  into  Carolina  from  Madaga«car 

in  ]693. 

*Raw'.le 


SOUTH   (Carolina. 


117 


CHARLESTON   AND  HAMBURG  RAILROAD. 

The  coast,  for  about  100  miles  from  the  sea,  is  low, 
flat,  sandy  and  unhealthy.  The  rivers  are  bordered 
with  marshes,  in  which  are  produced  large  crops  of 
rice. 

The  interior  is  beautifully  diversified  with  hills  and 
dales,  and  has  a  rich,  fertile  soil.  The  western  part 
is  mountainous,  and  has  a  cool  and  healthy  climate. 

The  staple  productions  are  cotton  and  rice,  of 
which  large  quantities  are  annually  exported.  The 
culture  of  these  is  so  profitable  that  wheat,  corn,  and 
other  grains,  are  almost  neglected.  Tobacco  thrives 
well.  The  fruits  which  flourish  best  are  pears,  pome- 
granates, water  melons,  figs,  apricots,  nectarines,  al- 
monds, olives,  apples,  peaches  and  oranges. 

Towns. — Columbia  is  pl«»faRtly  situated  on  the  Congaree,  near 
the  centre  of  the  state.     It  is  regularly  laid  out,  on  an  elevated  plain. 

Charleston  is  situated  on  a  point  of  land  at  the  junction  of  Ashley 
and  Cooper  rivers,  seven  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  is  the  principal 
market  for  the  products  of  this  state  a^  well  as  a  considerable  portion 
of  North  Carohna.  The  plan  of  the  city  is  regular,  and  many  of  the 
streets  are  handsome.  Most  of  the  houses  are  furnished  with  three 
piazzas  to  each  story.  It  contains  many  elegant  edifices,  and  its  citi. 
zens  are  characterized  by  hospitality,  gayety,  and  politeness. 


118 


UNITED     STATES 


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Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is'South  Carolina 
longest  ?  What  are  its  rivers  ?  Principal  towns  ?  What  hterary 
institutions  ?  For  what  is  South  Carolina  distinguished  ?  What 
fruits  flourish?  Which  extends  farthest  south,  South  Carolina  or 
Arkansas?  r  ^  '     • 


Map  of  the  Southern  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  South 
Carolina  ?  Population  ?  South  Carolina  is  divided  into  Districts 
instead  of  Counties.  What  districts  can  you  mention  ?  In  what 
district  is  Charleston  ?  What  can  you  say  of  Charleston  ?  What 
bay  on  the  coast?  l.  What  sound  in  the  c.uthern  part?  What 
entrance  ?  What  town  on  Port  Royal  island  ?  What  canal  ?  Rail. 
roads  ?  Which  is  the  longest  river  in  South  Carolina  ?  Whete  is 
Table  mountain,  the  most  noted  curiosity  in  the  state  ?  When  was 
the  battle  of  Monk's  Corner  fought  ?  Eutaw  Springs  ?  Cowpens  ? 
King's  Mountain  ?  What  fort  at  the  entrance  of  Charleston  harbor  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Charleston  to  Savannah  ? 


-;«t.jwnF  .1*     H  T 


GEORGIA. 


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COTTON    AND  RICE   FIELDS. 

How  is  Georgia  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Georgia  is  one  of  the  largest  states  in  the  Union, 
and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth,  population  and 
power.  The  state  is  greatly  diversified  in  respect  to 
surface,  soil,  and  climate. 


is-South  Carolina 
f  What  literary 
nguished?  What 
South  Carolina  or 

*  extent  of  South 
ded  into  Districts 
ention?  In  what 
larleston  ?  What 
em  part?  What 
V hat  canal?  Rail 
olina?  Wheteis 
ate?  When  was 
ngs  ?  Cowpens  ? 
harleston  harbor  ? 


GEORGIA. 


119 


ipital  ? 

the  Union, 
mlation  and 
n  respect  to 


The  marshy  grounds,  overflowed  by  creeks  and 
rivers,  extending  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  from  the 
coast,  constitute  the  rice  plantations.  Next  to  this 
portion,  are  the  pine  barrens,  which  extend  from  60 
to  90  miles  from  the  sea. 

Beyond  these  barrens,  the  country  becomes  uneven, 
diversified  with  hills  and  mountains,  and  possesses  a 
strong,  rich  sol.'  This  section  produces  cotton,  to- 
bacco, wheat,  cc  n,  and  other  kinds  of  grain. 

Melons,  citron  ,  figs,  oranges,  limes,  pears,  peach- 
es and  other  fruits  are  cultivated.  A  part  of  the  soil 
is  well  suited  to  the  grape  vine. 

The  staple  production  is  cotton,  but  rice,  tobacco, 
and  lumber  are  important  articles  of  commerce. 

The  minerals  are  iron  in  great  abundance,  and 
also  copper.  The  gold  region  extends  in  a  broad 
belt  through  this  state,  and  is  becoming  an  object  of 
great  and  increasing  interest. 

The  winters  are  mild  and  agreeable,  and  snow  sel- 
dom falls  ;  but  the  summers  are  warm,  and  in  the 
southern  part,  unhealthy. 

Towns. — MiLLEDGEviLLE  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Oconee.  It 
is  a  flourishing  town,  and  has  a  considerable  trade. 

Savannah  is  situated  on  the  river  Savannah,  17  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  has  an  extensive 
commerce. 

Augusta  is  a  flourishing  town  on  the  Savannah  river,  127  miles  by 
land,  above  Savannah.  It  is  well  situated  for  trade,  the  produce  of 
the  northern  part  of  the  state  betng  collected  here,  to  be  conveyed  to 
Savannah. 


Map  op  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Georgia  long. 
est  ?  What  rivers  ?  Principal  towns  ?  What  mountains  in  the 
north-western  part  ?  What  Hterary  institutions  ?  What  can  you 
say  of  Georgia  ? 


Map  of  the  Southern  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Georgia? 
Population  ?  What  counties  can  you  mention  ?  In  what  county  is 
Milledgeville  ?  Savannah  ?  Augusta  ?  What  islands  on  the  coast  ? 
What  swamp  in  the  southern  part  ?  Okefinokee  swamp  is  of  great 
extent.    It  abounds  in  alligators,  snakes,  frogs,  turtles  and  immense 


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120 


UNITED     STATES. 


swarms  of  musquitoes.  What  canal  ?  railroads  7  What  rivers 
form  boundary  lines  ?  Which  is  the  longest  river  in  Georgia  7 
How  will  you  sail  from  Savannah  to  Port  Leon  ? 

FLORIDA. 

How  is  Florida  bounded  7    What  is  its  Capital  7 

Florida  is  the  most  southern  portion  of  the  United 
States,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  variety  of  its  vege- 
table productions,  and  for  its  numerous  rivers,  ponds, 
lakes  and  marshes. 

The  soil  near  the  rivers  and  lakes,  is  equal  to  any 
in  the  world  ;  in  other  parts,  however,  it  is  less  pro- 
ductive. The  climate  is  soft  and  delicious,  rarely 
suffering  from  cold,  and  constantly  refreshed  by 
breezes  from  the  Atlai.  *i  and  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

Florida  is  noted  for  the  majestic  appearance  of  its  towering  forest 
trees,  and  the  brilliant  colors  of  its  flowering  shrubs.  The  pines, 
palms,  cypress,  cedars  and  chestnuts  grow  to  an  extraordinary  size 
and  height.  The  laurels,  especially  the  magnolias,  are  uncommonly 
striking  objects,  rising  with  erect  trunks  to  the  height  of  100  feet, 
forming  towards  the  head  a  perfect  cone,  and  having  their  dark  green 
foliage  silvered  over  with  large  milk  white  flowers,  frequently  eight  or 
nine  inches  in  diameter.  The  live  oak,  so  valuable  in  ship  building, 
grows  here  to  a  large  size.  After  forming  a  trunk  from  10  to  20  feet 
high,  and  from  12  to  18  feet  in  circumference,  it  spreads  out  its 
branches,  in  some  instances  50  paces  on  every  side. 

Many  rich  fruits,  particularly  lime?,  prunes,  peaches,  grapes  and 
figs,  grow  wild  in  the  forests.  St.  John's  river  and  some  of  the  lakes 
are  bordered  with  orange  groves,  and  olives  are  cultivated  with  suc- 
cess. Fish  abound  in  the  rivers  and  lakes,  and  game  is  abundant  in 
the  forests. 

Florida  was  formerly  a  Spanish  province.  In  1819  it  was  ceded 
by  Spain  to  the  United  States  ;  in  1822  it  was  erected  into  a  ter- 
ritorial  government,  and  in  1845,  admitted  as  a  state,  into  the  unio*  - 

Towws.—- Tallahasse  is  a  new,  pleasant  and  flourishing  town, 
distinguished  for  its  healthy  situation,  and  for  the  beauty  and  fertility 
of  the  surrounding  country. 

St.  Augustine,  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  eastern  coast,  about  18  miles  south  of  the  mouth  of  St. 
John's  river.  It  is  built  on  a  peninsula,  and  consists  of  four  principal 
streets.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  dry  md  healthy  atmosphere,  and 
has  the  advantages  of  refreshing  breezes  from  the  sea,  and  the  fra- 
grance of  orange  groves.  It  is  the  resort  of  invaUds  *"rom  all  parts  of 
the  United  States. 


ALABAMA 


121 


Pcnsacola  ia  situated  on  a  l)ay  uf  the  same  name,  50  miles  east  of 
Mobile.  Its  situation  is  pleasant  and  healthy,  and  it  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  p<>i)uIation  and  wehlth.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  most  safe 
and  capacious  in  the  gulf' of  Mexico,  and  has  been  selected  as  a  na- 
vai  station  by  the  government  of  the  United  States. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Florida  long. 
est  ?  What  cluster  of  isles  near  Cape  Sable  ?  What  cluster  west 
of  Florida  Reefs  ?  What  cluster  of  the  West  India  isles  south-east 
of  Florida  ?  b.  What  is  St.  Salvador,  or  Cat  island  noted  for  / 
What  stream  passes  between  the  Bahr  ma  isles  and  Florida  ?  What 
bays  on  the  coast  ?  p.  a.  t.  What  rivers  in  Florida  ?  For  w  hat 
is  Florida  remarkable  ? 


Map  of  the  Southern  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Florida  ? 
Population  ?  What  rivers  form  boundary  lines  ?  p.  c.  St..M.  Which 
is  the  longest  river  in  Florida  ?  How  is  Pensaco'a  situated  ?  Port 
Leon?  St.  Augustine?  W^hat  is  said  of  St.  Augustine?  For 
what  is  Florida  noted  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Port  Leon  to  Tus- 
caloosa  ? 


ALABAMA. 


VIEW   OF   MOBILE. 

How  is  Alabama  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Alabama  is  a  large  and  newly  settled  state,  and  is 
distinguished  for  the  rapid  increase  of  its  population. 


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122 


UNITED     STATES 


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It  possesses  great  diversity  of  surface,  soil,  climate 
and  productions. 

Along  the  coast,  the  lanrl  is  low,  level,  and  well 
suited  to  the  cultivation  of  rice.  The  middle  is  une- 
ven;  the  northern  parts  are  broken  or  hilly,  but  very 
fertile  and  healthy,  and  embrace  the  principal  settle- 
ments. 

Cotton  is  the  staple  production,  and  is  raised  in 
great  quantities.  Rice,  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  &;c. 
are  successfully  cultivated.  The  sugar-cane  is  be- 
coming an  object  of  attention,  and  it  is  supposed  that 
the  vine  and  olive  would  flourish. 

Iron  ore  is  found  in  several  places  ;  coal  abounds 
on  the  Black  Warrior  and  Cahawba,  and  gold  exists 
in  the  northeastern  part. 

The  climate  is  generally  healthy,  except  in  the 
southern  part. 

MoNTGOMERV,  Situated  on  a  hi»h  MiifT  on  the  Alabama,  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation,  is  an  important  and  tlourishinp;  place. 
It  is  generally  well  built,  and  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade,  par- 

ularly  in  that  of  cotton. 

Mobile,*  on  Mobile  river,  is  a  flourisliing  commercial  place.  Next 
to  New  Orleans,  it  is  the  greatest  cotton  mart  of  the  South.  It  is  ?it. 
uated  on  a  beautiful  plain,  is  well  built,  and  commands  a  delightful 
prospect. 

Tuscaloosa,  Wetumpka,  Gainsville,  Florence,  Huntsville,  and 
Tuscumbia,  are  thriving  town?,  aud  places  of  some  note. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Alabama 
longest?  What  bay  in  the  southern  part?  m.  What  riverain 
Alabama  ?  Principal  towns  ?  What  mountains  terminate  in  the 
northern  part  ?  What  hterary  institutions  ?  What  can  you  say  of 
Alabama  ? 


Map  of  the  Southern  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Alabama  ? 
Population  ?  What  counties  can  you  mention  in  Alabama  ?  In 
what  county  is  Mobile?  Tuscaloosa?  Montgomery?  Huntsville? 
Florence  ?  Which  is  the  n)0st  populous  town  in  Alabama  ?  What 
two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Alabama  ?  c.  t.  What  shoals  in 
Tennessee  river  ?     Which  is  the  longest  river  in  Alabama  ?    What 


'  Mo-beel'. 


MI  SSI  SSIPPl. 


23 


rivers  form  boundary  lines  ?  What  railronrls  in  Alabama  ?  How 
dies  Alabama  compare  in  ei/.e  with  New  York  ?  How  will  ycu 
gall  from  Tuscaloosa  »o  Natchez  ? 


MISSISSIPPI. 


COTTON  FIELDS. 

How  is  Mississippi  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Mississippi  is  a  lar^e,  level  and  fertile  state.  Its  lo- 
cal situation,  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  the  temperature  of 
its  climate,  and  the  value  of  its  productions,  render  it 
an  important  member  of  the  Union. 

The  productions  are  numerous.  The  most  impor- 
tant is  cotton,  and  it  employs  most  of  the  industry  of 
the  people.  Rice,  corn,  sugar,  wheat,  &c.  are  suc- 
cessfully cultivated  ;  and  plums,  peaches,  figs  and 
other  fruits  grow  in  abundance. 

The  southern  part  of  the  slate,  for  about  100  miles  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  is  mostly  a  level,  sandy,  pine  forest,  interspersed  with 
cypress  swarr  ps,  prairies,  marshes,  and  a  few  hills  of  moderate  eleva- 
tion. The  remainder  of  ihe  state  is  more  elevated,  and  agreeably 
diversified,  and  noted  for  the  fertility  of  the  soil. 

Towns. — Jackson  is  finely  situated  on  a  plain,  about  half  a  mile 
square,  near  the  Pearl  river.     It  is  a  flourishing  and  healthy  place, 
tad  noted  for  its  elegant  state  house  and  other  public  buildings. 
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UNITED     STATES. 


Natchoz  has  an  olpviifM!  siniMfion.  and  is  the  hrirost  Am]  one  of 
the  most  Hourishinu  fftwtis  in  rhe  srarn.  [i  in  surrounded  by  n  popu. 
Ions,  fertile,  and  hiirfdy  cidiivaied  (lounrry,  and  is  the  oentre  of  trade 
for  the  towns  in  the  wesfern,  part  nf  the  state.  Great  luiinhers  of 
steamboats  and  river  criirt,  are  continnidly  nrriviu:^  ai.J  departing 
here.     Its  streets  arc  brtad.  and  rnativ  of  its  binlditj'JS  handsome. 

Vickshuffr,  CoInrnbtiH,  Grand  Gulf,  Yazno  City,  IMonticello, 
Woodville  and  Port  (iihson  are  flourishing  towns. 

Map  of  the  United  Statks.  In  what  direction  is  Mississippi 
longest?  Wliat  are  its  chief  rivers  ?  Principal  towns?  What 
rivers  form  boundary  lines?  m.  p.  t.  What  literary  institutions? 
What  can  you  say  of  Mississippi  ? 


Map  of  the  South-western  states.  What  is  the  extent  of 
Mississippi  ?  Population  ?  What  counties  can  you  mention  ?  In 
what  county  is  Jackson  ?  Natchez  ?  Vicksburg  ?  Which  is  the 
largest  town  in  Mississippi?  What  is  its  population?  Whi;h  is 
the  longest  river  ?  Its  length  ?  Which  extends  farthest  west,  Mis. 
sissippi  or  Illinois?  East?  What  towns  on  the  Mississippi? 
What  railroads  ?  When  is  the  election  of  state  officers  held  ?  For 
what  length  of  time  is  the  governor  chosen  ?  His  salary  ?  When 
does  the  legislature  meet  ?     Sail  from  Natchez  to  New  Orleans. 


LOniSlANA. 

How  is  Lniii''i;ina  Mounded  "?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

liOuisi.-iim  is  n  hru'"^?.  iev(?).  an  I  fortile  state  If  pre- 
sents the  apponrnDf'.p  rS  ;\\\  linmonse  plain,  divided  in- 
to marshes,*  prairii^s.f  pine  forests  and  alhivions.J 

The  part  bordorina;  on  the  ^ulfof  Mexico  consists 
of  low  prairie  latid  and  marshes,  intersected  hvMiu- 
merous  bays  and  rivers.  Aroimfi  the  month  of  the 
Mississippi,  for  thirty  or  forty  miles,  it  is  a  continued 
swamp,  destitute  of  trees,  covered  vs^ith  a  species  of 

*  Marshes,  a  tract  oi  low,  wei  land,  a  swamp. 

+  Pra'i-rie,  an  extensive  tract  of  land,  generally  level,  destitute  of  trees 
and  covered  wuh  tail  grass.  'J'hey  usually  have  a  ferule  soil,  peculiarly 
suited  tu  the  purposes  of  grazing  and  fteding  immense  herds  of  c:ittle. 
Many  of  the  prairies  are  very  large,  extending  further  than  the  eye  ran 
reach.  In  Asia,  thcfee  plains  are  called  Steppes;  in  South  America, 
Pampas. 

t  Alluvions,  level,  fertile  lands,  lying  on  the  margins  of  rivers,  formed 
there  bv  means  of  the  action  of  tiie  water. 


LOUISIANA. 


125 


coarse  rood  four  (»r  five  feet  hi<:h.  Tho  most  fertile 
and  ciiltivjitnd  portions  r>i' tlio  .staU\  .ire  the  alluvions 
on  \he  borders  of  the  Mississippi,  licd  river  and  small- 
er  streams.     '  ^ 

The  at^ricultura!  and  cominer«-ial  rosonrccs  of  Lou- 
isifina  are  immense.  Its  staple  j)ro([uctions  are  cot- 
ton, su^ar  and  rice.  Oranges,  lemons,  figs  and  other 
tropical  fruits  flourish  in  the  southern  part. 


of  rivers,  formed 


BATTLE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS. 

A  considorable  portion  of  this  din'e  is  lower  than  the  Miseiesippi 
To  prevent  ire  heini?  overflowed,  levce?,  or  ,ir'iuci;ii  embankments  o^ 
earth  are  raised  on  tr-e  sides  of  tiie  river,  from  fiv-e  to  fortv  feet  in 
lieit,dit.  Tiicse  sontetimea  are  broken  away  by  the  stream,  and  a 
vast  extent  of  country  is?  deluged  with  water,  and  great  devastaiion  is 
produced. 

Towns. — New  Orleans  is  situated  on  the  Mi?i?ispippi,  lO/i  milep 
from  its  mouth.  It  is  tli£>  frrnnd  commercial  metropolis  of  the  Missis. 
Bippi  valley.  The  plan  of  the  city  is  reErnlnr,  and  its  suburbs  are 
adorned  with  beautiful  gardens  and  orange  frrovcs.  No  city  on  tlic 
globe  possesses  so  great  natural  advantages  for  a  commerciai  capitel. 
The  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  above  this  city,  have  an  extent  Ci 
more  than  20.000  miles  of  waters,  nlready  n:ivi;.pucd  by  steamboats, 
and  passinff  through  the  richest  soils  and  the  plefssantest  climate?, 
I'ta  communication  with  tlie  ocean  is  ea»y,  boing  accessible  for  i\:e 


'iff:  liiibi 


126 


^rf: 


:.:h  *i 


il'i" 


UNITED     STATES. 


largest  ships.  Its  hnr!)or  is  cons'niirly  crowded  with  all  kinds  of 
mnritinie  and  river  crnft ;  and  often  may  be  seen  at  one  time  1500 
flat  boats  engaged  in  lading  and  unlading.  Steamboats  are  commg 
and  departing  every  hour,  and  fifty  or  sixty  arc  frequendy  seen  at 
the  Invee  together.  It  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population,  commerce, 
and  wealth,  and  bids  fair  to  become  the  largest  city  of  America,  and 
one  of  the  first  commercial  cities  on  the  globe. 

Baton  Rouge*  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  110 
miles  above  New  Orleans.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  is  consider. 
tMi  the  most  healthy  situation  on  the  river. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  \j  Louisiana 
longest  ?  What  are  its  chief  rivers  ?  Which  form  boundary  lines  ? 
8.  M.  p.  Which  are  the  principal  towns  ?  What  literary  institu. 
tions?  What  can  yon  say  of  Louisiana  ?  In  what  direction  from 
us  are  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  7 


Map  of  the  SiIuth- western  States.  What  is  the  extent  of 
Louisiana  ?  Population  ?  Louisiana  is  divided  into  Parishes  in. 
stead  of  counties.  How  manv  parishes  can  you  mention  ?  Which 
extends  fanhest  south  ?  In  what  parish  is  New  Orltans?  Natchi. 
focbesTt  Baton  Rousfe  ?  Whit  lakes?  Bays?  When  was  the 
battle  of  New  Orleans  fouerht  ?  Which  is  the  moat  populous  city  or 
town  in  Louisiana?  Which  the  longest  river?  Which  extends 
fajthesf  west,  Louisiana  or  Missouri  r  East?  How  will  you  sail 
from  Now  Orleans  to  Galveston  ? 


■''     '    TEXAS. 

Huw  is  Texas   bounded  ?     VVhat  is  its  capital? 

Texas  is  a  new,  interesting  and  important  State.  It 
embraces  one  of  the  finest  countries  in  the  world.  Its 
soil  is  of  uncommon  f'ertilitv — its  climate,  one  of  alter- 
nate  spring  and  summer ;  and  its  productions  com- 
prise most  of  those  of  temperate  and  torrid  zones. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  level  on  the  coast,  uneven  in  the  inte. 
rior,  and  hilly  and  mountainous  in  the  north-west.  Near  the  rivers 
and  streams,  the  land  is  well  wooded,  but  farther  back,  it  spreads 
out  into  vast  prairies  or  savannas,  which  in  the  vernal  season,  are 
covered  with  thousands  of  flowers  of  everv  size  and  hue.     Texas 


*  Ba'-tn  ilozh'. 


t  Nak-8-tosh'. 


WESTERN     STATES. 


127 


contains  a  number  of  large  rivers,  and  is  very  favorably  situated  for 
commerce,  both  internal  and  foreign. 

Hialory.  Formerly  Texas  was  a  province  of  Mexico.  In  1836, 
the  people  declared  themselves  independent,  and  adopted  a  repub. 
lican  form  of  government,  similar  to  that  of  the  United  States,  and 
in  1845,  it  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

Townt. — Austin,  the  present  capital  has  been  recently  laid  out. 
It  ia  pleasantly  situated,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population. 

Houston,  the  former  capital,  is  the  largest  town  in  Texas.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1837,  and  now  contains  several  elegant  edifices  and 
about  7000  inhabitants. 

Galveston,  situated  on  Galveston  island,  is  the  principal  sea.port, 
and  promises  to  become  an  important  commercial  place. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Texas  7  Which  has  the  highest  lat- 
i'ude,  Texas  or  this  State  ?  Which  do  you  suppose  then  has  the 
vvarmest  climate  ?  Which  extends  farthest  south,  Texas  or  Louis- 
una  ?  What  river  separates  Texas  from  Louisiana  ?  What  rivers 
rail  you  mention  in  Texas  ?  What  towns  ?  Did  you  ever  see  a 
;»prson  who  had  been  to  Texas  ?  How  many  square  miles  ha  <j 
Texas?  Population?  In  what  direction  is  Texas  longest?  How 
will  you  sail  from  Galveston  to  Nashville  ? 


WESTERN  STATES. 


Which  are  the  Western  States  ?  Which  is  the  most  northern  7 
Which  is  the  most  southern  ?  Which  extends  farthest  east  ?  Which 
extends  farthest  west  ?  Which  is  the  largest  ?  Which  is  the  small- 
est? Which  is  the  longest?  Which  is  ihe  shortest ''  Which  one 
is  moat  regular  in  its  shape  ?  Which  one  is  most  irregular  ?  How 
many  of  these  are  north  of  the  Ohio  river  ?  How  many  west  of  the 
Miss'Sdippi  ?  Which  are  the  three  largest  rivers  of  the  Western 
States  ? 


hue.     Texas 


The  Western  States  all  lie  in  the  great  valley  of 
the  Mississippi.*     They  are  distinguished  for  their 

*  The  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  embraces  the  vastregion  lying  between 
the  Alleghany  and  Rocky  mountains,  watered  by  the  Mississippi  and 
its  numerous  branches.  It  extends  20  degrees  in  latitude  and  about  30 
in  longitude.  If  we  except  the  Amazon,  probably  no  other  valley  on  the 
globe  will  compare  in  size  with  it;  and  it  probably  surpasses  all  others 
in  the  richness  and  variety  of  its  soil,  and  its  general  adaptation  to  the 


':,  ' 


t  .V< 


128 


VNITFD    STATES. 


1 

I  - 


COMMENCING    A    SETTLEMENT. 


mild  climate,  fertile  soil,  large  and  navigable  rivers, 
and  for  their  unexampled  increase  in  population, 
wealth  and  political  importance. 

The  most  striking  feature  in  the  geography  of  those 
states,  is  the  Prairies,  or  natural  meadows,  which 
embrace  so  large  a  portion  of  their  surface.  Thov 
are  destitute  of  trees,  and  covered  with  tall  grass  and 
wild  flowers.  Many  of  them  are  celebrated  for  their 
richness  and  beauty.  These  prairies  cover  a  vast 
extent  of  country  north  of  the  Ohio  and  also  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  afford  pasturage  to  countless 
herds  of  buffaloes,  deer,  and  various  other  wild  ani« 
mals. 

support  and  comfort  of  civilized  man.  In  extent,  it  is  like  a  contiinMit : 
in  beauty  and  fertility,  it  is  the  most  perfect  garden  of  nature.  If  we 
glance  an  eye  over  this  immense  region,  connected  by  navigable  rivers - 
if  we  regard  the  fertility  of  soil,  the  variety  of  productions,  and  if  wp 
combine  those  advantages  offered  by  nature,  with  the  moral  enercry  of 
the  free  and  active  people  who  are  spreading  their  increasing  millions 
over  its  surface — what  a  brilliant  prospect  opens  upon  us  througli  ilie 
darkness  of  future  time  !  We  see  arts,  science,  industry,  virtue,  and  so- 
cial happiness  already  increasing  in  that  region  beyond  what  the  vvililes: 
fancy  would  have  dared  to  hope,  thirty  or  forty  years  ago. 


WESTERN     8TATE8. 


129 


Tlio  climate  of  these  stato>  i.>  healthful  and  pleas- 
ant. l)cin«;  milder  and  less  suhjf  ct  to  changes  than  in 
the  Eastern  or  Middle  States.  These  states  contain 
the  most  extensive  section  of  fertile  land  in  the  Union, 
r.iul  the  productiveness  of  the  soil  [^ts  them  for  hecom- 
iiig  the  granary  of  the  whole  continent.  The  pro- 
ductions are  various  and  abundant.  The  principal 
arc  wheat  and  corn  in  the  northern  part ;  cotton,  hemp 
and  tobacco  in  the  middle  ;  and  rice,  cotton  and  sugar 
in  tlic  southern  part.  Fruits  of  most  kinds  grow  in 
ahundancc.  Horses,  cattle  and  swine  are  raised 
in  great  numbers,  and  thousands  of  barrels  of  beef 
and  pork  are  sent  to  the  eastern  and  southern  mar- 
kets. 


hi 


I'-'i  1 


EMIGRANT?. 


There  is  probably  no  country  in  the  world,  of  equal 
extent,  so  finely  watered  as  the  valley  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. It  is  completely  veined  by  navigable  rivers, 
which  afford  unparalleled  fjicililies  for  internal  com- 
munication. The  number  of  steamboats  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  its  tributary  streams,  is  immense.     In  ad- 


1  '< 


ii.i 


1:^1: ?:■:■'■  I  -ill 


iHi 


130 


UNITED     STATES. 


dition  to  these,  a  vast  number  of  flat  boats,  or  arks. 
annually  descend  these  rivers,  besides  a  multitude  of 
smaller  craft.  The  quantities  of  produce  of  various 
kinds,  transported  in  these  to  New  Orleans,  is  im- 
mense. 

Lead  is  the  most  abundant  of  all  the  metals  in  these 
states.  The  lead  mines  of  Missouri  and  Illinois  are 
the  richest  in  the  world.  Bituminous  coal  is  found  in 
various  parts.  Salt  springs  are  numerous;  and  no 
part  of  the  Mississippi  valley  is  remote  from  a  plenti- 
ful supply  of  salt. 

The  cause  of  education  in  most  parts  of  these  states 
is  liberally  patronised.  The  number  of  common 
schools  is  rajiidly  increasing ;  higher  seminaries  of 
learning,  and  colleges  are  fast  multiplying,  and  the 
zeal  that  is  manifested  in  their  establishment,  gives 
an  assurance  that  this  interesting  portion  of  our  coun- 
try will  soon  be  as  highly  favored  with  the  means  of 
intellectual  and  moral  culture,  as  it  is  now  with  natu- 
ral resources  for  the  support  and  comfort  of  civilized 
man. 

The  "Western  States  are  remarkable  for  the  remains  of  antiquity 
with  which  they  abound.  These  consist  of  the  ruins  of  forts  or  forti. 
fications,  mounds  of  earth,  or  graves,  walls,  hearths,  &c.  To  judge 
from  these  works,  the  nation  that  constructed  them,  must  have  been 
far  more  civiUzed,  and  much  better  ..cquainted  with  the  useful  arts 
than  the  present  Indians.  From  the  lofty  trees  with  which  they  are 
overgrown,  it  is  concluded  a  long  period  must  have  elapsed — per- 
haps  1000  years — since  the  desertion  of  these  fabrics,  and  the  ex. 
tinction  of  the  people  by  whom  they  were  erected.  They  are  found 
in  the  vicinity  of  each  other,  spread  over  the  great  plains  from  the 
southern  shore  of  lake  Erie  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  generally  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  great  rivers.  Their  structure  is  regular,  and 
they  have  been  supposed  to  warrant  the  opinion  of  the  existence,  in 
ancient  times,  of  great  cities  along  the  Mississippi.  The  mummies, 
or  dried  bodies  enveloped  with  coarse  cloth,  and  found  in  some  of  the 
saltpetre  caves  of  Kentucky,  indicate  the  existence  formerly  of  a 
race  in  these  parts,  different  from  that  of  the  present  Indians,  and 
that  had  probably  become  extinct  long  before  the  discovery  of  this 
continent  by  Columbus, 


11 


I 


its,  or  arks, 
multitude  of 
I  of  various 
3ans,  is  im- 

;tals  in  these 
i  Illinois  are 
al  is  found  in 
Dus;  and  no 
•om  a  plenti- 

f  these  states 
of  common 
;eminaries  of 
ing,  and  the 
hment,  gives 
lofour  coiin- 
the  means  of 
m  with  natu- 
rt  of  civilized 


lins  of  antiquity 
of  forts  or  forti. 
&c.  To  judge 
must  have  been 

the  useful  arts 

I  which  they  are 

(re  elapsed — per. 

•ics,  and  the  ex. 

They  are  found 

plains  from  the 

generally  in  the 

is  regular,  and 
the  existence,  in 

The  mummies, 
id  in  some  of  the 
e  formerly  of  a 
mt  Indians,  and 
liscovery  of  this 


TENNESSEE.  131 

TENNESSEE. 
How  is  Tennessee  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Tennessee  is  one  of  the  most  healthful,  pleasant, 
and  interesting  states  in  the  Union.  It  is  agreeably 
diversified  with  mountains,  hills,  and  valleys,  and  is 
noted  for  its  navigable  rivers,  and  for  its  beautiful  and 
picturesque  scenery.  The  state  is  divided  by  the 
Cumberland  mountains  into  East  and  West  Tennes- 
see. The  climate  is  pleasant  and  salubrious,  and  the 
soil  generally  very  luxuriant. 


CUMBERLAND   MOUNTAINS. 

The  great  business  of  the  state  is  agriculture. 
Cotton,  tobacco,  corn,  wheat  and  hemp  are  produced 
in  abundance,  and  are  the  staple  commodities. 

Being  remote  from  the  sea,  it  is  not  exposed  to  sudden  changes  of 
ifiiiperature.     The  winters  are  mild,  and  it  has  been  observed  that 
ihe  season  of  vegetation  lasts  three  months  longer  here  than  in  Maine. 
Ihe  climate  of  East  Tennessee  is  considered  one  of  the  most  desira- 
ble in  North  America. 

The  state  is  rich  in  minerals.  A  considerable  portion  of  it  is  bed- 
[fjed  on  limestone.  Gypsum,  copperas,  allum,  nitre,  lead,  &c.  are 
j  found.  Coal  is  supposed  to  be  plentiful.  There  are  several  mineral 
ppringB,  and  many  valuable  salt  springs. 


i 


H 


t 


- 1 


V--l[ 


mH 


''  j'ii ' 


132 


UNITED     STATES 


The  mountains  of  Tennessee  contain  a  great  number  of  caverns. 
But  few  of  them  have  been  explored,  and  little  more  is  known  of 
them  than  that  they  abound  in  nitrous  earth.  One  of  them  has  been 
descended  400  feet  below  the  surface,  and  found  to  consist  of  a 
smooth  Hmestone  rock  with  a  stream  of  pure  water  sufficient  to  turn 
a  mill. 

Among  the  Enchanted  mountains,  a  name  given  to  several  spurs 
of  the  Cumberland  ridge,  are  some  very  singular  foot  prints  marked 
in  the  solid  limestone  rock.  These  are  tracks  of  men,  horses,  and 
other  animals,  as  fresh  as  if  made  yesterday,  and  as  distinct  as  if 
made  in  clay  or  mortar.  On  the  shore  of  the  Mississippi  is  a  similar 
impression  of  two  human  feet  in  a  mass  of  solid  hmestone.  The 
tracks  of  human  beings  have  uniformly  six  toes  on  each  foot.  Walls 
effaced  stone,  and  even  walled  wells  have  been  found  in  many  pla. 
ces  which  are  undoubtedly  the  work  of  a  remote  generation.  A  de- 
scription of  the  curiosities  of  Tennessee  would  fill  a  large  volume. 

Towns. — Nashville  is  situated  on  the  Cumberland  river,  200 
miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  midst  of  a  populous  and  fertile  country. 
It  is  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  town  in  the  state,  and  carries 
on  an  extensive  steamboat  navigation. 

Memphis,  the  second  town  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  a  fine  bluff 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  It  contains  a  United  States' 
Navy  Yard,  and  is  a  place  of  much  commercial  business. 

Knoxville,  the  principal  town  in  East  Tennessee,  is  situated  on  the 
Holston,  22  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Tennessee  river.  It  is 
a  pleasant  and  flourishing  place. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  its  Tennessee 
longest  ?  How  many  states  border  on  Tennessee  ?  What  are  its 
chief  rivers  ?    Principal  towns  ?     Its  literary  institutions  ? 


Map  of  the  Southern  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Tennes. 
Bee  ?  Population  ?  How  many  counties  can  you  mention  ?  In 
what  county  is  Nashville  ?  Knoxville  ?  Memphis  ?  Murfrees- 
boro  ?  Gallatin  ?  Which  is  the  largest  town  ?  Its  population ' 
Which  is  the  longest  river  ?  Its  length  ?  What  mountains  feparatp 
Tennessee  from  North  CaroHna  ?  What  railroads  in  Tennesi?ee? 
What  cnvinsities  in  Tennessee  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Nashville 
to  Little  Rock  ? 


ARKANSAS. 

How  is  Arkansas  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  7 

Arkansas  is  a  large,  fertile  and  newly  settled  state, 
distinguished  for  its  navigable  rivers,  and  the  variety] 
of  its  productions. 


ARKANSAS. 


133 


The  eastern  part  is  a  low,  level,  and  unhealthj-  re- 
gion, covered  with  thick  forests,  and  is  liable  to  annu- 
al inundation.  The  remainder  is  more  elevated,  and 
enjoys  a  healthy  climate. 

Arkansas  has  a  large  portion  of  land  of  great  fertil- 
ity, which  produces  cotton,  wheat,  corn,  rice  and  to- 
bacco, &c.  with  a  great  variety  of  fruits  and  vegeta- 
bles.   Cotton  and  corn  are  the  staple  productions. 

The  country  is  exceedingly  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  cattte. 
Wild  animals  and  fowls  are  abundant,  as  the  buffalo,  deer,  elk,  otter, 
beaver,  wild  cat,  catamount,  wolf,  bear,  &c.,  wild  geese,  turkeys, 
quails,  &.c. 


A  PRAIRIE  ON  FIRE. 

The  principal  minerals  are  iron,  lead,  coal  and  salt.  There  are 
several  springs,  and  about  150  miles  northwest  of  Arkansas,  are  the 
famous  hot  springs.  They  are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids,  and'are 
efficacious  in  many  disorders,  although  they  exhibit  no  mineral  pro. 
perties  beyond  common  spring  water.  1  he  temperature  in  the  driest 
season,  is  at  the  boiling  point,  but  subject  to  considerable  variation. 
The  land  around  them  is  called  "  The  land  of  peace" — and  formerly 
tribes  of  Indians  unfriendly  to  each  other,  on  arriving  at  *his  place, 
always  suspended  hostilities. 

Towns. — Little  Rock  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Arkansas 
river,  about  120  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  the  centre  of  trade  for  a 
large  extent  of  country.  Its  situation  is  healthy,  and  it  is  fast  increaa. 
ing  in  population. 


m 

kit 
•fll 


!,  'I 


i  J 


mM 


'-mi 


134 


UKITED     STATES 


Arkansas  has  an  elevated  situation  on  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
60  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  commenced  by  the  French  in  1685.  Emigrants  from 
Canada  afterwards  arrived,  but  like  all  places  whose  inhabitants  live 
by  hunting  and  the  Indian  trade,  its  advancement  was  tardy.  Its 
present  population  are  principally  descendants  of  French  and  Indians. 

Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Arkansas  long, 
est?  Whai  are  its  principal  rivers?  Which  is  longest?  Chief 
towns?  Which  is  largest?  What  uprings  on  the  Washita*? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  Hot  springs  ? 


Map  of  the  Western  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Arkansas  ? 
Population  ?  What  mountains  extend  into  the  northern  part  ?  What 
hills  in  the  central  part  ?  How  many  counties  can  you  mention  ? 
In  what  county  is  Little  Rock  ?  Helena  ?  Ultima  Thule  ?  When 
are  the  elections  for  state  officers  held  ?  How  will  you  sail  from 
Little  Rock  to  Jefferson  City  ? 


MISSOURI. 


view  of  T0\  EPv  rock  on  the  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 

How  is  Missouri  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Missouri  is  a  large  and  interesting  state.  It  abounds 
in  plains  and  prairies,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  num- 

*  Woih-e  taw'. 


MISSOURI 


135 


ber  and  magnitude  of  its  navigable  rivers,  and  for  its 
rich  and  extensive  mines  of  lead  and  coal. 

The  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil  exceedingly  pro- 
ductive on  the  prairies  and  along  the  rivers.  Indeed, 
a  great  proportion  of  the  land  is  of  the  richest  kind, 
producing  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  hemp  and  tobacco 
in  great  abundance.  Cotton  is  produced  in  the  warm- 
er districts  ;  and  vast  numbers  of  cattle  are  raised  on 
the  prairies.    The  principal  exports  are  lead  and  furs. 

The  moat  remarkable  feature  in  Missouri  is  its  lead  mines,  which 
are  estimated  to  cover  an  area  of  about  3000  square  miles.  They 
are  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  ;  the  centre  of  them  is  about  70 
miles  southwest  from  St.  Louis.  There  are  about  fifty  mines,  which 
employ  more  than  twelve  hundred  laborers,  and  produce  three  mU. 
lion  pounds  of  lead  annually. 

Towns. — Jefferson  City  is  a  newly  settled  town,  on  the  M issou 
ri,  120  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi.  It  is  situated 
on  a  high  bluff  shore,  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country. 

St.  Louis  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  18  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  and  1,200  miles  above  New  Orleans.  It 
is  the  largest  and  most  commercial  town  in  the  state,  and  bids  fair  to 
become  an  immense  city.  Hunting  and  trapping  parties  are  fitted 
out  at  this  place,  and  great  quantities  of  furs,  deer  skins,  and  buffalo 
robes  are  here  collected.  It  is  a  flourishing  city,  and  its  situation 
for  trade  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  world. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Missouri  long. 
est  ?  What  are  the  principal  rivers  ?  What  are  the  chief  towns  and 
how  situated  ?  Which  extends  farthest  south,  Missouri  or  Kentucky  ? 
West,  Missouri  or  Louisiana  ?  East  ?  What  hterary  institutions  ? 
For  what  is  Missouri  remarkable?     Whatraines? 


Map  of  the  Western  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Missouri  ? 
Population  ?  What  mountains  in  the  southern  part  ?  What  moun. 
tain  between  the  southern  part  of  St.  Francis  and  Washington  coun. 
ties?  What  mines  near  Iron  mountain  ?  What  counties  can  you 
mention  in  Missouri  ?  In  what  county  is  Jefferson  city  ?  St.  Louis  ? 
St.  Charles  ?  Booneville  ?  Liberty  ?  From  what  town  do  the 
Santa  Fe  traders  usually  start  ?  What  four  rivers  form  boundary 
lines  ?    How  will  you  sail  from  Jefferson  City  to  Louisville  ? 


KENTUCKY. 
How  is  Kentucky  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ?   ' 

Kentucky  is  a  large,  populous  and  flourishing  state ; 
and  is  distinguished  for  its  mild  climate,  fertile  soil. 


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136 


UNITED     STATES. 


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extensive  manufactures,  and  for  the  intelligence  and 
enterprise  of  its  inhabitants. 

The  face  of  the  country  along  the  Ohio,  is  hilly ; 
the  eastern  part  is  mountainous ;  the  remainder  of 
the  state  is  level  or  gently  undulating. 

The  principal  productions  are  hemp,  tobacco, 
wheat,  corn,  rye,  barley,  &c.  Apples,  pears,  peach- 
es, plums  and  cherries  are  abundant.  The  domestic 
animals  are  large  and  beautiful,  particularly  the 
horse. 

There  are  numerous  salt  springs,  from  which  are 
manufactured  vast  quantities  of  salt,  affording  a  sup- 
ply not  only  for  this,  but  for  some  of  the  neighboring 
states.  At  Harrodsburg,  near  Kentucky  river,  is  a 
spring  holding  in  solution  Epsom  salts.  This  is  much 
frequented  by  invalids. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  Kentucky  rests  on  a  bed  of  limestone,  usually 
about  eight  feet  below  the  surface.  There  are  every  where  apertures 
in  this  limestone,  through  which  the  waters  of  the  rivers  sink  into  the 
earth.  The  large  rivers  of  this  state,  for  this  reason,  are  more  dimin. 
ished  during  the  dry  season  than  those  of  any  part  of  the  Union,  and 
the  small  streams  entirely  disappear. 

The  banks  of  the  rivers  are  natural  curiosities.  Many  of  them 
have  worn  very  deep  channels  in  the  calcareous  rocks  over  which 
they  flow.  The  precipices  formed  by  the  Kentucky  river  are  in 
many  places  awfully  sublime,  presenting  perpendicular  banks  of  300 
feet  of  sohd  limestone 

Ancient  fortifications  and  mounds  of  earth,  are  found  in  almost  all 
parts  of  Kentucky ;  and  in  Big  Bone  valley,  29  miles  southwest  of 
Newport,  enormous  bones  and  tusks  of  the  Mammoth  have  been  dug 
up  from  the  depth  of  twenty  feet  below  the  surface. 

Kentucky  is  famous  for  its  stupendous  caves.  One  called  Mam. 
moth  cave,  130  miles  from  Lexington,  on  the  road  leading  to  Nash- 
ville,  is  said  to  be  sixteen  miles  in  length,  with  a  great  number  of 
avenues  and  windings,  and  includes  several  apartments,  the  largest 
of  which  contains  eight  acres,  and  is  overspread  with  one  solid  arch 
of  limestone  100  feet  high.  From  the  earth  at  the  botton  of  these 
caves  are  manufactured  large  quantities  of  saltpetre. 

Towns. — Frankfort  is  a  pleasant  and  handsome  town,  situated 
on  the  Kentucky  river  60  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  regular 
streets,  and  contains  an  elegant  state  house  and  other  public  bu-'d- 
ings.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  business.  Steamboats  of  300 
tons  come  up  to  'he  town  when  the  water  is  high.  A  chain  bridge 
crosses  the  river,  which  is  about  80  yards  wide,  to  the  flourishing 
village  of  South  Frankfort. 


KENTUCKY. 


137 


MAMMOTH  CAVE,   KENTUCKY. 

Lexington*  is  delightfully  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Elkhorn  river, 
2'2  miles  southeast  of  Frankfort,  in  the  midst  of  the  most  fertile  part  of 
tne  state.  The  town  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  handsomely  built,  and 
is  distinguished  for  its  manufactures,  wealth  and  refinement.  The 
surrounding  country  is  beautiful,  and  highly  cultivait^d,  and  adorned 
with  many  handsome  villas,  and  rural  mansions. 

Louisville,  situated  at  the  rapids  of  the  Ohio,  is  the  largest  and  most 
flourishing  town  in  the  state  ;  and  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  it 
is  the  first  city  of  the  west,  commanding  the  trade  of  a  great  extent  of 
country.  It  is  regularly  built  and  contains  many  fine  buildings,  and 
is  distinguished  for  its  increase  in  population,  manufactures  and 
wealth. 

Maysville  is  a  flourishing  town,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  popula- 
lion,  commerce  and  manufactures. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Kentucky 
longest  ?  How  many  states  surround  Kentucky  ?  What  are  its 
principal  towns  ?  Which  is  the  Idrgest  ?  Which  is  next  in  size  ? 
What  Hterary  institutions  ?     What  can  you  say  of  Kentucky  ?     For 

*  Lexington  derived  its  name  from  the  circumstance  that  some  hunters 
Were  engaged  on  the  spot  in  laying  out  a  town  in  1775,  '.vhen  a  messenger 
arrived  with  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and  they  immediately 
decided  to  commemorate  that  event  by  giving  that  name  to  the  place. 
liM  Olney's  History  of  the  United  States,  page  124. 


i:.:x 


138 


UNITED     STATES. 


what  is  Kentucky  famous  ?     What  can  you  say  of  the  Mammoth 
Cave? 


Maps  of  the  Central  awd  Western  States.  What  is  the  ex. 
tent  of  Kentucky  ?  Population  ?  What  are  the  principal  rivers } 
M.  0.  T.  c.  G.  s.  K.  L.  B-s.  What  rivers  form  boundary  Hnrs  ?  What 
mountains  in  the  south-eastern  part  ?  How  mnny  counties  can  you 
mention  ?  In  what  county  is  Frankfort  ?  Louisville  ?  Lexington  ? 
Maysville  ?  Paducah  ?  In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio  7  What  railroads  in  Kentucky  ?  When,  where  and 
by  whom  was  the  first  settlement  made  in  Kentucky  ?  How  M'ilj 
you  sail  from  Louisville  to  Cincinnati  ? 


OHIO. 


fi*  i 


f  Ml 


'I 


VIEW  OF  CI\CINNATI. 

How  is  Ohio  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 


&  Mi 


In  extent,  population,  and  political  importance, 
Ohio  is  one  of  the  first  states  in  the  Union.  It  is  noted 
for  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  and  the  mildness  of  its  cli- 
mate ;  and  its  inhabitants  are  distinguished  for  enter- 
prize  in  agriculture,  manufactures,  commerce,  and 
internal  improvements. 


OHIO. 


139 


)f  the  Mammoth 


The  southern  part  of  the  state  is  uneven  and  hilly  ; 
the  remainder  is  generally  level.  In  some  parts  there 
are  large  prairies,  particularly  on  the  head  waters  of 
the  Sciota  and  Muskingum. 

Ohio  produces  abundantly  every  thinf;  .*'hich  grows 
in  the  Middle  States.  Wheat  is  the  staple  produc- 
tion, and  flour  is  exported  in  vast  quantities.  Corn, 
rye,  and  all  other  kinds  of  grain,  grow  here  in  great 
perfection.  Scarcely  any  part  of  the  United  States 
is  so  productive,  or  aflbrds  so  many  of  the  natural 
means  for  an  easy  and  comfortable  subsistence.  Iron 
ore  and  pit  coal  are  abundant,  and  there  are  numer- 
ous salt  springs. 

The  great  fertility  of  the  soil,  t'.:e  low  price  of  land,  and  the  nrld. 
ne88  of  the  climate,  have  attracted  emigrants,  not  only  from  the  East- 
ern and  Middle  States,  but  even  from  Europe.  Indeed,  its  progress 
in  population,  power,  resources,  and  energy,  has  no  parallel  in  histo. 
ry.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1789.  Then  all  was  a  wil- 
derness, inhabited  by  savages  and  wild  beasts ;  now  with  nearly 
three  milHons  of  inhabitants,  her  cities,  towns,  canals,  roads,  coU 
leges,  schools,  and  other  improvements,  excite  the  admiration  of  the 
world. 

T\)u>n8. — Columbus  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Sciota  river,  near 
the  centre  of  the  state.  It  was  laid  out  in  1812,  and  has  rapidly  in- 
creased in  population. 

Cincinnati  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio, 
near  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  state.  The  city  rises  gradually 
from  the  river,  and  is  regularly  laid  out  and  handsomely  built  of 
brick.  The  streets  are  broad,  and  adorned  with  many  elegant  pub- 
lic buildings  and  private  dwellings.  It  was  first  laid  out  m  1789  ; 
since  which  time  its  growth  in  population,  wealth  and  trade,  has 
been  exceedingly  rapid.  Immense  quantities  of  flour,  pork,  tobacco 
and  other  produce,  are  conveyed  every  yePT  down  the  river  in 
steamboats  to  New  Orleans.  It  is  the  centre  of  trade  tor  a  large  ex- 
tent of  country,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive  manufactures. 
It  is  the  largest  and  most  wealthy  city  of  the  Western  States,  and 
may  be  rc/garded  as  one  of  the  most  flourishing  in  the  Union 


Map  of  thb  United  States.    In  what  direction  is  Ohio  longest  ? 
How  many  states  bordor  on  it  ?     What  are  the  principal  towns 
Which  is  the  largest  ?     l:s  population  ?    What  literary  institutions  7 
What  can  you  say  of  Ohio  ? 

7 


M 
M 


Il     ' 


140 


UNITED     STATES 


Si 


'.:! 


!«:  ! 


It  s 


Map  op  the  Central  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Ohio? 
Population  f  What  are  the  principal  rivers  ?  o.  M.  h.  s.  l-m.  m.  m. 
fl.  c.  Which  is  the  lonijest  river  ?  Its  length  *  What  cauuLs  ? 
Railroads  ?  How  many  counties  can  you  mention  ?  Which  is  ihe 
most  southern  county?  After  whom  are  the  three  north-western 
counties,  bordering  on  Indiana,  named?  [rfce  National  Preceptor, 
page  59.]  In  what  county  is  Columbus  ?  Cincinnati  ?  Cleveland  ? 
Za'nesville  ?  Toledo  ?  Gallipoli?  ?  What  is  the  length  and  great, 
ect  width  of  lake  Erie?  Wher  and  vi  here  did  the  battle  on  lake 
Erie,  called  Perry's  victory,  take  place  ?  How  will  you  sail  IVoin 
Cincinnati  to  Indianapolis  ? 

INDIANA. 

How  is  Indiana  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  7  ' 

Indiana  is  a  large,  level,  and  remarkably  fertile 
state,  distinguished  for  its  rich  prairies,  navigable  riv- 
ers, and  for  the  rapid  increase  of  its  population. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  pleasant.  The  forests  are 
in  leaf  early  in  April ;  and  the  multitudes  of  flower- 
ing shrubs  put  forth  their  blossoms,  and  give  an  inde- 
scribable charm  to  the  early  spring. 


GATHERING  WHEAT, 


The  most  astonishing  crops  of  corn,  wheat,  rye, 
o  Its,  barley,  &c.  are  produced  with  but  little  labor. 


INDIANA 


141 


Vast  quantities  of  pork,  lard,  corn,  meal,  wheat  and 
stock  are  exported  dov/n  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  to 
New  Orleans. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Vevay,  the  vine  is  successfully 
cultivated  by  some  Swiss  settlers,  and  several  thou- 
sand gallons  of  wine  are  annually  made,  and  the 
quantity  is  yearly  increasing. 

There  are  a  number  of  caves  in  Indiana.  One  called  Epsom 
Salts  Cave,  is  on  the  bank  of  the  Big  Blue  river.  The  entrance  is 
in  the  side  of  a  hill  400  feet  in  height.  The  whole  floor  of  the  cave 
is  covered  with  Epsom  salt,  sometimes  in  lumps  of  ten  pounds  weight, 
and  of  the  purest  quaUty.  About  a  mile  and  a  half  within  the  cave 
is  a  white  column  of  satin  spar,  fifteen  feet  in  diameter,  and  thirty 
feet  high,  regularly  fluted  from  top  to  bottom. 

Towns. — Indianapolis  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  west  branch 
of  the  White  river,  in  the  midst  of  a  very  fertile  country.  It  con- 
tains many  handsome  buildings,  and  is  noted  for  the  rapid  increase 
of  its  population. 

Vincennes  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  Western  States.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Wabash,  150  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is 
a  place  of  considerable  traiJ  ?,  and  is  accessible  to  steamboats  the 
greater  part  of  the  year. 

New  Albany  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Ohio,  a  short  distance 
below  Louisville  in  Kentucky.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state, 
and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population,  trade  and  wealth. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Indiana  longest  ? 
What  are  its  principal  rivers  ?  Which  is  longest  ?  Chief  towns  ? 
What  literary  institutions  ?  What  can  you  say  of  Indiana  ?  Of  its 
caves  ?  

Map  of  the  Central  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Indiana  ? 
Population  ?  Which  extends  farthest  south,  Indiana  or  Maryland  ? 
Which  extends  farther  north,  Indiana  or  New  Jersey  ?  How  many 
counties  can  you  mention  ?  In  what  county  is  Indianapolis  ?  New 
Albany?  Madison?  EvaYisville  ?  Vincennes?  La  Fayette? 
Delphi?  Michigan  city?  Which  is  the  most  populous  town  in 
Indiana  ?  Where  is  Vevay  ?  In  what  county  ?  What  is  cultivated 
in  its  V  cinity  ?  What  canals  in  Indiana  ?  Railroads  ?  When  did 
Gen.  W  ayne  defeat  the  Indians  on  the  banks  of  the  Maumee  river  ? 
When  was  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  fough:  ?  What  two  rivers  unite 
and  form  the  Maumee  ?  St.  j.  St..M.  Wnat  city  at  their  junction  ? 
What  is  the  population  of  Fort  Wayne  ?  How  will  you  sail  from 
Indianapolis  to  Springfield  ? 


'.  n 


142 


UNITED     STATES. 


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ILLINOIS. 
How  is  Illinois  bounded  7     What  is  its  Capital  7 

Illinois  is  one  of  the  largest,  most  level,  and  fertile 
states  in  the  Union,  remarkable  for  its  extensive 
prairies,  and  its  advantages  for  inland  navigation. 

This  state  is  rich  both  in  vegetable  and  mineral 
productions ;  and  perhaps  no  section  of  our  country 
offers  so  many  inducements  to  the  farmer,  the  me- 
chanic, and  the  scholar,  as  Illinois. 

The  staple  products  are  corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  to- 
bacco, lead,  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep.  The  number 
of  swine  fattened  and  exported  is  almost  incalculable. 
Cotton  is  produced  for  home  consumption,  and  ap- 
ples, pears,  peaches,  plums,  grapes,  &;c.  arrive  at 
great  perfection. 

Coal  and  iron  are  abundant ;  but  the  most  exten- 
sive mineral  is  lead.  The  mines  of  this  metal  near 
Galena,  in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  state,  are 
among  the  richest  in  the  world.  They  occupy  a 
large  tract,  and  have  produced  in  a  year  sixteen  mil- 
lions pounds  of  lead.     Salt  springs  are  common. 


LOG   HUT   AMD  WHEAT  FIELD;   MOUNT  JOLIET   IN   THE   DISTANCE 


ILLINOIS. 


143 


riinois  abounds  in  prairies,  those  bcautiriil  plains  so  common  in 
the  western  country.  In  spring  and  summer  they  appear  like  neas 
of  verdure.  The  grass,  three  or  four  feet  high,  and  often  overtopped 
by  frngrant  blossoms,  is  waved  by  the  winds  like  the  roUing  billows 
of  the  dcean.  Without  a  tree  in  sight,  except  the  thick  forest  which 
bounds  them  as  the  beach  limits  the  sea,  they  stretch  away  beyond 
the  power  of  vision.  They  are  usually  as  level  as  the  unruffled  lake, 
lind  without  the  dreariness,  present  all  the  uniformity  of  the  Arabian 
deserts. 

TotDng. — Sprinofield  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  beau- 
tiful and  fertile  country.  It  contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings, 
and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population. 

C'licago  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  flourishing  places  in  the 
State.  It  is  the  centre  of  a  large  and  growing  trade.  Its  harbor 
and  wharves  present  the  appearance  of  one  of  the  Atlantic  cities. 
Stenmboats,  ships,  and  other  vessels,  are  constantly  arriving  with 
eniiirrants,  goods,  &.C.,  and  departing  with  the  produce  of  the  country. 

Alton,  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  western  part  of  the 
State,  Quincy,  Nauvoo,  Peoria,  Beardstown,  Naples,  and  Jackson. 
ville.  are  all  flourishing  places. 

Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Illinois  longest  ? 
Which  part  is  widest?  What  are  its  principal  rivers?  Which  is 
longest  ?  How  many  rivers  form  boundary  lines  ?  What  are  the 
chief  towns?  How  situated  ?  What  literary  institutions?  What 
is  said  of  Illinois  /  What  minerals  ?  What  does  Illinois  abound 
in  7    Describe  a  prairie. 

Map  op  the  Western  States.  What  is  the  extent  of  Illinois  ? 
Population  ?  What  are  the  principal  rivers  ?  w.  l-w.  o.  m.  k.  s.  i. 
R.  What  counties  can  you  mention?  W  nidi  13  the  most  southern 
county^  In  what  county  is  SpriagHeld  ?  Alton?  Chicago? 
Nauvoo,  the  IMormon  city?  Peoria  '  Wliich  is  the  most  populous 
town  ?  Which  is  the  most  southern,  town  ?  In  what  direction 
from  us  is  Cairo  ?  Where  is  Galena  ^  For  what  is  it  distinguished  ? 
A.  For  being  the  metropolis  of  the  great  lead  region.  What  can  you 
gay  of  the  lead  mines  around  Galena  ?  What  canals  ?  What  can 
you  say  of  the  canal  to  connect  the  Illinois  river  with  lake  Michigan  ? 
A.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  works  of  the  kind  in  tlse  United 
States.  What  railroads  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Springfield  to 
Detroit  ? 


MICHIGAN. 
How  is  Michigan  bounded  7     Its  Capital  ? 


IE   distance. 


Michigan  is  a  large,  level,  fertile  and  healthy  state, 
distinguished  for  its  advantages  for  commercial  pur- 
suits, and  for  the  rapid  increase  of  its  population. 


;  -1 


'■i;*iii« 


144 


UNITED    STATES 


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In  most  parts  the  soil  is  of  surprising  depth  and 
richness,  producing  wheat,  corn,  oats,  barley,  peas, 
apples,  pears,  grapes,  &c.  in  abundance.  It  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  wild  game,  water  fowl,  and  fish 
of  the  finest  quality.  The  tide  of  emigration  is  fast 
setting  into  the  state,  and  it  bids  fair  soon  to  become 
an  important  member  of  the  Union. 


MACKINAW. 

Towns. — Michigan  is  a  new  town,  handsomely  laid  out  in  the 
midst  of  a  fertile,  healthy,  and  beautiful  country. 

Detroit  is  beautifully  situated  on  Detroit  river,  18  miles  from 
Lake  Erie,  and  7  from  Lake  St.  Clair.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
with  spacious  streets,  on  an  elevation  of  about  40  feet  above  the 
river,  of  which  it  commands  a  delightful  view.  It  contains  many 
handsome  buildings,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and 
business.  It  is  advantageously  situated  for  commerce,  and  is  a 
place  of  importance  in  the  fur  trade.  A  number  of  steamboats  and 
lake  vessels  are  constantly  plying  between  Detroit  and  Buffalo, 
Cleaveland,  Chicago,  and  other  places  on  the  lakes. 

Mackinaw  is  a  m:Utary  post,  situated  on  an  island  in  the 
straits  which  connect  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Michigan.  The  town 
is  on  the  south  side  of  the  island,  and  consists  of  two  streets.  It  is 
much  resorted  to  by  fur  traders,  and  during  the  summer  months  is 
visited  by  thousands  of  Indians.  On  a  cUff,  300  feet  above  the  town, 
is  the  fort.  Its  elevated  situation  aiTords  a  very  extensive  view  of 
lake  Huron  and  Michigan. 


Map  of  the  United  States.    What  lakes  border  on  Michigan  1 


MICHIGAN. 


145 


id  out  in  the 


What  strait  connects  lake  Michigan  and  lake  Huron?  What 
river  or  strait  connects  lake  Superior  and  lake  Huron  ?  A.  St. 
Mary's  river.  It  is  sixty  miles  long,  and  general  width,  three-fourths 
of  a  mile.  What  famous  rocks  on  the  south  shore  of  lake  Superior? 
What  literary  institutions  ?     What  can  you  say  of  Michigan  ? 


Map  of  Michisan  and  Wisconsin.  What  is  the  extent  of  Michi. 
gan  ?  Population  ?  What  bays  in  and  around  Michigan  ?  How 
many  counties  can  you  mention  ?  In  what  county  is  Detroit  ? 
Ypsilanti?  Jackson?  Adrian?  Sault  St.  Marie ?  What  falls  at 
Sault  St.  Marie  ?  Which  is  the  largest  town  in  Michigan  ?  What 
rivers  in  Michigan  ?  Railroads?  What  islands  in  lake  Michigan  ? 
Lake  Huron  ?  St.  Mary's  river  ?  How  much  longer  is  lake  Supe- 
riorthan  lake  Michigan?  Which  extends  farthest  south,  Michigan 
or  Connecticut  ?    How  will  you  sail  from  Detroit  to  Milwaukie  ? 


WISCONSIN. 
How  is  Wisconsin  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

Wisconsin  is  a  large  and  newly  settled  state.  It  is 
distinguished  for  the  great  variety  of  its  natural  scene- 
ry— rivers, lakes,  hills  and  plains;  and  is  noted  for  its 
fertile  soil,  great  mineral  resources,  and  for  the  rapid 
increase  of  its  population. 

Its  mines  of  copper  in  the  northern  part,  and  those  of  lead  in  the 
pouth-western,  are  among  the  richest  in  the  world.  Its  forests  abound 
in  game,  and  its  rivers  in  fish.  In  the  numerous  lakes  and  marshes, 
wild  rice  grows  in  abundance 

Tovns. — Madison  is  beautifully  situeted  on  a  peninsula  between 
the  3d  and  4th  of  the  "Four  Lakes."  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  is 
noted  for  its  central  square,  elegant  state  house,  and  the  beauty  of  its 
surrounding  scenery.* 

Milwaukie  is  the  most  important  place  in  the  state.  It  is  well 
built — is  rapidly  increasing  in  population— and  as  it  contains  the  only 
good  harbor  between  Chicago  and  Green  Bay,  it  is  likely  to  become 
a  plnce  of  great  commercial  imporfance. 

The  other  principal  towns  are  Green  Bay,  Sheboygan,  Racine, 
Southport,  Prairie  du  Chien,  Cassville,  Fond  du  Lac,  &c. 

Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Wisconsin 
longest?  What  rivers  ?  Chief  towns  ?  Which  part  do  you  imagine 
is  warmest  ?     Why  ?     What  does  it  abound  in  ? 

Map  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  What  is  the  extent  of  Wis- 
consin ?  Population  ?  What  lakes  in  Wisconsin  ?  What  river 
connects  lake  Winnebago  to  Green  Bay  ?    How  near  do  Fox  and 


HiiS  :■' 


'i^ 


146 


UNITED     STATES 


Wisconsin  rivers  approach  each  other?  What  counties  can  you 
mention?  In  what  county  is  Madison  ?  Milwaukie  ?  Green  Bay? 
Prairie  du  Chien  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Prairie  du  Chien  to  Iowa 
oity  ? 


IOWA. 
' ;  How  is  Iowa  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

Iowa  embraces  an  interesting  tract  of  country — 
beautiful  in  appearance,  and  of  uncommon  fertility. 
It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  prairies,  mild  climate,  its 
inexhaustible  mines  of  lead,  coal  and  iron,  and  for  the 
rapid  increase  of  its  population. 

Iowa  was  organized  in  1838  as  a  territory,  and  in  1846  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  a  state.  Several  Indian  tribes  still  reside  in  it; 
among  which  the  Sioux  are  the  most  numerous  and  powerful. 

Towns. — Iowa  City  was  laid  out  in  1839.  It  is  noted  for  its  beau, 
tiful  sit'iation,  the  regularity  of  its  streets,  its  promenade,  and  the 
fertility  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Burlington  i?  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  in  a  fertile  dia- 
trict,  and  has  considerable  trade.  It  was  laid  outin  1834,  and  is  in 
a  flourishing  condition. 

Dubuque,*  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  mining  district  of  Iowa,  is 
at  present  the  largest  town  in  the  territory,  and  promises  to  be  a  place 
of  great  commercial  importance. 


Map  of  the  United  States.  In  what  direction  is  Iowa  longest? 
What  are  its  principnl  rivers  ?  Chief  towns,  and  how  situated  ?  [See 
maps  of  South  Western  States  and  Wisconsin. 1  In  what  county  is 
Iowa  city?  Burlington?  Dubuque?  In  what  lake  does  the  Missis, 
sippi  rise  ?  Which  exr.ends  farthest  south,  Iowa,  or  this  State  ?  Which 
has  the  highest  latitude,  or  in  other  words,  which  is  farthest  north, 
Towa  city  or  this  place  ? 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Indian  Territory  ? 

This  Territory  embraces  a  large  extent  of  coun- 
try, noted  for  its  numerous  rivers,  its  extensive  for- 
.ests,  mild  climate  and  abundance  of  game. 

The  United  States'  government  set  apart  this  Territory  for  the 
future  residence  of  those  Indians  who  have  emigrated  from  the  States 
east  of  the  Mississippi.   The  present  popuii  lion  is  not  far  from  75,000. 

*  Du.book'. 


INDIAN     TERRITORY. 


147 


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INDIAN  COUNCIL. 

The  tribes  that  linve  m.;de  the  greatest  advances  towards  civiliza. 
tion,  are  the  Cheroket?". «  *aws,  Creeks,  and  Shawnees.  A  imni- 
berof  missionaries  resif  mg  them  and  have  exerted  a  happy  in. 

fluence  on  their  habits,  .....i.ners,  and  moral  condition. 


In  what  direction  is  Indian  Territory  longest?  Which  extends 
farthest  north  Indian  territory  or  this  State  ?  Which  do  you  inia 
gine  has  the  warmest  climate?  What  Desert  in  the  western  part  of 
this  territory  ?  By  what  is  this  Desert  traversed  :*  Did  you  ever  see  a 
Buffalo?  An  Indian  ?  What  Indian  tribes  can  yoit  mention  in  the 
Territory?  What  mountains  form  a  part  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween I.  Ter.  and  Mexico  ?  What  peaks  among  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains  ?  In  which  part  of  the  Territory  should  you  prefer  to  reside  ? 


NEBRASKA  TERRITORY. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Nebraska  Territory  ? 

This  is  an  extensive  region,  remarkable  for  its  large 
rivers  and  immense  prairies.  It  is  inhabited  by  In- 
dians and  wild  animals,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
posts  held  by  troops  of  the  United  States. 

For  the  most  part,  this  country  is  a  plain  more  or  less  covered  with 
grass,  and  in  many  places  very  fertile.  The  richest  and  most  valu- 
able lands  are  found  on  the  margins  of  the  rivers,  which  are  usually 
covered  with  well  timbered  forfistfj.    At  a  short  distance,  however 

7* 


148 


UNITED     STATES 


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WILD^  HORSES. 


the  trees  lisappear,  and  the  soil  becomes  dry  and  barren.  Indeed, 
some  par.;s  of  this  territory,  especially  towards  the  Rocky  n^ountains, 
are  almost  a  moving  sand,  and  may  be  likened  to  the  Great  Sahara 
or  African  Desert. 

Perhaps  no  other  country  in  the  world  furnishes  so  great  a  variety 
of  wild  game  as  this  territory  ;  and  on  this  account  it  has  been  term, 
ed  the  pajadise  of  hunters.  Countless  numbers  of  buffaloes,  elk, 
deer,  and  other  wild  animals,  traverse  the  vast  prairies.  In  some  in- 
istances,  ten  thousand  buffaloes  are  seen  in  one  herd.  As  the  grass 
fails  in  one  place,  they  travel  in  a  body  to  another  ;  and  when  moving, 
the  ground  trembles  to  a  great  distance,  aad  their  bellowing  and  noise 
may  be  heard  for  miles. 

Wild  horses  are  found  in  droves  on  the  prairios,  particularly  in  the 
southern  part.  They  are  hunted  by  expert  riders  on  trained  horses, 
and  are  caught  by  throwing  a  noose  over  the  neck,  which  is  done 
with  surprising  dexterity. 

The  most  formidable  animal  in  these  regions,  and  the  one  most 
dreaded  by  the  hunters,  is  the  grisly  bear.  He  is  found  in  the  west- 
ern parts  and  inhabits  the  Rocky  mountains. 

Bands  of  hunters  and  trappers  from  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
range  these  vast  regions  for  furs  and  skins.  Some  of  these  become 
so  attached  to  their  roving  and  adventurous  manner  of  hving,  that 
they  are  unwilUng  to  spend  a  day  in  the  settlements  after  they  have 
disposed  of  their  furs  and  sknis,  and  smppUed  themselves  with  neces. 
saries. 


In  what  direction  is  Nebraska  Territory  longest  ?|  What  rivers  can 


OREGON     TERRITORY 


149 


you  mention  ?  "What  three  unite  and  form  the  Miesoiiri  ?  Wliat 
is  the  length  of  the  Missouri  toihegull  of  Mexico?  To  the  Mittis- 
fiippi?  A.  2800  miles.  In  what  lake  does  the  Yelloweione  ri^e  ?  e. 
What  hills  in  Nebraska  Territory  ?  What  tribes  of  Indians  ?  What 
animals  ?  Where  is  the  "  North  Pass,"  througii  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains ?    South  Pass  7 


Vhat  rivers  can 


OREGON  TERRITORY. 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  Oregon  Territory  T 

This  is  mi  extensive  rogion,  distinguished  for  its 
mild  ch'mate,  fertile  soil,  its  heavy  forests  of  |)ine,  and 
for  the  nuirberand  variety  of  its  animals. 

This  territory  !i  naturally  divided  into  three  regions — ^ihe  low,  (l;e 
middle  and  the  high,  whjch  differ  materially  in  climate,  soil  nnd  pio. 
ducfions.  Most  of  the  vegetables  of  the  nortliern  states  s^iicreed 
well.  Horses  and  neat  cattle  will  subsist  in  most  parts,  without 
fodder,  throuyh  the  winter.  The  f-ize  of  the  trees  are  represented  f;8 
truly  astonishing.  A  pine,  near  Astoria,  was^  4f>  feot  in  circumfer- 
ence, 10  feet  from  the  ground,  and  moie  than  300  feet  in  height. 
Others  from  200  to  280  feer  in  height,  and  from  20  to  40  feel  in  cir- 
cumference,  are  not  uncommon. 

Game  of  almost  every  kind,  is  here  abundant.  Thousands  of  luif. 
ffiloes,  deer,  &.c.  roam  the  forests.  Beaver  are  numerous,  and  tlie 
rivers  abound  in  the  finest  salmon. 

,  Formerly,  this  extensive  region  was  inhabited  by  various  tribes  of 
Indians.  But  durirg  a  few  years  past,  great  nuuibers  ofwhites  from 
the  United  fcstaies  have  emigrated  thither,  and  formed  settlements  in 
various  parts  of  the  territory.  The  principal  are  Oregon  City,  Walla- 
metta,  Walla  Walla,  Astoria,  &c.  Fort  Vancouver,  on  the  Colum. 
bia,  90  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  the  principal  sent  of  the  British  fur 
trade,  formed  by  th^  Hudson  Ray  Company.  It  is  strongly  fortified, 
and  contains  a  number  of  substantial  buildings.  Besides  this,  the 
Company  have  several  other  trading  posts. 

The  territory  of  Oregon,  for  many  years,  was  claimed  both  by  the 
United  States  and  Great  Briiain.  But  a  treaty  was  concluded  July 
17,  1845,  establishing  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude  as  the  boundary 
between  the  two  governments.  The  navigation  of  the  Columbia 
river  was  at  the  same  time  declared  free  to  citizens  of  the  United 
States — to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  and  to  British  subjects  trading 
with  the  same. 

The  capital  is  Oregon  City,  situated  at  the  falls  of  the  Willamette 
river,  in  a  fine  fertile  valley,  which  is  represented  as  the  best  grazing 
and  wheat  country  in  the  territory. 

The  Columbia  river  forms  the  principal  harbor.  Between  Cape 
Disappointment  and  Point  Adams,  at  its  mouth,  it  is  7  miles  wide. 
The  channel,  however,  is  narrow,  and  the  navigation  difficult. 


Pi 


150 


UNITED     STATES. 


.  >,\ 


INDIAN   WAR  DANCE. 

In  what  direction  is  Oregon  Territory  longest  ?  What  rivers  can 
you  mention  ''  Mountains  ?  Tribes  of  Indians  ?  What  settle, 
ments  ?  What  capes  on  the  coast?  What  larsfe  island?  VVhat 
p*^i)aratP8  Vancouver's  island  from  the  territory  ?  For  what  is  Oregon 
distinguished  ? 

UPPhJR  CALIFORNIA. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Upper  California  ? 

Upper  California  comprises  one  of  the  finest  por- 
tions of  North  AiT»erica.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
fertility  of  its  soil,  nnd  the  salubrity  of  its  climate.  It 
abounds  in  fish  and  game  of  every  description,  and  is 
noted  for  the  great  Viiriety  of  its  vegetable  productions. 

Formerly  it  bel.>'  c^ed  to  Mexico,  but  the  inhabitants  have  declared 
heir  independence  and  established  a  government  of  their  own. 
The  interior  has  been  but  part'  illy  explored.  The  principal  harbor 
in  the  coast  is  the  bay  of  Sr.  Francisco,  which  is  sufticientlv  spacious 
to  contain  all  the  navies  in  the  worJd.  The  inhabitants  consist  of 
about  6000  whites,  many  of  whom  are  from  the  United  States,  and 
■^0,000  Indians.  Monterey  is  the  capital,  situated  on  a  spacious 
nay  of  the  same  name,  and  is  noted  for  its  healthy  climate.  San 
Diego,  St.  Francisco  and  Pueble  de  los  Angelos  are  the  chief  towns. 


"W  hat  large  lake  in  the  northern  part  ?  What  large  bay  on  the 
coast?  What  can  you  say  of  the  bay  of  St.  Francisco?  Whal 
river  empties  into  it  ?     What  is  the  capitai  ? 


1 


NORTH     AMERICA.  151 

BRITISH  AMERICA. 

In  what  direction  from  u»  is  British  America  T 

British  America  comprises  an  immense  territory.  In  its  natural 
features,  it  is  exceeding  diversified.  Lakes,  rivers,  bays  and  gulfs 
occupy  a  large  portion  of  its  surface.  Throughout  the  whole  of  this 
vast  region,  the  winters  are  long  and  severely  cold,  and  the  summers 
short  and  exceedingly  warm. 

British  America  is  mostly  inhabited  by  Indians,  amorig  whom  the 
whites  have  established  trading  houses  for  ihe  purpose  of  procuring 
fiirs  and  skins.  Wild  animnis  abound,  as  bears,  deer,  beaver,  moose, 
wolves,  oxes ;  and  water-fowl  are  found  in  immense  numbers  and 
variety. 

The  French  originally  settled  Canada,  and  named  the  country 
Xew  France.  In  17.59,  it  was  conquered  by  the  British,  and  in 
1763  it  was  ceded  by  the  tbrmer  to  the  latter ;  and  from  thai  time  it 
has  formed  a  pait  of  the  British  dominions. 

British  America  is  divided  into  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Nova 
Scoria,  New  Britain,  Newfoundland,  and  several  islands  in  the  gulf 
oiSt.  Lawrence. 


CANADA.* 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Canada  ?    What  is  its  Capital  T 


Canada  is  an  extensive  country,  remarkable  for  the 
£[rardeur  of  its  lakes  and  rivers,  and  for  the  variety  of 
its  climate  and  productions. 

The  western  part,  formerly  called  Upper  Canada,  has  generally  a 
Ipvel  surface,  and  a  pleasant  and  healthy  climate,  though  subject  to 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  In  the  settled  portion  along  the  St.  Law- 
rence, lakes  Erie,  Ontario  and  St.  Clair,  the  soil  is  excellent,  and 
yields  abundant  crops  of  grass,  wheat,  Indian  corn,  flax.  &c.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  of  English  descent,  and  many  of  them  emi- 
grants from  the  United  States. 

The  eastern  part,  formerly  called  Lower  Canada,  has  an  uneven 
surface,  being  intersected  by  parallel  ranges  of  mountains  from  the 
sea.coast.  Much  of  the  soil  is  fertile.  Though  the  winters  are  long 
and  severely  cold,  the  summers  are  warm  and  vegetation  is  rapid, 
and  the  products  of  the  soil  rise  quickly  to  maturity.  The  principal 
settlements  are  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  From  Montreal 
to  Quebec,  the  margin  of  the  river,  for  about  one  mile  in  breadth, 

*  In  1791,  Canada  was  divided  into  two  provinces,  called  Upper  and 
liOwer  Canada.  These  continued  separate  and  distinct  until  Feb.  1841, 
when  they  were  again  united,  as  formerly,  under  one  government. 


I 


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i 


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152 


KORTH     AMERICA 


presents  the  appearance  of  one  continued  village.  More  than  three 
fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  French  descent  called  "  Habitant," 
who  speak  the  French  language  and  are  Catholics.  The  remainder 
are  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and  their  descendants.  The  most  noted 
curiosity  in  this  part  ol  Canada  are  the  falls  of  the  Montmorenci, 
seven  miles  below  Quebec.  Near  its  entrance  into  the  St.  Law. 
rence,  it  passes  over  a  rock,  and  descends  in  one  sheet  to  the  depth 
of  240  fent,  presenting  a  grand  and  sublime  spectacle. 

Towns. — Montreal  is  situuied  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  180  miles  above  Quebec,  and  200  belo'v 
lake  Ontario.  It  is  irregularly  built,  and  is  distinguished  as  the 
centre  of  a  very  extensive  and  valuable  fur  trade,  and  as  the  great 
channel  of  commerce  between  Canada  and  the  United  States. 


QireBEC. 

Quebec  is  situated  on  a  promontory,  at  the  confluence  of  the  river 
St.  Charles  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  400  miles  from  the  ocean. 
The  city  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  Upper  and  Lower  Town,  by 
a  line  of  steep  rocks.  It  has  a  deep,  safe  and  capacious  harbor,  siif. 
ficient  to  contain  100  sail  of  the  line.  It  is  so  strongly  fortified,  both 
by  nature  and  art,  as  to  be  deemed  impregnable. 

Kingston  is  pleasantly  situated  on  lake  Ontario,  190  miles  from 
Montreal.  It  ia  regularly  laid  out,  and  noted  for  its  safe  and  con. 
venient  harbor,  and  flourishing  trade.  It  is  the  principal  statioa 
for  the  British  shipping  on  the  Inke. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  lakes  between  Canada  and  the  United  States?    w.  R. 
s.  H.  Sue.  !i.  0.    What  river  connects  lake  Ontario  to  the  gulf  oi 


KORTH     AMERICA. 


153 


St.  Lawrence  ?  Its  length  ?  What  large  river  empties  into  the  St. 
Lawrence  near  Montreal  ?  o.  What  river  connects  Lake  Cham. 
plain  to  the  St.  Lawrence?  s.  [See  map  of  New  England  Slates.] 
What  other  rivers  can  you  mention  ?  What  towns  ?  What  part  of 
Canada  extends  farthest  south  ?  Which  extends  farther  south, 
Canada  or  Vermont?  In  what  direction  from  us  is  Quebec? 
Kingston  ?  If  we  were  at  Kingston,  how  many  ways  could  we 
go  to  New  York  by  water  ?  What  noted  curiosity  near  Quebec  ? 
Whnt  falls  in  the  river  Niagara  ?  Through  what  must  the  waters 
ot  lake  Superior  pass  to  reach  the  ocean  ?  By  whom  was  Cnriada 
first  settled ?  When  was  it  taken  and  ceded  to  the  British? 
When  was  Canada  divided  into  two  provinces?  What  were  these 
provinces  called  ?  When  was  it  again  united  under  one  govern- 
ment  1  What  proportion  of  the  mhabitants  of  the  eastern  part 
m  French?  What  are  they  called?  What  appearance  is  pre- 
sented  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  between  Montreal  and 
Quebec  ?  Which  do  you  think  has  the  coldest  climate,  Quebec  or 
(his  place?  Why?  What  is  the  extent?  Government  ?  Religiori  ? 
State  of  society?  How  will  you  sail  from  Kingston  to  St.  Johns  in 
New  Brunswick  ?  .  , 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 
In  what  direction  from  ua  is  New  Brunswick  ? 

New  Brunswick  extends  from  Maine  to  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence,  and  is  noted  ior  its  extensive  forests 
and  valuable  fisheries. 

The  climate,  like  that  of  Canada,  is  subject  to  great 
e^itremes  of  heat  and  cold,  but  is  generally  healthy. 
It  is  mostly  a  level  province,  and  has  generally  a  fer- 
tile soil. 

The  principal  articles  of  export  a.re  fish  and  timber. 

Chief  Towns. — Frederickton,  the  capital  of  New  Brunswick,  is 
situated  on  the  river  St.  Johns,  80  miles  from  its  mouth,  at  the  head  of 
sloop  navigation.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains  a  number  of 
elegant  buildings. 

St.  Johns,  situated  on  the  river  St.  Johns,  3  miles  from  its  mouth, 
is  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  town  in  the  province.  It  has  a 
good  harbor  and  an  extensive  commerce. 


Map  of  New  Brunswick.  What  rivers  in  New  Brunswick? 
What  bay  on  the  soun?  What  large  island  east?  p-e.  How 
many  counties  can  you  mention  ?  What  is  its  extent  ?  Population  ? 
What  is  the  government  ?   State  of  society  7 


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154  NORTH     AMERICA. 

NOVA  SCOTIA. 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  Nova  Scotia  7 

Nova  Scotia  is  a  narrow  peninsula,  300  miles  in 
length,  and  is  noted  for  its  valuable  minerals  of  c(jal, 
gypsum,  copper  and  iron. 

It  has  a  cold,  damp  climate,  and  in  most  parts  a 
thin  and  unproductive  soil.  The  principal  exports 
are  Jisit,  lumber  and  plaster  of  Pans. 

Chief  Towns. — Halifax,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  Chebucto  hnv, 
near  the  centre  of  the  province.  It  has  a  spacious  and  commodious 
harbor,  and  is  the  principal  naval  station  of  Great  Britain  in  North 
America. 

Liverpool  and  Annapolis  are  places  of  considerable  trade. 

What  cape  south  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  What  separates  Prince  Ed. 
ward's  isle  from  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia?  What  sepa. 
rate  Cape  Breton  isle  from  Nova  Scotia  ?  The  island  of  Cape  Breton 
belongs  to  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia.  What  counties  can  you 
mention  ?  What  is  the  extent  ?  Population  ?  Government  ?  What 
bay  between  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  ?  For  what  is  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  remarkable  ?  A.  For  its  tides,  which  rise  from  40  to 
60  feet,  and  so  rapid  that  animals  are  often  overtaken  and  drowned. 


NEW  BRITAIN. 


ESQUIMAUX  INDIANS,  SNOW  HX7TS,  &.€, 


NORTH     AMERICA 
In  what  direction  from  u»  is  New  Britain  7 


155 


New  Britain  is  a  cold,  barren  and  desolate  region. 
It  includes  Labrador, East  Mainland  North  and  South 
Wales,  and  is  inhabited  by  various  tribes  of  Indians, 
among  whom  the  English  have  erected/oWs  and  trad' 
ins  houses j(or  the  purpose  of  procming  furs  and  skins. 

Wild  animals  abound  in  these  regions ;  the  principal  of  which  are 
inooset  deer,  otters,  hears,  beavers,  martins,  foxes,  hares,  &c. 
During  the  short  summer,  the  numerous  lakes  and  rivers  are  cover> 
ed  with  sea-fowl,  which  come  from  the  south. 

The  method  of  travelling  in  New  Britain,  is  in  canoes  of  birch 
hnrk,  which  are  so  light  that  they  can  easily  be  conveyed  from  one 
itream  to  another.  In  these,  the  fur  traders  travel  thousands  of 
miles,  with  their  furs  and  skins. 


The  *Esquimaux  Indians  inhabit  the  coast,  and  are  small,  dull, 
and  extremely  filthy,  living  principally  on  seals  and  whales.  The 
tKnisteneau  inhabit  the  interior,  and  are  Uttle  known. 


What  large  bay  in  New  Britain  ?  What  bay  south  of  Hudson's 
bay?  J.  What  lakes  ?  Rivers,  and  wl.ere  do  they  empty  ?  What 
islands  in  the  northern  part  ?  What  Indians  inhabit  the  northern 
part  and  coast  of  Labrador  ?  What  ("'f-r  tribes  can  you  mention  ? 
What  animals  ?  What  is  the  mode  o\  ;  ;ivelling  ?  What  mountains 
extend  through  the  western  part?  W^  I  at  missionary  stations  on  the 
coast  of  Labrador?  What  strait  betwet  a  Labrador  and  Newfound. 
land  ?  B. 


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158 


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NORTH     AMERICA. 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 


BANKS  OF  NEWFOUNDLAND,    COD  FISHERY. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Newfoundland  7 

Newfoundland  is  a  large,  cold  and  barren  island, 
celebrated  for  the  cod  fisheries  on  its  coast,  which  are 
the  most  valuable  in  the  world. 

The  interior  of  the  island  has  never  been  explored.  Its  shore  is 
bold  and  rocky,  and  abounds  in  fine  harbors.  It  is  estimated  that 
more  thnn  3000  vessels  and  100,000  men  are  annually  employed  in 
the  fisheries, 

St.  John's,  the  capital,  has  a  good  harbor  and  considerable  trade. 


Map  of  Newfoundland.  What  bodies  of  water  around  New. 
foundland  ?  What  bays  ?  Capes  ?  What  is  its  extent  ?  Popula. 
tion  ?  Government?  State  of  society?  What  do  you  know  of 
the  interior?  What  bank  east  of  Newfoundland?  Its  length? 
Width  ?    How  are  cod-fish  taken,  with  a  hook  or  seine  ? 


PRINCE  EDWARD'S. 

Prince  Edward's,  formerly  St.  .John's,  is  a  fine,  fertile  and  level 
island.  It  is  inhabited  by  Scotch  Highlanders,  and  people  of  French 
origin,  called  Acadians. 


What  separates  Prince  Edward's  Isle  from  New  Brunswick  and 
Nova  Scotia  ?  What  cluster  of  Isles  N.  E.  of  it  ?  What  island 
east  ?    What  is  the  capital  ?    Charlotte  Town. 


NORTH     AMERICA 


157 


CAPE  BRETON. 

Cape  Breton  is  generally  a  feriile  and  healthy  island.  It  aboundi 
in  timber  and  coal  mines,  and  its  coasts  in  fish.  It  is  politically  uni- 
ted to  Nova  Scotia,  and  sends  two  members  to  the  House  of  Assem- 
bly.   Sydney  is  the  principal  town. 


Map  of  Nova  Scotia.  What  divides  Cape  Breton  nearly  into  two 
equal  portions?  A.  An  arm  of  the  sea,  called  the  Bras  d'Or. 
What  is  the  extent  of  the  island  7    Population  7     What  towns  7 


'I 


N 


BERMUDA  ISLANDS. 
In  what  direction  from  us  are  the  Bermuda  Islands  7 

The  Bermudas  consist  of  about  400  small  islands  ;  most  of  which 
are  barren  and  uninhabited.  Only  eight  possess  any  importance. 
They  enjoy  almost  perpetiinl  spring.  The  trees  never  lose  'heir  ver- 
dure,  and  the  leaves  only  fall  when  new  ones  begin  to  appear.  The 
air  is  80  pure  that  sick  people  go  there  from  the  United  States,  for  the" 
recovery  of  their  health.  Georgetown,  on  St.  George's  isle,  is  the 
principal  town. 


Map  of  North  America.  In  what  ocean  are  the  Bermudas  7 
To  what  government  do  they  belong  7  What  is  their  population  7 
Which  has  the  pleasantest  climate,  the  Bermudas  or  this  state  7 


^i 


•nsiderable  trade. 


♦RUSSIAN  POSSESSIONS. 

In  what  direction  from  us  are  the  Russian  Possessions  7 

The  Russian  Possessions  comprise  a  cold  dreary  region  but  little 
known,  inhabited  by  Indians  and  Esquimaux,  whose  pursuits  vyi 
hunting  and  fishing.  They  sell  their  furs  to  the  Russian  trade:  j. 
and  receive  in  payment,  fire  arms,  tobacco  and  other  articles.  The 
Russians  have  established  a  number  of  trading  factories  along  the 
coast,  the  principal  of  which  is  New  Archangel. 


Questions. — ^What  Straits  separate  the  Russian  Possessions  from 
Asia  ?  What  Cape  east  of  Bhering's  Straits  7  What  Cape  in  Asia 
opposite  to  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  7  e.  What  Sounds  on  the  coast  7 
Bay  7  Inlet  7  How  high  is  Mount  St.  Elias  7  Mount  Fairweath- 
er7  Which  is  farthest  north,  the  Russian  Possessions  or  this 
state  7 

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158 


NORTH    AMEHICA. 

GREENLAND. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Greenland  7 


Greenland  is  one  of  the  coldest  and  most  barren 
countries  on  the  globe,  exhibiting  little  except  rocks, 
and  mountains  of  ice  and  snow.  It  belongs  to  Den- 
mark, and  is  principally  valuable  for  the  whale  fishe- 
ry on  its  coast. 

The  Moravians  have  established  several  missionary  stations  here, 
for  the  purpose  of  instructing  the  natives  in  the  principles  of  reli. 
gion,  and  imparting  to  them  the  blessmgs  of  the  gospel. 

Formerly  Greenland  was  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  North  America ; 
but  late  discoveries  render  it  probable  that  it  is  a  vast  island. 


GREENLAND,   SEAL,    WHITE  BEAR  AND  BOATMEN. 

The  principal  animals  are  the  white  bear,  seal,  walrus,  reindeer, 
fox,  and  dog.     Thr  latter  are  used  for  drawing  sledges. 

Tl^e  Greenlanders  are  small  in  stature,  and  are  a  weak,  indolent, 
and  superstitious  race.    The  population  is  supposed  to  be  20,000. 


What  cape  south  of  Greenland  ?  What  missionary  station  near 
cape  Farewell  ?  l.  What  towns  or  settlements  in  Greenland  ?  What 
separates  Greenlan-l  from  North  America  ?  What  sounds  at  the 
northern  extremity  of  Baffin's  Bay  ?  s.  w.  There  is  a  vast  mine  of  sea 
coal  on  Disco  island  What  is  the  principal  animal  ?  Did  you  ever 
see  a  white  bear  ?     What  can  you  say  of  ihe  Greenlanders  ? 


■'!   'If 


NORTH     AMERICA. 

MEXICO. 

How  is  Mexico  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 


159 


Mexico 


and 


a  lar^e,  rich,  and  populous  country, 
is  noted  tor  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  for  its  valuable 
productions,  and  for  its  numerous  and  extensive  mines 
of  gold  and  silver.* 

The  surface  is  very  irregular.  The  shores  are  low 
and  flat;  but  the  interior  rises  into  a  lofty  plain,  or 
table  land,  6  or  8,000  feet  high,  and  1,700  miles  in 
lencfth. 

The  most  valuable  productions  are  maize,  wheat, 
cofee^  sugary  indigo^  tobacco,  cotton,  logwood,  mahoga- 
ny, cochineal,  and  most  kinds  of  tropical  fruits. 

The  climate  varies  with  thr;  elevation  ;  and  the  inhabitants  desig. 
nate  these  variations  by  appropriate  names ;  the  low  portion  near  the 
coast,  is  called  the  hot  country ;  the  middle  regions,  the  temperate 
country;  and  the  higher  regions,  the  cold  country. 


GREAT  SQUARE,  MEXICO. 

Mexico,  when  discovered  by  Europeans,  was  the  seat  of  a  power, 
ful  empire,  and  inhabited  by  a  brave  and  warlike  people  who  were 
acquainted  with  many  of  the  arts,  and  had  made  considerable  advan- 
ces in  civilization.     Many  remains  of  their  monuments  and  buildings 

*The  mines  of  Mexico  produce  annually  about  twenty  millions  of  dol- 
lars.   The  three  principal  c>inea  are  Guanaxuuto,  Zacatecas,  and  Catorce- 


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NORTH     AMERICA 


still  exist.  The  most  celebrated  among  them  is  the  Pyramid  of  Cho. 
lula,  70  miles  east  of  Mexico.  It  consists  of  four  stories  or  terraces 
and  is  177  feet  high,  and  1,423  feet  broad.  It  is  built  of  unburnt 
bricks.  On  the  top  of  the  Pyramid  was  a  temple  in  which  they  offer, 
ed  human  sacrifices  to  the  sun. 

This  vast  country  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  under  Fernan. 
do  Cortez  in  1521.  It  was  called  New  Spain,  and  remained  a  Span. 
ish  Province  till  1821,  when  the  nation  declared  itself  independent, 
and  established  a  republican  form  of  government. 

Towns. — Mexico  is  the  most  ancient,  and  one  of  the  most  popu. 
lous  cities  in  America.  It  is  situated  near  lake  Tezcuco,  in  a 
deh'ghtful  valley,  which  is  230  miles  in  circumference,  and  elevated 
more  than  7,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  It  is  regularly 
built  in  the  form  of  a  square,  of  four  miles  on  each  side.  It  is  dis. 
tinguished  for  the  width  and  regularity  of  its  streets,  the  splendor  of 
its  public  edifices,  and  for  its  mint,  at  which  more  money  is  coined 
than  at  any  other  in  the  world. 

Guanaxuato  is  a  large  and  flourishing  city,  150  miles  N.  W.  of 
Mexico.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built,  is  about  7,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,.   It  is  distinguished  for  gold  and  silver  mines. 

La  Puebla  is  situated  on  a  large  plain,  70  miles  S.  E.  of  Mexico. 
The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains  many  elegant  buildings. 
The  ground  on  which  it  stands  is  elevated  more  than  7,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean.  It  is  famous  for  its  manufactures  of  earthen 
ware,  iron  and  steel. 

*Zacatecas  is  situated  in  a  mountainous  country,  240  miles  N.  W. 
of  Mexico.    It  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  mining  places  in  Mexico. 

Vera  Cruz,  the  principal  port  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  a  place  of 
great  trade.     It  is  unhealthy,  and  has  a  poor  harbor. 

Acapuico  is  the  principal  port  on  the  Pacific.  It  is  distinguished 
far  its  excellent  harbor,  but  is  a  miserable,  unhealthy  town. 


BALIZE   SETTLEMENT. 
This  comprises  a  small  territory  in  Mexico,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan.     It  is  owned 
by  the  British,  and  was  established  for  the  purpose  d 
cutting  logwood  and  mahogany. 

It  extends  along  the  Bay  c'  Honduras  about  150  miles,  and  is 
inhabited  by  Negroes  and  Inc^'ans,  with  a  few  whites. 

Balize,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  It 
contains  about  250  houses,  built  of  wood.  It  is  the  only  seaport  in 
the  Settlement,  and  its  exports  annually  amount  to  about  one  million 
and  a  half  of  dollars. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Mexico  ?    What  rivers  empty  into  the 

Zac-a-te''cas. 


NORTH     AMERICA. 


161 


Gulf  of  California  ?  Pacific?  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  What  mountains  ? 
Volcano  ?  Lakes  ?  How  many  cities  and  towns  can  you  mention  ? 
What  is  the  extent  of  Mexico  ?  Population  ?  Form  of  goveiiv 
ment?    Prevailing  religion  ?    State  of  society  T    | 


CENTRAL  AMERICA,  OR  GUATIMALA. 

How  is  Guatimala  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Central  America,  or  Guatimala,  is  a  rich,  popu- 
lous, and  fertile  country,  noted  for  its  warm  climate, 
numerous  volcanoes,  and  for  its  beautiful  and  pictur- 
esque scenery. 

The  most  valuable  productions  are  graiii,  cochi- 
neal* honey,  cotton^  sugar-cane,  indigo,  allspice,  and 
tropical  fruits.  The  bay  of  Honduras  is  celebrated 
for  its  logwood  and  mahogany.  Cattle  and  sheep  ar« 
abundant. 


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fs  empty  into  the 


CUTTING   LOGWOOD   LUMBER    IN   THE   FOREST. 

This  is  generally  a  mountainous  country,  and  is  remarkable  for  its 

^*  Cochineal  is  an  hisect,  which  atlords  a  most  beautilul  crimson  unU 
It  feeds  upon  the  Nopal  or  Cucfus  Cochinili/er,  and  is  gathered  by  tlje 
natives.  It  is  used  m  giving  red  colors,  especially  crimton  and  scarlet, 
and  for  making  carmine.  From  Guatimala  and  Mexico,  cochineal  w 
annually  exported,  to  the  amount  Jof  two  and  a  half  millions  ol  uol- 
ars. 


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NORTH     AMERICA 


volcanoes  ;  more  than  twenty  are  constantly  burning.  Eruptions 
and  earthquakes  are  common. 

This  country  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards  under  Pedro  de 
Alvarado  in  1524,  and  continued  a  Spanish  province  till  1821,  when 
it  declared  itself  independent  of  Spain,  and  established  a  republican 
form  of  government. 

Totona. — St.  Salvador  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fine 
valley,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  country  of  great  fertility.  Its  inhab. 
itants  are  chiefly  employed  in  the  indigo  trade. 

New  Guatimala  is  the  most  populous  city,  and  is  situated  in  a 
delightful  valley,  nearly  one  mile  abr  'e  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Old  Guatimala,  the  former  capitel,  was  destroyed  in  1830  by  an 
earthquake.  It  is  rebuilding,  and  oont  iins  several  thousand  inhab. 
itants. 

The  other  principal  towns  are  Cartago  and  Leon.  The  chief  sea 
ports  are  *Truxillo  and  Omoa. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Central  America,  or  Guatimala  ? 
What  lake  in  Guatimala  ?  n.  What  river  is  the  outlet  of  lake  Nica. 
ragua  ?  St.j.  What  bay  in  the  northern  part  ?  h.  Which  has  the 
greatest  latitude,  or  which  is  farthest  from  the  equator,  Leon  or  thiB 
place  ?  Is  the  climate  warmer  or  colder  in  Guatimala  than  in  thi$ 
state  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  Guatimala  ?  [See  map  of  West  In. 
dies.]  Population  7  Form  of  government  ?  Religion  ?  State  of 
society?  .  .       '         " 


WEST  INDIES. 

Where  are  the  West  Indies  situated  ? 

The  West  Indies  comprise  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant and  valuable  groups  of  islands  on  the  globe. 
They  are  distinguished  for  the  fertility  of  their  soil, 
tLe  value  of  their  productions,  the  amount  of  their 
exports,  and  for  their  numerous  slaves. 

These  islands  produce  sugar,  cotton,  coffee,  indigo,  allspice,  gin. 
ger,  cocoa,  tobacco  ;  also,  tropical  fruits,  as  oranges,  lemon?  limes, 
pomegranates,  citrons,  pine  apples,  melons,  &c.  Maize,  yams,  and 
sweet  potatoes  are  extensively  raised  for  food.  The  mountains 
abound  in  valuable  trees,  as  cedar,  mahogany,  lignum- vitae,  &c. 

There  are  but  two  seasons,  the  wet  and  the  dry.  The  climate  is 
extremely  warm  and  unhealthy  during  the  summer  months,  from 
May  till  December ;  but  during  the  remainder  of  the  year,  the 
weather  is  serene  and  pleasant,  and  the  temperature  cool  and  de. 
iightful — thus  constituting  one  of  the  most  healthy  and  agreeable 

*  Tru-keel'-yo 


rning.    Eruptions 

3  under  Pedro  de 
ce  till  1821,  when 
ished  a  republican 


1  is  situated  in  a 
'  the  sea. 
ed  in  1830  by  an 
il  thousand  inhab. 

I.    The  chief  see 


I,  or  Guatimala? 
itlet  of  lake  Nica. 
Which  has  the 
ator,  Leon  or  thit 
nala  than  in  thit 
map  of  West  In. 
ligion  ?     State  of 


NORTH      A  MERIC A. 


163 


■   -       -  SUGAR   MILL. 

climates  on  the  globe.    During  the  months  of  August  and  Septem 
ber,  these  islands  are  subject  to  dreadful  hurricanes,  which  often  de 
extensive  injury,  also  to  earthquakes  and  violent  thunder. 

More  than  three-fourths  of  the  population  are  African  slaves.  The 
white  inhabitants  are  mostly  planters,  and  are  generally  wealthy,  and 
noted  for  frankness,  generosity,  and  hospitality. 

The  West  India  islands  are  usually  divided  into  the  Greater  and 
Little  Antilles — the  Bahamas,  and  the  Caribbean  islands.  Except 
Hayti,  they  all  belong  to  some  European  power — principally  to  Great 
Britain,  France  and  Spain. 


A   TABULAR    VIEW   OF   THE   IRlNCIPiL   V:eS\'   INDIA   ISLANDS. 

Bahamus, 


Islands.      \  Belonging  to  \  Sq.  miles.  \      Pop.  Chief  Town*. 


Great  Antilles. 


Cuba 

Spain 

43,380 

900,000 

Havanna. 

tHayti 

Independent 

29,500 

700,000 

Cape  Henrys 

Javnaioa 

G.  Britain 

6,250 

380,000 

Kingston. 

Porto  Rico 

Spain 

3,700 

390,000 

St.  Juan. 

*  The  first  land  discovered  by  Columbus,  Oct.  12,  1498. 
t  Formerly  called  Hispaniola,  or  St.  Domingo. 

8 


i^/« 


i' 

h 


w^i 


t'fti 


i  it 


■\',l 
■  ','■•' ft 


r-  I'ht 


164 


SOUTH     AMERICA 


CarihheMn  Inlands. 


I!  " 


HI 


im 


Trinidad 

G.  Britain 

IVUO 

25000 

Fort  of  Spain 

Gaudaloupe 

France 

r>75 

127600 

Basse  Terre. 

Martinique 

France 

37U 

95000 

St.  Pierre. 

St.  Lucia 

G.  Britain 

225 

16000 

Carenage. 

Barbadoea 

G.  Britain 

166 

102500 

Bridgetown. 

Tobago 

G.  Britain 

140 

16000 

Scarborough. 

St.  Vincent 

G.  Britain 

130 

23000 

Kingston. 

Grenada 

G.  Britain 

110 

22500 

St.  George. 

Santa  Crus 

Denmark 

100 

31000 

Santa  Cruz. 

Antigua 

G.  Britain 

«>3 

35000 

St.  John's. 

TortoJa 

G.  Britain 

m 

11000 'Road  Hprbor. 

St  Thomas 

Denmarii 

40       5000 1st.  Thomae 

Cities. — Havana,  the  capital  of  the  ieland  of  Cuba,  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  flourishing  cities  in  America,  and  is  con^iderpd  ^ 
the  key  of  lii^  West  Indies.  It  carries  on  au  extensive  commerce, 
and  has  <me  ol"  the  best  harbors  in  the  world,  capable  of  cnntfiining 
1000  vessels  without  either  cable  or  anchor.  The  entrance  into  ths 
harbor  is  so  narrow  as  tf>  advnit  only  one  vessel  at  a  time.  It  is 
strongly  fortified,  and  adoraed  with  nunicrous  churches  and  other 
elegant  edifices. 

Kingston,  the  largest  ckyof  Jamai '.a,  is  pleasantly  situated,  con. 
lains  many  handsonje  buildings,  and  has  an  extensive  trade. 


In  what  direction  from  us  are  the  West  India  islands?  Which  is 
the  most  northerly  group  of  the  West  India  islands  ?  b.  Which  is 
the  most  northerly  island  ?  a.  Which  is  the  most  easterly  of  th? 
Wesi  India  islands  ?  b.  Which  is  the  most  southerly  island  ?  i. 
Whic)i  is  the  most  westerly  ?  c.  What  towns  on  the  island  of  Cuba  ? 
[See  Map  of  West  Indies.]  To  whom  does  Cuba  belong  ?  What 
is  its  population?  Its  capital  ?  What  towns  in  Hayti?  What  ig 
its  population  ?  Capital  ?  To  whom  does  Jamaica  belong  ?  Its 
capital  ?  To  whom  does  Porto  Rico  belong  ?  What  is  its  capital  ? 
What  cluster  of  islands  lie  about  midway  between  Porto  Rico 
Nova  Kcotia  ?  b. 


South  America  is  one  of  the  richest,  most  fertile, 
and  picturesque  divisions  of  the  globe.  It  surpasses 
all  others  in  the  size  and  grandeur  of  its  rivers,  and  in 
the  height  and  extent  of  its  mountains;  and  is  remark- 
able for  the  variety  of  its  animal,  vegetable  and  nf>in- 
eral  productions^ 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


165 


It  is  naturally  divided  into  three  great  sections — the  western, 
middle,  and  eastern.  The  western  consists  of  a  bro&.d,  mountain 
plain,  elevated  about  12,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  liiea,  crowned 
by  the  more  lofty  tops  and  peaks  of  the  Andes.  The  middle  sec 
tion  embraces  the  interior  from  north  to  south.  It  is  a  great  ex- 
panse of  country,  composed  of  marshy  or  sandy  plains,  furrowed 
by  three  immense  rivers,  and  their  numerous  branches.  The  east. 
em  section,  embracing  the  eastern  part  of  Brazil,  consists  of  an 
thveiUA  region,  but  of  less  extent  than  the  western. 

South  America  is  noted  for  the  varieties  of  its  climate.  These 
nr^e  p>  ii  t  pally  from  the  vast  difference  in  the  degrees  of  elevation 
beiwt>.n  ;  .iB  highest  and  lowest  lands.  In  the  middle  section,  or 
low  coumry  near  the  equator,  the  temperature  is  that  of  perpetual 
summer.  The  trees,  plants  and  shrubs  ai6  constantly  clothed  in 
verdure — flowers  blossom,  and  fruits  ripen  throughout  the  year. 
The  llech^  ities  and  plains  of  the  mountains  enjoy  a  cool,  delightful 
climate,  and  the  temperature  is  that  ofpetpetual  spring.  On  the 
'ofty  and  snowy  summits  of  the  mountains,  perpetual  winter  reigns 
<^  severe  as  in  the  frozen  regions  of  the  north. 

The  majestic  rivers  of  South  America  leave  far  behind  them  those 
of  the  old  world,  both  by  the  length  of  their  course  and  in  the  vast 
amount  of  water  they  convey  to  the  ocean.  The  largest  of  these  is 
the  Amazon.  It  is  formed  by  a  great  number  of  rivers  which  rise 
in  the  Andes,  the  largest  of  which  is  the  Ucayale.  It  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  under  the  equator.  The  width  of  the  mouth  i»  stated  by 
some  writers  at  150,  and  by  others  at  180  miles.  Boat  navigation 
commences  at  Jaen,  and  it  is  said  that  vessels  of  400  or  500  tons,  may  sail 
from  the  mouth  throughout  almost  its  whole  extent.  Its  depth  1500 
miles  from  the  ocean,  is  stated  at  from  30  to  40  fathoms  ^  The  banks 
are  covered  with  immense  and  impenetrable  forests,  where  the  foot 
of  man  has  rarely  or  never  trod,  but  where  multitudes  of  wild  and 
ferocious  animals  roam  undisturbed.  Here  are  found  a  great  variety 
of  venomous  serpents,  and  birds  of  the  most  beautiful  plumage  and 
song,and  apes  of  the  most  fantastic  appearance.  The  waters  swarm  with 
alligators,  turtles,  and  a  great  variety  of  fish.  The  second  river  in  South 
America  is  the  La  Plata.  Its  majestic  course  is  full  as  broad  as  that  of 
the  Amazon,  and  its  immense  opening  atits  mouth  might  be  considered 
as  a  gulf.  At  the  distance  of  200  miles  from  the  sea  it  is  30  miles 
in  width. 

The  vegetable  kingdom  in  South  America  is  noted  for  its  variety 
and  abundance.  Among  the  trees,  the  most  remarkable  is  the  palm, 
of  which  there  are  eighty-seven  varieties,  which  are  equally  distin- 
guished  for  their  beauty  and  size,  and  for  their  various  uses,  furnish, 
ing  wine,  oil,  wax,  and  sugar.  Besides  these,  the  cocoa,  banana, 
cinchana  and  a  multitude  of  others  abound,  common  to  the  tropical 
and  temperate  cUmates. 

The  potato,  cocoa,  vanilla  and  maize  are  native  plants^  and  the 


I 

m 

m 


■i  '.mi 


m] 


m 


166 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


M^jl 


soil  yields  a  great  number  of  medicinal  plants  and  dye  stnfft,  and 
resinous  trees.  The  plantations  of  Guiana  yield  all  the  productioni 
of  the  West  Indies.  Cayenne  produces  spices.  «»nd  Paraguay  matte  or 
tea.  Almost  every  variety  of  grain  is  cultivated,  and  flowering  shrubs 
exist  in  the  p-eatest  abundance.  The  most  delicious  fruits,  as 
oranges,  citrons,  pine  apples,  pomegranates,  pears,  apples,  figi, 
gre^pes,  &,c.  grow  almost  spontaneously  in  the  greatest  plenty. 

In  the  animal  kingdom,  the  Jaguar,  or  American  tiger,  the  puma, 
or  cougar,  and  the  ocelet,  are  the  principal  beasts  of  prey.  The  lama, 
guanaco  and  vicuna,  of  the  sheep  kind — the  tapir  and  peccary,  of 
the  hog  kind,  are  peculiar  to  the  countries  on  the  Andes.  The  alii, 
gator  or  caymen  attains  to  a  length  of  15  feet  or  more,  and  there  are 
numerous  serpents  of  monstrous  size.  The  birds  are  numerous  and 
noted  for  the  brilliancy  of  their  plumage,  and  the  sweetness  of  their 
song.  The  condor  is  the  largest  bird  of  flight  known  in  the  world. 
In  the  great  grassy  plains,  or  pampas,  in  the  United  Provinces  and 
Brazil,  roam  numberless  herds  of  wild  horses  and  cattle,  sprung 
from  those  brought  to  the  country  by  Europeans  ;  the  latter  are  so 
numerous  that  they  are  killed  merely  for  their  hides. 

The  mineral  kingdom  abounds  in  the  most  precious  productions. 
The  diamond  mines  of  Brazil  are  the  most  prolific  in  the  world,  and 
the  extensive  mines  of  gold,  silver,  platina  and  mercury,  excel  those 
of  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  In  Chili  there  is  scarcely  a  mountain 
without  gold,  or  a  river  without  golden  sand.  Iron,  lead,  tin,  cop. 
per,  salt,  &c.  are  abundant,  but  are  little  sought  after. 

South  America  formerly  was  divided  into  provinces,  most  of 
which  were  under  the  government  of  Spain  and  Portugal.  But  these 
have  become  independent  of  these  powers,  and  with  the  exception  of 
Brazil,  have  established  republican  forms  of  government.  Consider, 
able  attention  is  paid  to  education.  Several  universities  have  been 
founded,  and  information  has  been  extensively  difliised  by  means 
of  books  and  newspapers. 

The  population*  of  South  America  is  composed  of  Whites,  Indians, 
Negroes.  Mestizoes,  Mulattoes,  and  Samboes.  The  higher  classes 
of  the  whites  are  well  educated  and  wealthy,  but  dissolute  in  their 
morals ;  the  lower  classes  are  ignorant,  indolent  and  generally  vicious. 


S0T7TH  AMERICA. 


:,U4  ■' 


New  Grenada  ? 
Venezuela  7 
Equador  ? 


How  is  South  America  bounded  ? 

Capital?  Chief  Towns  7 

'  Capital  ?  Chief  Towns  7 

'        Capital?  Chief  Towns  7 


Rivers  ? 
Rivers  1 
Rivers  ? 


*  The  Whites  that  are  born  in  America,  are  called  Creoles— those  bom 
in  Spain,  Chapatones.  The  mulattoes  are  descendants  of  whites  and 
negroes,  and  the  mestizoes  of  whites  and  Indians ;— -and  the  Samboes  of 
negroes  and  Indians. 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


Guiana  7 
Peru? 
Bolivia  7 
Brazil  ? 
Paraguay  7 
Uruguay  7 
Buenos  Ayres  7 
ChiU? 
Patagonia  7 


Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7' 


Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 


.^4     \<\ 


167 

Rivers  ? 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 

,5f 


RIVERS. 

Where  does  Port  Desire  river  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it  run, 
and  where  does  i*  empty  7  Rio  Negro  7  Rio  Colorado  7  Saladillo  7 
Dulce  7  Salado  7  Vermejo  or  Grand  7  Pilcomayo  7  Paraguay  7 
Uruguay  7  Parana  7  San  Francisco  7  Parnaiba  7  Tocantins  7 
♦Xingua  7  Tapajos  7  Madeira  7  Puras  ?  Javary  7  Amazon  7  Ne- 
gro  7  Caqueta  7  Putumayo  7  Napo  7  Essequibo  7  Orinoco  7 
Magdalena  7     Cauca  7 

ISLANDS. 

Where  is  the  island  of  Trinidad  ? 

Where  is  the  island  of  Joannes  or  Marajo7         '  '      . 

Where  are  Martin  Vas  and  Trinidade  7  '       ';       ' 

Where  are  the  Falkland  Isles  ?  ' 

Where  is  the  island  of  Tieira  del  Fuego  7  '         '*       ' 

Where  is  State  n  Land  ? 

Where  is  the  island  of  Chiloe  7 

Where  are  the  Juan  Fernandez  Isles  7     >r  •/ 

Where  is  the  island  of  St.  Felix  ? 


CAPES. 


Where  is  Cape  or  Point  Gallinas  7  •     ■  '  .r  .i 

Where  is  Cape  St.  Roque  ?        .    , 

Where  is  Cape  Horn  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Blanco  7 

Where  is  Cape  North  7 

Where  is  Cape  Frio  7 

Where  are  Cape  St.  Maria  and  Cape  St.  Antonio  7 

Where  is  Cape  Corientes  7 

Where  is  Cape  Blanco  7 


STRAITS. 

Where  is  the  strait  of  Magellan  7 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Le  Maire  7 
Where  is  Cockburn  Channel  7 


*Zin' 


■gua. 


l! 


S 


if 


t-r-n 


IK.  s,il 


V, 


US'' 


it"'  fxii      ii 

m  ■ 


1*' 


m 


fflvH  ■ 


168 


SOUTH     AMERICA 


Where  is  Lake  Titicaca  ? 
Where  is  Si'ver  Lake  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Oberava  7 
Where  is  Lake  de-los-Palos  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Maracaybo  ? 


LAKES. 


BAYS. 

Where  is  Blanco  Bay  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Paranagua  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  All  Saints  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Choco  ? 


GULFS. 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Venezuela  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Darien  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Panama  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Penas  ? 


MOUNTAINS. 

How  far  do  the  Andes  extend  ? 

Where  is  Mount  Sorata,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Chimborazo  ?    Mount  Chilian  1 
Where  is  Cotopaxi,  the  highest  volcano  on  the  globe  ? 


NEW  GRENADA. 

How  is  New  Grenada  bounded  ?  What  is  its  capital? 

New  Grenada  is  a  large,  populous,  and  interesting 
State.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  elevated  plains,  lofty 
mountains,  and  for  the  great  variety  of  its  climate  and 
productions. 

The  population  is  comprised  chiefly  in  the  valleys  between  the 
mountains,  which  are  extremely  fertile,  producing  cotton,  grain,  cof- 
fee, tobacco,  and  the  various  tropical  fruits  in  abundance.  The  moun. 
tains  are  rich  in  mineral  treasures.  The  gold  and  silver  mines  yield 
about  two  millions  of  dollars  annually.  There  are  mines  of  copper, 
tin,  and  lead  ;  and  on  the  coast  is  a  valuable  pearl  fishery. 

The  most  noted  curiosity  in  New  Grenada,  is  the  cataract  of 
Te-quen  da.ma,  in  the  river  Bogota,  or  Funza,  15  miles  from  Bo- 
gota. Above  the  falls,  the  river  is  more  than  400  feet  wide,  but  is 
suddenly  compressed  to  35  or  40  feet  in  width,  and  at  two  bounds 
plunges  down  a  descent  of  more  than  600  feet,  into  an  abyss  .<eIow. 


80UTH     AMERICA 


169 


des? 


apital  7 

interesting 
)Iains,  lofty 
jlimate  and 


between  the 
m,  grain,  cof- 
.    The  moun. 

mines  yield 
les  of  copper, 
iery. 

e  cataract  of 
liles  from  Bo- 
:  wide,  but  is 
it  two  bounds 
abyss  uelow. 


The  naturnl  bridge  of  Tronanzo,  on  (fie  route  from  Bogota  to  Pop. 
ivnn,  extenda  across  a  chnpin  more  than  3(10  feet  in  depth,  at  tlie 
bottom  of  which  flows  a  rapid  torrent. 

Ciliet — r^»ooTA  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  plain,  8'MK) 
l"fi€t  above  the  levol  of  the  8ca.  It  is  handscmu'ly  built,  nnd  contain* 
nany  eU'gant  edilict's;  among  which,  nre  a  cntticdral,  university, 
government  palace,  and  numerous  churches  and  convents. 

Carthagena,  the  principal  port  of  the  republic,  is  strongly  fortified, 
and  has  an  excellent  harbor  and  coiisideralde  commerce.  It  i« 
g;encrally  w«U  built,  and  contains  several  handsome  churches  and 
convents^  .,  • 


In  what  direction  from  ue  ts  New  Grenada  ?  What  cities  can 
vou  mention  in  New  Grenada?  What  rivers?  In  what  direction 
is  New  Grenada  longest?  If  we  were  at  Bogota,  the  capital,  to-day, 
in  what  direction  would  the  sun  be  from  ue  at  12  o'clock?  Could 
we  reach  home  by  land  ?  How  ?  The  Isthmus  of  Darien  is  1.5 
miles  wide;  how  long  would  it  take  you  to  cross  it,  if  you  should 
travel  3  miles  an  hour?  Under  what  form  of  government  is  New 
Granada?  What  is  the  prevaiiin?  religion?  Slate  o(  society? 
What  is  the  extent  ?     Population  ? 


"^  VENEZUCLA. 

How  is  Veixezuela  bounded  ?     Wfcat  ie  its  es4)ital  ? 

Venezuela  consists  mostly  of  a  vast  plain,  watered 
by  the  Oronuco  and  its  numerous  branches.  . 

The  climate  is  warm  throughout  the  y^ar,  and  the  soil  remarkably 
fertile,  producing  sugar,  coffee,  indigo,  cotton,  and  tobacco,  and 
tropical  fruits  in  abundance.  The  plains,  or  llanos,  as  far  as  the  eye 
can  reach,  are  covered  wih  tnll  gr?iPs,  on  which  graze  vast  herds  of 
horses,  oxen,  and  mules.  The  hides  of  these  animals  constitute  one 
of  the  principal  articles  of  t'lic  commerce  t)f  the  country. 

Cities — Caraccas  ie  pleasantly  situated  in  a  valley,  about  12  miles 
from  the  coast.  Its  streets  are  broad,  well  built,  and  cross  each 
Hther  at  right  angles.  In  18' 2,  the  city  was  mostly  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake,  and  about  12,()00  persons  buried  beneath  its  ruins.  It 
is  rnoedy  rebuilt,  and  contains  many  elegant  edifices.  La  Guayra, 
ttie  port  of  Gar&oeafi,  hae  an  extensive  tiade. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Venezuela  ?  In  wisat  direction  is 
^enezueta  longest?  Do  you  tbink  the  R.  Oronoco  resembles  the 
figure  6  ?  What  lake  and  gulf  in  the  N.  W.  part  ?  What  citiea 
can  you  mention  in  Venezuela  ?  Rivers  ?  If  you  were  at  Esma- 
ftsida  to-day  at  i2  o'clock,  ii?  what  direction  wcuild  your  shadow  fall  I 


I 


;  m 

tifi 


170 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


1  i 


fi       ' 


h  i 


■  .  , 


Under  what  form  oi'govtrrimeiit  is  Vene/uela?  VViiat  ia  the  pre 
vailiiiif  religion  ?  tia  e  ut'socitiy  ?  VVIiai  is  the  extent?  Po^m. 
latiun  7 


DISTANT   VIEW   OF    THE   CITY   OF   QUITO    AND  SURROUNDING  MOUNTAINS 

How  is  Equador  bounded  ?     V^  hat  is  its  capital  7 

Equador  embraces  t'ne  most  interesting  portion  of 
South  America.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  loftv  moun- 
tains,  its  elevated  plains,  and  its  climate  of  perpetual 
spring. 

Two  ridges  of  the  Andes  extend  throngh  the  western  part,  between 
which  is  one  of  the  fines'  plains  on  the  globe.  It  is  about  30  inilef  in 
width,  and  at  an  elevation  of  more  than  &000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Perpetual  spring  reigns  in  this  delightful  and  magnificent 
valley ;  vegetation  never  ceases  ;  and  the  meadows  and  trees  are 
crowned  with  constant  verdure. 

Cities. — Quito  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in  the  world.  It  is  situ, 
ated  on  the  eastern  slope  of  Mount  Pichmcha,  and  is  adorned  with 
several  magnificent  churches  and  convents.  It  has  two  celebrated 
universities ;  and  its  inhabitants  are  noted  for  their  vivacity  and 
politeness. 

Guayaquil,  situated  on  a  Gulf  of  the  same  name,  has  a  good  har- 
bor,  and  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  commercial  cities  in  America 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


171 


hat  is  the  pre 


i4 


fG  MOUNTAINS 

tal? 

portion  of 
^fty  rnoun- 
"  perpetual 

part,  between 
»ut30  miles  in 
i«e  the  level  of 
I  magnificent 
and   trees  are 

d.     It  is  situ. 

adorned  mih 

vo  c«.'lebrated 

vivacity  and 

s  a  good  har- 
B  in  Amerij>a 


In  whnt  direction  from  us  is  Eqiiador  ?  What  noted  mountains 
IB  Kiiund^r?  Chimborazo,  Cotopuxi,  Antisana,  and  Pichincha« 
VVhiit  cities  in  Equndcrr  ?  IJIvits?  Which  do  you  think  would  be 
the  most  ph'nfnnt  place  of  resi«lence,  thia  Slate,  or  F^cjuador  ?  In 
wliai  direction  is  Eqiiador  lonursf  ?  If  we  were  nt  Oinnguns,  cwuld  we 
sail  to  any  pince  in  this  Store?  How?  Under  what  form  of  gov. 
ernrncnt  is  Kquador  ?  Whnt  is  the  prevailing  religion  ?  State  oH 
wci«ty  ?     What  is  the  extent  7     Population  ? 


GUIANA. 
Plow  is  Guiana  bounded  ?    What  are  its  Capitals  7 

Guiana  is  a  level,  warm,  and  fertile  country,  re- 
markable for  the  variety  of  its  valuable  productionsw 
The  principal  settlements  are  along  the  coast ;  the 
interior  is  in  possession  of  native  Indians, 

Guiana  is  overspread  with  the  most  luxuriant  vege- 
tation, abounding  in  the  finest  woods,  in  fruits  of  ev- 
ery description,  and  in  an  infinite  variety  of  both  rare 
and  useful  plants.  The  chief  productions  are  sugar^ 
cofibe,  cotton,  cocoa,  nnaize,  indigo,  &c. 

The  fruit  trees  are  in  great  variety,  and  the  fruits  they  yield  of  the 
most  exquisite  delicacy  and  Havor.  The  orange  and  lemon  trees  are- 
in  bloom  'broughout  the  yenr,  and  loaded  with  ripe  and  ripening  fruit. 
Wild  animals  and  beasts  of  prey  are  numerous.  Among  these  the 
jaguar,  and  couger  are  the  most  powerful  and  ferocious.  In  the 
rivers  are  found  the  alUgdtor,  the  tapir,  and  the  manati,  or  sea  cow. 
There  are  numerous  kinds  of  serpents  ;  of  these,  the  boa,  or  aboma, 
is  the  largest.  It  is  an  an)phibiou8  snake,  from  3U  to  40  feet  in 
length.  It  is  perfectly  indiflerent  as  to  its  prey,  and  destroys,  when 
hungry,  any  animal^  that  comes  within  its  reach.  The  vampire  bat  i» 
also  found  in  Guiana,  and  grows  to  an  enormous  size,  measuring^ 
about  thirty-two  and  a  half  inches  between  the  tips  of  the  two  wings. 
It  sucks  the  blood  of  men  and  cattle  when  they  are  fast  asleep.  After 
it  is  full,  it  disgorges  the  blood,  and  begins  to  suck  afresh,  until  it 
reduces  the  sufferer  to  a  state  of  great  weakness. 

Guiana  is  divided  into  three  parts  ; — the  western  is  owned  by  the 
English,  the  eastern  by  the  French,  and  the  middle  by  the  Dutch. 

Cities. — Georgetown,  or  Stabroek,  the  capital  of  English  GuJi^, 
na,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Demarary  river. 

Paramaribo,  the  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana,  is  pleasantly  situated  og) 
the  Surinam  river,.  18  miles  from  the  sea. 

8* 


172 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


Cayenne,  the  capital  of  French  Guiana,  is  situated  on  an  island  of 
the  same  name.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  which  is  well  defended  by  a 
castle. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Guiana?  How  is  Guiana  divided  ? 
What  are  its  capitals  ?  Where  are  the  principal  pet'iements  ?  Who 
possess  the  interior  ?  For  what  is  Guiana  remarkable  ?  Wliat  can 
you  say  of  the  fruit  trees  ?  Of  the  animals  ?  Describe  the  Vampire 
Bat.  What  is  the  Governmpnt  of  Guiana  ?  Mow  far  is  it  from 
Georgetown  to  Monrovia  ?  What  naval  action  took  place  N.  E.  of 
'Guiana,  and  when  ? 


I.)!,;* 


i-: 


ffl 


tPERU. 
How  is  Peru  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Peru  is  a  large  country,  distinguished  for  the  rich- 
ness of  its  mines,  its  valuable  productions,  and  the 
great  varieties  of  its  climate. 

The  western  part,  between  the  Andes  and  the  Pacific,  40  or  50 
miles  in  width,  consists  mostly  of  sandy,  barren  plains.  The  middle 
portion,  lying  between  the  two  great  ridges  of  the  mountains,  con- 
sists of  table  lands,  8000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Perpetual 
spring  reigns  in  this  region,  and  vegetation  blooms  throughout  the 
year.  The  part  east  of  the  mountains,  consists  of  immense  plaina, 
or  pampas,  covered  only  with  grass. 

The  most  important  productions  are  cotton,  grain,  cocoa,  suirar, 
cofTee,  and  Peruvian  bark.  It  has  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
tmercury,  and  lead. 

Peru  at  the  present  time  is  divided  into  two  States,  called  North 
Peru  and  South  Peru.  The  capital  of  the  former  is  Lima ;  that  of 
the  latter,  Cuzco. 

Citita. — ^§LiMA  is  situated  on  a  small  river  in  the  midst  of  a  spa- 
-cious  and  delightful  valley,  7  miles  from  the  Pacific.  It  enjoys  a  per- 
petual summer  climate,  and  is  distinguished  for  the  magnificence  of 
its  public  buildings,  and  the  rich  ornaments  of  the  churches.  It  v/ae 
founded  by  Pizarro,  in  1535.    Callao  is  the  port  of  Lima. 

Cuzco,  550  miles  S.  E.  of  Lima,  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Pe- 
ruvian Empire,  founded  in  1043,  by  Manca  Capac,  the  first  Inca  of 
Peru.    It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  under  Pizarro,  in  1534.    It 

*  E»4e-kee'«bo.  t  Ber>bees'. 

X  Peru  is  the  only  countiy  in  America  that  produce!  mercury,  or  quick* 
«ilver. 

SLee'.ma. 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


173 


eontaineJ  a  magnificent  temple  of  the  sun,  and  other  edifices,  deco- 
rated  with  gold,  and  adorned  with  the  idols  of  the  various  nations 
subdued  by  the  Incas.  The  city  still  preserves  many  monuments  of 
its  ancient  grandeur. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Peru  ?  What  large  river  rises  in  Pe- 
ru  and  empties  into  the  Atlantic  ?  What  other  rivers  in  Peru  ?  What 
mountains  extend  through  the  western  part  of  V<itu  ?  a.  What 
cities  on  the  Pacific  ?  What  towns  among  the  Andes  ?  What  towns 
east  of  the  Andes  ?  Which  is  the  most  northerly  city  in  Peru  ?  Which 
is  the  most  southerly  ?  Under  what  form  of  government  is  Peru  1 
What  is  the  prevaihng  religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  What  is  the 
extent  ?     Population  7 


BRAZIL. 
How  is  Brazil  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Brazil  is  a  country  of  vast  extent,  and  one  of  the 
richest  regions  of  the  earth.  It  is  greatly  celebrated 
for  its  beauty  and  fertility,  and  is  distinguished  for  its 
navigable  rivers,  for  the  variety  of  its  animal  and 
vegetable  productions,  and  for  its  nnines  of  gold,  silver 
and  diamonds. 

The  climate  of  Brazil,  for  the  most  part,  is  that  of  perpetual  sum- 
mer,  and  the  h?xuriance  of  its  vegetation  is  unequalled.  The  chief 
products  are  sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  corn,  the  most  delicious  fruite, 
and  various  kinds  of  dye  woods.  Agriculture  is  in  a  backward 
state.  Cattle  are  raised  in  immense  numbers.  The  ffreat  farms 
contain  from  2  to  40,000  head,  which  are  killed  chiefly  for  their 
hides.     Mining  is  an  important  branch  of  industry. 

^'  "id  from  the  sea,  Brazil  appears  rugged  and  n  ountainous  ; 
bm  .  nearer  approach,  its  appearance  is  highly  romantic  -md  pir. 
turess^;  clothed  as  it  is  with  the  most  luxuriant  vegetation,  its  hills 
covered  with  thick  woods,  and  its  valleys  with  verdure. 

The  interior  is  an  immense  wiluorness,  overspread  with  impene. 
trable  forests,  which  abound  in  beautiful  and  useful  wood,  adapted  for 
dyeing,  cabinet  work  and  ship  building.  The  woods  are  filled  with 
aromatic  plants  and  flowering  shruud.  Wild  animals  ar  3  numerous, 
ana  birds  of  the  most  brilliant  plumage.  In  the  interior,  are  vast 
herds  of  wild  cattle  and  horses,  which  are  hunted  only  for  their 
skins.  The  forests  swarm  with  insects.  Serpents  are  numerous, 
some  of  which  are  from  25  to  40  feet  in  length. 

Were  we  to  examine  all  parts  of  the  globe,  we  probably  should  not 
find  a  pleasanter  country  than  Brazil — one  blessed  with  a  more  gen- 


!^fl,^ 


*  1 


I.' 


■If:-!  ■" 


-W' 


174 


SOUTH     AMERICA 


BRAZILIAN   FOREST. 

ial  climate  or  a  more  fertfle  soil — more  happily  diversified  with  wood 
and  water,  or  with  abundance  of  navigable  rivers,  or  more  famed  for 
its  precious  produce  of  gold  and  diamonds.  It  comprises  within  ita 
limits  nearly  all  the  most  valued  productions  of  the  earth.  Cotton, 
sugar,  coffee,  rice,  &-c.  abound  in  the  northern  part,  and  wheat  and 
other  grains,  fruits,  &c.  in  the  southern  parts  and  mountainous  die. 
tricts. 

Brazil  is  more  particularly  celebrated  for  its  gold  and  diamonds, 
which  abound  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  interior,  and  are  chiefly 
found  in  the  beds  of  the  mountain  torrents  where  the  stream  is  most 
rapid,  or  among  the  gravel  or  pebbles  of  the  deep  valleys. 

The  white  population  is  principally  in  the  southern  part,  and  along 
•the  coast.  The  remainder  is  inhabited  by  Indians,  who  are  extreme- 
ly hostile  to  the  whites. 

The  western  part  of  Brazil  is  called  Amazonia,  which  embraces 
the  interior  of  South  America.  It  is  inhabited  entirely  by  Indians, 
of  whom  little  is  known. 

Cities. — Rio  Janeiro  is  well  situated  for  trade,  and  is  distinguish, 
ed  for  its  fine  harbor  and  extensive  commerce.  The  town  is  well 
built,  and  adorned  with  numerous  churches  and  convents. 

Pernambuco  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  has  a  large  trade,  principal- 
'ly  in  cotton. 


In  what  direction  f-om  us  is  Brazil  ?  In  what  direction  is  Brazil 
longest  ?  What  towns  can  you  mention  in  Brazil  ?  Rivers  ?  Which 
port  of  Brazil  do  you  imagine  is  warmest  ?  Why  ?  If  we  were  at 
Almeida  to.dajr,  in  what  direction  would  our  shadows  fall  at  12 


ill 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


175 


o'clock  ?  How  many  States  border  on  Brazil  on  the  we*  t  ?  Under 
what  form  of  government  is  Brazil  ?  What  is  the  prevaiUng  reli- 
irion?    State  of  society  ?    What  is  the  extent  ?     Population  ? 


BOLIVIA. 
How  is  Bolivia  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Bolivia  resembles  Peru  in  climate,  soil,  and  pro- 
ductions. It  is  famous  for  its  silver  mines,  particu- 
larly those  of  Potosi,  which  are  the  richest  on  the 

globe. 

Bolivia  was  formerly  included  in  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres. 
In  1825  it  was  erected  into  a  state,  and  named  after  Bolivar,  the  dis- 
tinguished South  American  General. 

The  silver  mines  of  Potosi,  so  celebrated  throughout  the  world, 
were  accidentally  discovered  in  1545,  by  a  Peruvian  Indian  named 
Hualpa,  or  Hualco,  as  he  was  pursuing  some  wild  goats  up  the  moun- 
tain. Arriving  at  a  steep  place,  he  laid  hold  of  a  bush  to  assist  him 
in  his  course,  but  the  shrub,  unable  to  support  his  weight,  was  torn  up 
by  the  roots,  and  disclosed  to  the  hunter  a  rich  mass  of  silver.  For 
a  time,  Hualpa  concealed  the  knowledge  of  his  discovery  even  from 
his  friends.  But  his  sudden  and  abounding  wealth  soon  excited 
their  suspicions,  and  they  at  length  induced  him  to  reveal  the  secret 
to  them.  A  quarrel  happening  between  him  and  his  Indian  associ- 
ates, Hualpa  made  known  the  existence  of  the  mine  to  his  master, 
who  was  a  Spaniard.  From  the  time  of  the  first  discovery  to  1803, 
these  mines  yielded  1,476,372,174  dollars  in  silvrr,  besides  a  large 
amount  in  gold. 

Cities. — Chuquisaca,  or  La  Plata,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  t[;e 
western  part.  It  is  generally  well  built  and  noted  for  its  beautiful 
scenery. 

Potosi  is  situated  on  a  declivity  of  the  mountain  which  contains 
the  celebrated  mines  of  Potosi.  The  streets  are  narrow  nnd  ir- 
regular.  The  houses  are  built  of  stone  or  brick,  of  only  one 
story,  with  balconies  of  wood,  but  without  chimneys.  The  city  con- 
tains a  college,  several  monasteries  and  convents  and  19  churches, 
and  a  mint.  Potosi  is  the  centre  of  trade  between  the  United  Pro. 
vinces  and  the  Pacific,  and  is  noted  for  the  gaiety  and  dissipation  of 
its  inhabitants. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Bolivia  ?     What  extensive  Desert  in 

the  western  part  ?  a.     What  seaport  on  the  coast  ?    c.  or  Port . 

What  town  among  the  Andes  ?  l-p.     What  town  on  the  Pilcomayo? 
On  the  Vermeja  ?  t.    What  town  in  the  interior  ?  c.     Under 


c. 


■I'.i'BI 


*.*  Hi 


I',     Ml 


'!  ,   '[i 


'  T  « 'i| 


;  i 


176 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


what  form  of  government  is  Bolivia  ?    What  is  the  prevailing  reli.     ^ 
gion  ?    State  of  society  7     What  is  the  extent  ?     Population  ? 


BUENOS   AYRES. 
How  is  Buenos  Ayres  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

This  is  an  extensive  country,  distinguished  for  its 
majestic  rivers,  vast  plains,  and  the  variety  of  its  val- 
uable productions. 

The  lorthurn  and  western  parts  of  this  vast  region  are  mountain, 
ous  and  unproductive,  and  inhabited  principally  by  Indians.  The 
central  r.d  soutbera  parts  consist  of  immense  plains  called  Pampas, 
similar  to  the  Prairies  in  the  United  States.  They  are  about  1500 
miles  in  'p  -gth  and  500  in  breadth,  exhibiting  the  appearance  oi"  a 
vast  sea  of  ccrrs'*  grass. 


BUENOS.  AYRES. 

Innumerable  herds  of  wild  cattle,  horses,  ostriches  and  other  ani. 
mals  occupy  these  plains.  The  inhabitants  are  the  Gauchos,  who 
are  of  Spanish  origin,  bu':  who  lead  a  life  of  wild  independence,  liv. 
ing  on  horseback,  and  the  Pampas  Indians,  who  lead  the  same  kind 
of  life  as  the  Gauchos,  with  whom  they  are  perpetually  at  w»»r. 
Armed  with  his  lasso,  or  leather  strap,  the  Gaucho  or  Indian  rid 
on  horseback,  and  with  great  dexterity  throws  it  round  the  neck  ot 
a  wild  horse,  bull,  or  other  animal  which  he  wishes  to  fake,  and  by 
a  sudden  jerk,  throws  the  animal  to  the  ground,  and  gallops  off  with 
his  booty. 


iarance  of  a 


SOUTH     AM  ERICA 


177 


The  productions  are  numerous,  consisting  of  most  kinds  of  grain, 
jugai,  wine,  tobacco,  and  the  vaiious  fruits  of  the  torrid  and  tempe- 
rate  zones.  There  are  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead. 
The  principal  exports  are  hides,  tallow  and  beef. 

Cities. — Buenos  Ayres  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  La  Plata, 
one  hundred  and  eighty  itsiles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  regularly 
built,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  commerce  and  population. 
It  is  strongly  fortified,  and  celebrated  for  the  mildness  and  salu- 
brity of  'ts  chmate.  The  La  Plata  is  here  30  miles  wide,  but 
ihe  navio  tion  is  dangerous,  owing  to  rocks  and  thoals,  and  frequent 
storms. 

Mendoza  is  pleasantly  situated  oa  the  Andes,  and  the  most  con- 
venient route  over  the  mountains  passes  through  it.  Tucuman  and 
Cordova  are  celebrated  for  thei   universities. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Buenos  Ayres  ?  What  towns  can 
you  mention  in  Buenos  Ayres  ?  Rivers  ?  Lake  ?  In  what  direc- 
tion  is  Buenos  Ayres  longest  ?  Which  part  of  Buenos  Ayres  is 
warmest  ?  Why  ?  Which  part  f  the  United  States  is  warmest  7 
Why  ?  If  you  wished  to  travel  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Valparaiso, 
what  mountains  must  you  cross?  What  does  Buenos  Ayres  in 
Spanish  signify  ?  A.  Good  air.  If  you  were  at  Tucuman,  what 
would  you  do  in  order  to  return  to  this  place  ?  Under  what  form  of 
government  is  Buenos  Ayres  ?  What  is  the  prevailing  religion  ? 
State  of  society  ?     What  is  the  extent  ?     Population  ? 


PARAGUAY. 

How  is  Paraguay  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

Paraguay  is  a  small,  level,  and  fertile  Slate,  re- 
markable for  its  healthy  climate,  and  for  the  variety 
and  value  of  its  productions. 

The  vast  plains  of  Paraguay  abound  in  immense  herds  of  wild 
cattle,  and  the  forests  are  filled  with  birds  of  the  most  beautiful  plu- 
mage. Tropical  fruits,  corn,  wine,  sugar,  rice,  indigo,  and  various 
drugs,  are  produced  in  abundance.  But  the  most  noted  production 
ill  this  state  is  Matte,  or  Paraguay  tea,  which  is  used  in  most  parte 
of  S.  America  as  the  tea  of  China  is  with  us. 

Paraguay  declared  its  independence  in  1813,  and  soon  after,  was 
governed  by  Dr.  Francia,  under  the  title  of  Dictator.  He  ruled  with 
absolute  sway  until  his  death  in  1840.  He  prohibited  all  intercourse 
with  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  if  foreigners  entered  the  country, 
they  were  detained  in  prison.  He  lived  without  pomp  or  parade, 
and  laboreo  to  promote  the  happiness  of  his  subjects.  He  establish, 
ed  lyceums  and  schools ;  and  aU  the  inhabitants  were  taught  read. 


If'  I, 


■i:'  i    ,  ■ 


i'l 


,,ii 


178 


SOUTH     AM  ERI  CA. 


^1 


r 


ing,  writing,  and  arithmetic.  Every  person  was  obliged  to  work  at 
some  occupation,  and  idleness  and  beggary  were  unknown.  In  con. 
sequence  of  this  policy,  the  state  increased  in  wealth  and  population, 
and  enjoyed  the  blessings  of  peace  and  tranquillity,  while  the  sur. 
rounding  countries  were  torn  and  distracted  by  civil  wars  and  other 
intestine  commotions.  Since  the  death  of  Dr.  Francia,  Paraguay 
has  abandoned  her  former  policy  of  exclusiveness,  and  invited  aH 
nations  to  commercial  and  other  friendly  intercourse. 

Cities, — Assumption  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  country. 
The  cUmate  is  temperate  and  healthy,  and  throughout  the  year  the 
trees  are  either  in  foliage  or  loaded  with  fruit.  It  contains  several 
elegant  edifices. 

Conception  and  Villa  Rica  are  the  next  most  important  towns. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Paraguay  ?  Between  what  two  rivers 
is  it  siti'c^tcd  ?  What  towns  in  it  ?  In  what  direction  is  it  longest? 
When  did  it  become  independent  ?  What  singular  herb  in 
Paragiuty  ?  What  use  is  made  of  Matte  ?  Under  what  form  of 
goveinr  oTit  is  Paraguay  ?  What  is  the  prevailing  religion  1  State 
of  society  /    What  is  the  extent  7    Population  ? 


If! 


URUGCAY. 

How  is  Uruguay  bounded  ?     W  hat  is  its  capital  ? 

Uruguay  is  a  small  State,  formerly  known  under 
the  name  of  the  Banda  Oriental.  It  is  generally  level 
and  fertile,  and  the  climate  healthy. 

On  account  of  its  favorable  situation  for  commercial  pursuits,  this 
country  was  highly  prized  boih  by  Brazil  and  Buenos  Ayres,  and 
great  exertions  made  by  each  to  obtain  possession  of  it.  After  a  war 
of  several  years,  in  which  both  governments  became  exhausted,  it 
was  declared  independent  of  both,  under  the  name  of  the  "  Oriental 
Republic  of  the  Uruguay." 

Monte  Video,  the  capital,  is  situated  120  mile.")  east  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  on  the  La  Plata.  It  is  a  well  built  city,  with  wide  and  regu. 
lar  streets,  and  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  river,  which  is 
here  80  miles  wide.  It  has  a  considerable  trade,  principally  ia  hides. 
tallow,  and  dried  beef. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Uruguay  ?  Which  do  you  think  is 
the  largest,  Uruguay  or  this  State  ?  How  much  ?  In  what  direction 
is  Uruguay  longeat  ?  Which  do  you  suppose  is  warmest,  Maldonado 
or  this  place  ?  Why  ?  If  we  were  at  Monte  Video,  in  what  direc 
tion  would  the  sun  be  from  us  at  12  o'clock  ?  In  whith  State  should 
yoH  prefer  to  live,  Paraguay  or  Uruguay?    Why?     Under  what 


rtant  towns. 


SOUTH     AMERICA. 


179 


form  of  government  is  Uruguay  7    What  is  the  prevailing  religion  7 
State  of  society  7    What  is  the  extent  7     Population  7  * 


CHILL* 
How  is  Chili  bounded  7    Its  Capital  7 

Chili  consists  of  a  long,  narrow  tract,  lying  between 
the  Andes  and  the  Pacific.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
healthy,  fertile  and  beautiful  countries  in  the  world. 

Chili  has  numerous  mines  of  goldy  silver^  copper, 
tin  and  iron ;  and  produces  grain,  sugar,  cotton,  oil, 
wme  and  ^Mz7s  in  abundance. 

In  some  parts  of  Chili  it  seldom  or  never  rains ;  but  the  country  is 
well  watered  by  means  of  the  numerous  small  rivers  which  flow  from 
the  Andes  into  the  Pacific.  Among  the  Andes  in  Chili  are  fourteen 
volcanoes  which  are  in  a  constant  state  of  eruption.  Earthquakes 
frequently  happen,  which  often  do  extensive  injury. 

The  Aricaniana,  an  independent  tribe  of  warlike  Indians,  inhabit 
ihe  southern  part  of  Chili.  They  are  distinguished  for  their  love  of 
jberty,  bravery  and  humanity. 

Towns. — Santiago  was  founded  in  the  year  1541.  It  is  situated 
in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  plain,  about  90  miles  from  Valparaiso. 
Its  houses  are  built  of  brick,  and  only  one  story,  on  account  of  earth. 
quakes.  It  has  considerable  trade.  Its  inhabitants  are  distinguished 
for  gayety  and  hospitality. 

Valparaiso,  the  port  of  Santiago,  is  the  most  commercial  city  in 
(!)hili.    It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  considerable  trade. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Chili  ?  What  towns  on  the  Paci. 
fie?  What  remarkable  summit  of  the  Andes  in  Chili?  Mount 
Chilian.  How  high  is  Mount  Chilian  ?  What  island  near  the  south. 
ern  part  of  Chili  ?  c.  What  extensive  Desert  north  of  Chih  ?  a.  On 
wliat  river  is  Santiago  situated  ?  A.  On  the  river  Maypo.  Under 
what  form  of  government  is  Chili  ?  What  is  the  prevailing  religion  ? 
State  of  society  7     What  is  the  extent  ?    Population  7 


PATAGONIA. 
How  is  Patagonia  bounded  7 


Patagonia  is  a  cold,  inhospitable  region,  of  which 
little  is  known  except  the  coasts.  It  is  inhabited  by 
various  tribes  of  Indians,  who  are  said  to  be  of  gigan- 


tic size. 


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SOUTH     AMERICA 


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In  what  direction  from  ua  is  Patagonia  ?  What  are  the  three  prin. 
cipal  rivers  of  Patagonia  ?  e-c.  p-d.  r-n.  What  straits  separate  it  from 
Tierra  del  Fuego  ?  What  two  gulfs  on  the  eastern  coast  ?  What 
three  gulfs  on  the  western  const  ?  o.  p.  c.  What  Archipelago  on  the 
western  coast?  What  peninsula?  Under  what  form  of govfirn. 
ment  is  Patagonia  ?    What  is  the  prevailing  religion  ?    State  of  so. 


QUESTIONS   ON  THE   MAP  OP   SOUTH   AMERICA. 

How  will  you  sail  from  Chagres  to  Panama  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Panama  to  Assumption  ? 

What  singular  herb  do  you  find  here  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Assumption  to  Cuzco  ? 

What  can  you  say  respecting  Cuzco  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Cuzco  to  Bogota  ? 

What  curiosity  will  you  find  near  this  place  ? 

Why  are  there  no  large  rivers  that  empty  into  the  Pacific  ocean  ? 

What  river  empties  into  the  Atlantic  by  several  mouths  ?    o. 

Through  what  waters  must  the  Blanco  river  pass  to  reach  the 
Atlantic  7 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Cape  Horn  ? 

Suppose  you  were  at  Cape  Horn  to-day,  at  12  o'clock,  in  what 
direction  would  your  shadow  fall  ? 

Are  the  seasons  in  South  America  the  same  as  ours  ?    Why  ? 

Which  has  the  greatest  latitude,  or  which  is  farther  from  the  Equa. 
tor,  Cape  Horn  or  this  place  ? 

Which  part  of  South  America  do  you  suppose  is  warmest,  the 
southern  or  northern  part  of  it  ?     Why  ? 

What  prevents  South  America  from  being  a  continent  by  itself  ? 


SOUTH  AMERICAN  ISLANDS. 

These  consist  of  several  groups.  The  most  noted  among  them, 
are  Terra  del  Fuego,  the  Falkland  Islands,  South  Georgia,  Sand. 
wich  Land,  South  Shetland,  and  South  Orkneys.  They  are  utterly 
dreary  and  desolate,  buried  in  ice  and  snow,  and  in  most  cases,  un. 
inhabited  by  a  single  human  being.  Their  shores,  however,  abound 
with  the  sea  elephant,  fur  seal,  and  with  legions  of  sea  birds  of 
gigantic  size,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are  the  penguin  and 
albatross. 

These  islands  are  frequented  by  vessels  from  Storiington  and 
other  ports  in  New  England,  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  seals,  the 
furs  of  which  are  remarkably  fine  an(?  valuable.  These  islands  are 
indented  by  numerous  bays,  which  form  many  excellent  harbors. 


Map  of  the  World.  In  what  direction  from  Patagonia  are  th' 
Falkland  Islands?  Terra  del  Fuego?  S.  Georgia?  Sandwich 
Land  ?  South  Orkneys  ?  South  Shetland  Isles  ?  Should  you  lik.^ 
to  live  on  any  of  these  islands  ?    Why  not  ? 


'clock,  in  what 


EUROPE. 

35uropr. 


181 


Europe  is  the  smallest  of  the  five  grand  divisions 
of  the  globe,  but  is  distinguished  for  the  number, 
learning,  bravery  and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants — 
for  the  superior  cultivation  of  the  soil — for  the  flour- 
ishing condition  of  the  arts,  sciences  and  commerce, 
and  for  its  power  and  influence  over  other  parts  of 
the  world. 

It  is  much  noted  for  the  salubrity  of  the  air,  and  the  fruitfulness 
of  its  soil.  Instead  of  those  uncultivated  and  extensive  w  astes  which 
are  met  with  in  other  portions  of  the  earth,  it  presents  extensive 
fortified  cities,  adorned  with  magnificent  edifices,  large  and  populous 
towns,  and  innumerable  villages. 

It  is  well  watered  by  its  numerous  rivers,  and  remarkable  for  its 
bays,  gulfs,  and  inland  seas,  and  for  its  great  natural  advantages 
for  commercial  pursuits. 

It  produces  most  kinds  of  grain,  beautiful  garden  plants,  abun. 
dance  of  fruits,  such  as  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  almonds,  olives, 
pomegranates  and  dates  ;  also  flax,  hemp,  tobacco,  madder,  and  the 
best  of  wines,  and  a  great  variety  of  wood  for  house  and  ship  build- 
ing. It  yields  most  kinds  of  metals  and  minerals  of  superior  excel- 
lence, and  in  great  abundance. 

In  no  part  of  the  world  are  manufactures  carried  to  such  perfec 
tion  as  in  several  European  countries,  especially  in  Great  Britain, 
France  and  Germany.  The  inhabitants  work  up  not  only  European 
out  also  foreign  products,  and  supply  aU  the  wants  and  luxuries  of 


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life.  Commerce  ie  extensively  carried  on,  promoted  by  well  con- 
structed roads,  railways  and  canals,  and  extends  to  all  quarters  of 
the  world. 

Europe  is  the  seat  of  arts  and  science.  To  her  belongs  the  honor 
of  discovering  the  most  imp*  ant  truths;  of  producing  the  most 
useful  inventions,  the  finest  productions  of  genius,  and  the  impro'  . 
ment  of  all  the  sciences. 

Literature  has  reached  a  higher  degree  of  perfection  in  Europe 
than  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  There  are  numerous  universi. 
ties  and  colleges  which  provide  for  the  higher  branches  ofeduca. 
tion.  These  are  generally  on  a  much  larger  scale  than  those  in  the 
United  States.  The  common  branches  of  education,  however,  are 
much  neglected,  and  not  so  generally  diffused  among  the  greai 
mass  of  ^e  peofiJe  as  in  this  country.  A  great  proportion  of  the 
poor  are  unable  to  read  or  write.  Germany,  Ffance  and  England 
are  most  n^led  for  proficiency  in  Hterature  and  science,  and  PruBsia, 
Scotland,  Switzerland,  Denmark,  Norway  and  Sweden,  for  the 
encouragement  of  elementary  schools  and  the  general  diffusion  of 
knowledge.  


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  TABLE, 

Pop. 

Began 

Countries. 

on 

Present  Sovereign. 

Born. 

to 

Religion. 

gq.ni. 

22 

1796 

reign. 

Russia, 

Nicholas  I. 

1825 

Greek  Church. 

Austria, 

105 

Ferl'i^>.>nd, 

1793 

1835 

Catholic. 

Turkey, 

46 

MohaioudlL 

1785 

1808 

Mahometan. 

France, 

146 

L>>5jii«  1  hilippe. 

r73 

1830 

Catholic. 

Sweden, 

13 

OKcar  11. 

1799 

1844 

Protestant, 

Spain, 

57 

I«alf351a  II. 

1830 

1833 

CathoHc. 

Norway, 

6 

Oscar  11. 

1799 

1844 

Protestant. 

Prussia, 

94 

Fred.  William  III. 

1770 

1797 

Protestant. 

Great  Britain, 

141 

Victoria, 

1819 

1837 

Protestant, 

Naples, 

152 

Ferdinand  II. 

1810 

1830 

Cathohc. 

Portugal, 

90 

Donna  Maria, 

1819 

1826 

Catholic. 

Ireland, 

203 

Victoria, 

1819 

1837 

Catholic. 

Bavaria, 

111 

Louis  I. 

1786 

1825 

Catholic. 

Sardinia, 

146 

Charles  Amadeus, 

noo 

1831 

Catholic. 

Belgium, 

216 

Leopold  I. 

1790 

1831 

Catholic. 

Holland, 

208 

William  I. 

1772 

1813 

Protestant, 

Denmark, 

72 

Frederick  VL 

1768 

1808 

Protestant. 

Hanover, 

87 

William  IV. 

1765 

1830 

Protestant. 

Roman  States, 

162 

Pius  IX. 

1788 

1846 

Catholic. 

Wurtemburg, 

172 

William  L 

1781 

1816 

Protestant. 

Saxony, 

161 

Frederic  Augustus 

1797 

1830 

Protestant. 

Baden, 

167 

Chas.  Leop.  Fred. 

1*90 

1830 

Protestant. 

Tuscany, 

174 

Leopold  II. 

i797 

1824 

Cathohc. 

Greece, 

Otho, 

1815  1832 

Greek  Church. 

EUROPE. 


183 


by  well  con. 
all  quarters  of 

ngs  the  honor 
cing  the  most 
the  impro".  . 

OP  in  Europe 
rous  universi. 
2he8  ofeduca. 
an  those  in  the 

however,  are 
ong  the  greai 
)portion  of  the 

and  England 
;e,  and  Prussia, 
veden,  for  the 
ral  diffusion  of 

^ABLE, 

Religion. 


Jreek  Church. 

Catholic. 

klahometan. 

Catholic. 

'rotestant, 

Catholic. 

'rotestant. 

?rote8tant. 

Protestant, 

Uatholic. 

[ilJatholic. 

Catholic. 

Datholic. 

Datholic. 

Datholic. 

Protestant. 

Protestant. 

Protestant. 

Catholic. 

Protestant. 

Protestant. 

Protestant. 

Catholic. 

Greek  Church. 


^a«»fioiw.— TTow  many  square  miles  do«3  Europe  emhrnce  7  FSee 
\tap  of  the  '<V(.riJ.]  What  is  the  population  of  Europe?  Which 
hasthegreau  t  number  of  inhabitants,  South  America,  Europe,  or 
Africa?  How  happens  it  that  Europe,  being su  much  smaller,  con. 
■ams  80  many  more  inhabitants  than  either  of  these  other  divisions  ? 
in  which  of  tliese  divisions  do  you  imagine  the  land  is  best  cultiva> 
edf  Which  do  you  think  has  the  best  roads  and  bridges.^  In 
which  are  the  people  mo    learned  ? 


qUKSTIONS   Olf   THE   MAP   OP   EUROPB. 


Portugal  7 
Spain  ? 
France  7 
Belgium  7 
Holland  7 
Germany  7 
Denriark7 
Switzerland  ? 
Italy  ? 
Austria  7 
Turkey  7 
Grer  ,3  7 
Prussia  7 
Russia  7 
Sweden  7 
Norway  7 
England  7 
Scotland  7 
Ireland  7 


How  is  Europe  bounded  7 


Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 
Capital 


Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
ChiefTi.wns? 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  TrwnH  7 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 


River  "* 
B 
P 
R 
Ri 

Rivers  / 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  1 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  T 
Rivers  7 
Rivera  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 


RIVERS. 


Where  does  the  river  Ebro  rise,  what  course  does  it  run.  and  whera 
it  empty  ?  Guadalquiver  7  Guadiana  ?  Tagus  ?  Douro  ? 
Minho  7  Garonne  7  Loire  7  Seine  ?  Rhine  ?  Rhone  7  Saone  7 
Po?  Tiber?  Danube?  Drave?  Save?  Pruth?  Dniester?  Bog? 
Dneiper  7  Donetz  ?  Don  ?  Volga  ?  Ural  ?  Ousa  ?  Petchora  7 
Mezene?  Dwina?  Onega?  Duna?  Niemen?  Vistula?  Oder? 
Elbe?  Weser?  Ems  7  Tornea  7  Glomma?  Thames? 
Severn  7     Shannon  7 


LAKES. 


Wliere  are  Lakes  Ladoga  and  Onega  7 
Where  are  Lakes  Wenner  and  Wetter  ? 
Where  are  Lakes  Constance  tind  Geneva  7 


A.  In  Switzerland. 


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EUROPE. 


GULFS. 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


Where 
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Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


a  the  Gulf  of  Venice? 
stheGulfofTarantol 
s  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  7 
s  the  Gulf  of  Lyons? 
s  the  Zuyder  Zee  ? 
s  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  7 
s  the  Gulf  off  inland  7 
s  the  Gulf  of  Riga? 
B  the  Gulf  of  Onega? 
8  the  Gulf  of  Salonica  7 
8  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ? 


SuASi 


is'  the  Caspian  Sea  7 
s  the  Sea  of  AzofT? 
s  the  Black  Sea  7 
s  the  Sea  of  Marmora  7 
a  the  Archipelago  ? 
s  tha  Mediterranean  7 
is  the  Irish  Sea  ? 
s  the  North  Sea  7 
s  the  Baltic  Sea  7 
8  the  White  Sea  7 


STRAITS. 

is  the  Strait  of  Constantinople  ?* 
are  the  Dardanelles  ? 
8  the  Strait  of  Otranto  ? 
s  the  Strait  of  Messina  ?  « 
s  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio  7 
s  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  ? 
s  the  Strait  of  Dover  ? 


k 


CHANNELS. 

Where  is  the  British  Channel  ? 
Where  is  St.  George's  Channel  7 
Where  is  Bristol  Channel  ? 
Where  is  North  Channel  ? 
Where  is  the  Skagerrack  7 
Where  is  the  Cattegat  ? 


*  The  Strait  of  Constantinople,  the  ancient  Bosphorus,  connects  the 
Black  Sea  with  the  sea  of  Marraora.    The  Dardanellea  connect  thi»  mi  | 
of  Marmora  with  the  Archipelago. 


EUROPE. 


185 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
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Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
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Where 
Where 
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Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


ISLANDS.  ...  .. 

are  the  LufToden  Islands  7  ' 

is  Iceland?  .  ,        ' 

are  the  Faroe  Islands  ?  '    . . m 

are  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  Islands  ?         •       *.'    ^ 

are  the  Hebrides  or  Western  Islands  ? 

are  the  Isle  of  Man  and  Anglesey  7 

are  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  Sark  and  Wight  T 

are  the  Scilly  IslanJo  7 

are  Belle  Isle  and  the  Isle  of  Rhe  7 

are  Ivica,  Majorca,  and  Minorca  7       '  v '    i 

are  Sardinia,  Corsica,  and  Elba  7  .  , 

are  the  Lipari  Islands  7  - 

is  the  Island  of  Sicily  7 

is  the  Malta  or  Melita  7  "  *'«  ' 

is  the  Island  of  Candia  7       ^      ■   %'  *  '       '  .    4    - 

are  Cyprus  and  Rhodes  7  ^ 

are  Negropont,  Scio,  Samos,  Patmos  T 

are  the  Ionian  Islands  7  •   - 

are  Zealand  and  Funen  7        '  •     •'  ;     ' 

are  Gothland,  Aland,  and  01and7  '  ^ 


■.1- 


PENINSULAS. 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Crimea  7 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Morea  ?* 


MOUNTAINS.         '-';,,•■' 

Where  are  the  Dofrafield  Mountains? 

Where  are  the  Pyrenees  7  ^        , 

Where  are  the  Alps  ? 

Where  are  the  Appenines  7  ' 

Where  are  the  Carpathian  Mountains  ? 

Where  are  the  Balkan  Mountains  ? 

Where  are  the  Ural  Mountains  7 

Where  are  the  Cevennes  7  " 

Where  are  the  Sierra  Noveda,  Toledo,  and  Cantabrian  Mountains  ? 


■vM 


! 


VOLCANOES. 

Where  is  Mount  Etna  7 
Where  is  Mount  Vesuvius  7 
Where  is  Mount  Hecla  7 


CAPES. 

Where  is  the  North  Cape  ?  Cape  Naze  7  Land's  End  7  Lizard 
Point?  Cape  Clear?  Cape  La  Hogue?  Cape  Ortegal?  Cape 
Finisterre  ?   Cape  St.  Vincent  7   Cape  Spurtivento  7   Cape  Matapan  7 

*Morea»  the  southern  part  of  Greece. 


186 


EUROPE 


11  .,] 


ml.  ■  ^.  .* ,  ' . 


BRITISH  EMPIRE. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Great  Britain  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

The  British  Empire  is  the  most  extensive,  and  with 
the  exception  of  China,  the  most  populous  on  the 
globe.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  great  political  intiu- 
ence,  for  the  extent  of  its  commerce  and  manufac* 
tures,  for  its  vast  and  powerful  navy,  for  its  well  dis- 
ciplined  army,  and  for  the  enterprise,  intelligence  and 
activity  of  its  inhabitants. 

The  British  Empire  comprehends  the  kingdoms  of  England,  Sco'. 
land,  and  Ireland,  with  the  principality  of  Wales  ;  Gibraltar  and  thu 
island  of  Malta  in  Europe ;  the  greatest  part  of  Hindostan  and  the 
island  of  Ceylon  in  Asia ;  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Sierra  Leone, 
several  forts  on  the  coast  of  Guinea  and  the  islands  of  St.  Helena  and 
Mauritius  in  Africa ;  British  America  and  Honduras  in  North  Amer. 
ica;  Jamaica,  Barbadoes  ami  several  other  West  India  islands  ^ 
English  Guiana  in  South  America ;  New  South  Wales  in  Australia ; 
Tan  Dieman*s  Land,  and  other  islands  in  various  parts  of  the  globe. 

In  what  direction  from  Great  Britain  is  Hindostan  ?  Canada  ? 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?  Honduras  ?  Van  Dieman's  Land  ?  Guiana  ? 
Malta  ?  Jamaica  ?  Gibraltar  7  It  is  said  that  the  sun  is  always 
shining  on  some  part  of  the  British  empiTe,— how  can  that  be  ?  How 
is  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  divided  ?  In  what  part 
of  the  island  of  Great  Britain  is  England?  Scotland?  Wales? 
What  sea  and  two  channels  lie  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ? 
Which  extends  farthest  south,  Great  Britain  or  Ireland  ?  North ! 
In  what  difection  is  Great  Britain  longest  ?     ''    'and  ? 


ENGLAND. 

How  is  England  boundcl  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

England  is  a  populous  and  highly  cultivated  coun- 
try, distinguished  for  its  extensive  commerce,  numer- 
ous canals  and  railways,  and  for  the  extent,  variety 
and  value  of  its  manufactures. 

The  surface  of  England  is  agreeably  diversified  with  hills  and 
plains,  and  abounds  in  beautiful  scenery.  In  some  parts,  plaint 
clothed  in  the  richest  verdure,  watered  by  copious  streams,  and  pas. 
turing  innumerable  cattle,  extend  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach ;  in 
others,  gently  rising  hHls  and  bending  vales,  fertile  in  grain,  waving 


EUROPE. 


197 


with  woods,  nnd  inferppersed  with  flowery  meadows,  ofTrr  the  mopt 
deli£rlitfnl  Inndscnpps  of  rural  opulence  nud  beauty. 

The  const  ie  indented  with  bays  and  harbors  which  present  every 
fncility  for  foreign  commerce.  Canals  and  railways  are  niiniernis, 
and  furnish  an  easy  communication  throuffhout  all  parts  of  the  inte- 
n'or.  for  the  vast  inland  trade  of  the  kingdom. 

The  cftiintry  abounds  in  excellent  roads  and  substantial  bridges,, 
and  is  noted  for  the  number  and  magnificence  of  the  seats  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry.  These  prince! v  mansions,  surrounded  \\itb 
lawns,  parks  or  forests,  however,  contrast  strongly  wiih  the  miserable 
huts  and  hovels  of  the  poor. 


AN  ENGLISH   GENTLEMAN'S  COUNTRY  SEAT. 

The  climate  is  moist,  cool  and  variable,  but  not  subject  to  ex- 
tremes of  heat  or  cold.     Agriculture  is  carried  to  a  high  degree  of 
perfection.     The  chief  products  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  peas,  beans, 
hops,  &c.     The  mineral  productions  are  numerous  and  exceedingly 
valuable.     The  most  important  are  coal,  copper,  iron,  tin  and  lead. 

England  has  several  famous  mmeral  springs,  which,  during  the 
warm  season,  are  thronged  by  crowds  of  the  fashionable,  idle,  gay, 
and  dissipated.  The  hot  springs  of  Bath,  and  Bristol,  the  waters  of 
Cheltenham,  Harrowgate,  Tunbridge  and  Epsom,  are  among  the 
most  celebrated. 

England  is  justly  celebrated  for  its  hterary  institutions,  and  learned 
men.  The  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  are  an  honor  to 
the  country  and  Europe.  The  higher  classes  spare  no  expense  in 
the  education  of  their  children,  but  until  recently,  httle  or  no  provis- 
ion has  been  made  for  the  instruction  of  the  poor.  Among  her  em- 
nent  scholars,  are  Bacon,  Boyle,  Newton,  Locke,  Davy,  Shakspeare, 

9 


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188 


EUROPE. 


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Milton,  Spencer,  Pope  and  Dryden,  who  rank  among  the  first  of 
any  age  or  nation. 

Tie  government  is  a  limited,  hereditary  monarchy.  The  sove. 
reign  power  is  vested  in  a  king  or  queen,  and  a  parliament.  The 
latter  consists  of  a  house  of  lords,  who  are  hereditary,  and  a  house  of 
eomnons,  who  are  chosen  by  the  people.  The  established  religion 
is  Episcopacy,  and  the  sovereign  is  the  supreme  head  of  the  church. 

C'xaracter. — The  English  are  intelligent,  industrious  and  enterpri. 
sin^r,  and  strongly  attached  to  freedom  and  their  native  country.  The 
leaned  are  distinguished  for  sound  sense  and  extensive  knowledge, 
the  nerchants  for  integrity  and  wealth,  the  mechanics  for  skill  and 
industry,  and  the  sailors  and  soldiers  for  bravery  and  discipline. 

Cities, — London,  the  metropoUs  of  the  British  Empire,  is  situated 
on  both  sides  of  the  Thames,  60  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  the  most 
populous  city  in  Europe ;  and  in  commerce,  manufactures,  and 
wealth,  it  is  the  first  city  on  the  globe.  Among  the  public  buildings, 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  Westminster  Abbey,  the  Tower,  and  the  Bank 
of  England,  are  noble  edifices.  The  city  is  connected  by  six  elegant 
bridges  across  the  Thames,  and  one  tunnel,  or  road  under  the  river. 


LONDOir. 


It  presents  a  striking  contrast  of  wealth  and  poverty,  of  intelligence 
and  ignorance,  and  of  morality  and  vice.  It  contains  a  number  of 
spacious  squares  and  parks,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  numerous 
literary,  scientific  and  charitable  institutions. 

Greenwich,  five  mile«v  below  London,  on  the  Thames,  is  noted  for 

ts  naval  hospital  for  disabled  seamen,  and  for  its  Royal  Observatory, 

from  which  longitude  is  reckoned.    Windsor,  22  miles  west  of  Lon- 


lUROPE 


189 


don,  on  the  Thames,  is  celebrated  for  its  beautiful  scenery,  and  its 
royal  castle,  the  summerresidenceof  the  English  sovereign. 

Liverpool,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mersey,  is  the  second  town 
in  the  kingdom,  in  commerce  and  wealth.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of 
the  trade  with  the  United  States,  and  by  means  of  canals  and  rail, 
ways,  is  connected  with  all  the  great  manufacturing  towns  in  the  in- 
terior. It  is  well  built,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  immense  docks,  and 
its  numerous  Hues  of  packets  to  all  the  principal  foreign  ports. 

Bristol,  situated  on  the  Avon,  is  the  third  commercial  town  in  Bng. 
land.  The  first  regular  line  of  steam  packets  between  Great  Britain 
and  New  York,  was  established  here  in  1838.  It  has  numerous 
manufactures,  and  is  noted  for  its  charitable  institutions. 

Manchester,  the  second  city  in  population,  is  famous  for  cotton 
manufactures,  Birmingham  for  hardware,  Sheffield  for  cutlery.  Kid 
derminster  for  carpets,  Leeds,  Wakefield,  Norwich  and  Exeter  for 
woollens,  Worcester  for  porcelain,  Oxford  and  Cambridge  for  their 
universities,  Portsmouth  and  Plymouth  for  being  the  great  naval  sin. 
tions  of  the  kingdom,  York  for  its  cathedral,  Newcastle  for  its  trade 
in  coals,  and  Bath  the  most  elegant  city  in  the  kingdom,  for  its  min* 
eral  waters.  -i 

Map  of  Europe,  in  what  direction  from  us  is  England  7  In 
what  direction  is  England  longest  ?  Which  extends  farthest  west, 
England  or  France  ?  What  cape  south-west  of  England  ?  What 
towns  can  you  mention  7 


Map  op  Enoland.  What  is  the  extent  of  England  and  Wales  7 
Population  7  What  two  capes  southv.  est  of  England  ?  What 
islands  near  Land's  End  7  s.  What  islands  in  the  British  channel 
belong  to  England  7  Jersey,  Guernsey,  Alderney,  Sark  and  Wight. 
How  wide  is  the  strait  of  Dover  7  What  is  the  population  of  London  7 
Manchester  7  Liverpool  7  Leeds  ?  In  what  direction  from  London 
is  Oxford  7  Cambridge  7  Dover  7  Chester  7  Bristol  7  Southamp- 
ton  7  York  7  What  places  are  connected  by  railroads  ?  What  is 
the  government  7  Religion  7  State  of  society  7  When  was  the 
batde  of  Hastings  fought  7  Blackheath  7  Wakefield  7  Boaworth  7 
How  do  England  and  Wales  compare  in  size  with  Virginia  7  How 
many  of  the  United  States  are  larger  than  England  and  Wales  7 


WALES. 
How  is  Wales  bounded  7     What  are  its  chief  towns  7 


Wales  is  a  mountainous  country,  and  is  noted  for 
its  deep  vallies,  roaring  torrents,  and  frightful  preci- 
pices, and  its  picturesque  scenery. 

The  climate  is  cold,  but  healthy,   and  the  valleys  fertile.     The 
chief  wealth  consists  in  its  minerals.    It  abounds  in  coal,  iron,  cop> 


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EUROPE 


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per  and  lead.  There  are  few  cities  or  large  towns  ;  but  in  all  parts 
there  are  numerous  quiet  and  pleasant  villages,  and  the  cuuiiiry  is 
Bcatteied  over  with  whitewashed  cottages,  remarkable  for  neatness, 
with  vines,  roses  and  honeysuckles  around  them. 

Wales  was  formerly  an  independent  kmgdom.  In  1283,  it  was 
conquered  by  Edward  I.  and  annexed  to  England.  The  oldest  son 
of  the  li  ing  of  England  is  styled  Prince  of  Wales. 

Character. — The  Welch  are  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Brit- 
ons, who  fled  from  England  at  the  time  of  the  Saxon  invasion.  Tliey 
are  industrious,  frugal,  virtuous  and  hospitable,  and  strongly  attucl.ed 
to  freedom  and  their  country. 

Cities  — Caernarvon  is  a  handsome  and  well  built  town,  noted  |or 
its  good  harbor,  and  ancient  castle  in  which  Edward  II.  was  born. 
Pembroke  is  situated  on  Milford  Haven,  the  most  capacious  and 
secure  harbor  in  Great  Britain.  Merthyr  Tydvil,  situated  in  the 
midst  oj  numerous  iron  foundries  and  furnaces,  is  the  most  populous 
town  in  Wales. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Wales  ?  In  what  direction  is  Wales 
longest'/  What  island  in  the  Irish  sea  near  Wales?  How  is  An- 
glesey  connected  to  Wales  ?  A.  By  the  Menai  bridge,  consisting  of 
inimense  iron  chains,  connecting  arches  of  masonry  560  feet  a|)art. 
Which  extends  farthest  south,  Wales  or  Ireland  ?  What  towns  can 
you  mention  in  Wales  ?  What  bays  on  the  coast  ?  What  rivers  rise 
in  Wales  ?     Where  do  they  empty  ? 


SCOTLAND.* 
How  is  Scotland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capita'  ? 


Scotland  is  a  cold,  rough  and  mountainous,  coun- 
try, noted  for  its  numerous  rivers  and  lakes,  and  fur 
the  grandeur  and  wildness  of  its  scenery. 

It  is  divided  by  the  Grampian  hills  into  two  parts  ;  the  Highlands 
in  the  north,  and  the  Lowlands  in  the  south.  The  former  consist 
chiefly  of  bleak  mountains,  covered  with  a  low  shrub  called  heath,  or 
heather,  and  well  adapted  for  pasturage.  The  latter  are  agreeably 
diversified  with  hills  and  plains,  and  in  general,  highly  cultivated. 

The  chief  productions  are  grain,  cattle,  sheep,  fish,  coal,  iron  and 
lead.  The  manufactures  are  important  and  flourishing.  The  prin- 
cipal  articles  are  cottons,  hnens,  woollens  and  iron  ware. 

The  coast  of  Scotland  is  lined  with  numerous  islands.  The  He- 
brides  or  Western  Islands  are  about  3U0  in  number,  and   contain 

*  Scotland,  anciently  called  Caledonia,  was  united  with  England  in 
1603. 


■UROPI 


191 


with  England  in 


about  70,000  inhabitants,  who  subsist  by  fishing,  raising  cattle,  killing 
sea- fowl,  and  gathering  their  eggs  from  the  rocks.     In  StafTa,  one  of 


finoal's  cave  in  staffa. 

these  islands,  is  a  remarkable  cavern,  of  great  extent,  called  Fingal's 
cave.  It  is  supported  on  each  side  by  ranges  of  columns,  and  roofed 
by  the  bottoms  of  such  as  have  been  broken  off.  On  the  north  of 
Scotland,  are  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  islands.  Many  of  these  are 
barren,  precipitous  rocks,  and  present  the  most  sublime  scenery. 
Vast  numbers  of  sheep  are  kept  on  these  islands,  and  v/ool  and  fish 
are  exported.  Scotland  abounds  in  lakes,  called  lochs.  Loch  Lo- 
mond, the  largest,  is  about  thirty  miles  in  length,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  sheets  of  water  in  Europe.  Loch  Katrine  is  smaller, 
and  is  remarkable  for  the  beauty  and  grandeur  of  its  scenery. 

Scotland  is  noted  for  its  excellent  system  of  education,  schools 
are  established  throughout  the  country,  and  the  people,  especHlly  in 
the  Lowlands,  are  among  the  best  educated  in  Europe.  There  are 
four  universities,  viz.  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Aberdeen,  and  St.  An- 
drews,  and  these  have  produced  some  of  the  ablest  scholars  of 
modern  times. 

Character. — The  Scotch  are  a  grave,  serious  and  reflecting  people. 
They  are  temperate,  hardy,  industrious,  and  enterprising,  and  are 
distinguished  for  their  general  education  and  morality.  Many  of 
them  have  been  eminent  in  the  sciences,  and  rank  among  the  most 
celebrated  philosophers,  historians  and  poets  of  Europe. 

Cities. — Edinburgh  is  a  large,  well  built  and  interesting  city.  It  is 
situated  about  two  miles  from  the  Frith  of  Forth,  on  an  eminence, 
and  makes  a  grand  appearance.    The  castle  is  built  on  a  rock  of 


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192 


tUROPI 


great  height,  and  looks  down  upon  the  city,  commanding  a  most  ex. 
tensive  and  beautiful  view.  It  has  few  manufactures,  and  is  chiefly 
distinguished  as  the  seat  of  science  and  literature.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  through  Leith,  its  seaport,  situated  two  miles  dig. 
tant,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth. 

Glasgow,  the  most  populous  city  in  Scotland,  is  distinguished  for 
its  manufactures  and  commerce.  It  is  well  built,  and  by  means  of 
canals  has  an  extensive  communication  with  the  interior.  Greenock 
is  the  port  of  Glasgow. 

Paisley  and  Perth  are  noted  for  the  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
hnen,  Aberdeen  for  its  university  and  ship  building,  Falkirk  for  its 
cattle  fairs,  Carron  for  its  iron  works,  and  Gretna  Green,  as  the  place 
where  runaway  lovers  from  England  are  married,  and  Melrose  fur 
its  abbey.  , 


Map  of  British  Isles.  In  what  direction  from  us  is  Scotland  ? 
What  rivers  and  hills  separate  Scotland  from  England?  What 
channel  separates  Scotland  from  Ireland  ?  What  rivers  can  you 
mention  ?  Towns  ?  Which  is  the  largest  city  ?  In  what  direction 
from  Edinburgh  is  Glasgow  ?  Perth  ?  Ayr  ?  Dundee  ?  Stirling  ? 
Dunbar?  What  islands  north-west  of  Scotland?  What  moun. 
tains  ?  Lakes  ?  What  is  said  of  Loch  Lomond  ?  Loch  Katrine  ? 
What  places  are  connected  by  railroads?  Canals?  What  is  the 
extent  of  Scotland  ?  Which  is  the  largest,  Scotland  or  this  state  ? 
What  is  the  population  ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  How  will 
you  go  from  Edinburgh   to  Dublin  ? 


IRELAND. 

How  is  Ireland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Ireland  is  a  beautiful,  fertile  and  populous  island, 
agreeably  diversified  with  hills  and  plains.  It  has  a 
mild,  moist  climate  and  is  noted  for  its  lakes,  and  ex- 
tensive peat  bogs. 

Ireland  is  famous  for  its  potatoes,  wliich  are  excellent  and  abun. 
dant,  and  form  the  principal  article  of  food  for  the  poorer  classes. 
Oats,  barley,  wheat,  grass  and  flax  are  extensively  cultivated.  Gra. 
zing  and  the  dairy  are  impor  ant  branches  of  industry,  and  produce 
the  best  beef  and  butter  in  Europe.  Immense  numbers  of  cattle  are 
exported  to  England.  The  chief  articles  of  manufacture  are  linens 
and  muslins. 

Among  the  natural  curiosities  of  Ireland,  the  Giant's  Causeway  is 
the  most  noted.  It  consists  of  several  hundred  thousand  columns  of 
basaltic  rock,  rising  from  2  to  400  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

There  are  mines  of  lead,  copper  and  cobalt.    Iron  ore  is  abun. 


E  U  Fi  0  P  E 


193 


iH|llil:ttill!il|Hllirl.i|  r.Mlli 


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giant's  causeway. 

dant,  and  mineral  springs  numerous.  There  is  a  great  deficiency  ot 
wood.  Turf  is  the  common  fuel.  The  coast  has  many  fine  har- 
bors,  and  is  well  adapted  to  commerce. 

The  condition  of  the  Irish  peasantry,  in  most  cases,  is  wretched  in 
the  extreme.  They  live  in  a  state  of  abject  poverty  and  iixnornnce, 
oppressed  by  the  great  landlords  and  their  agents,  compelled  by  the 
government  to  pay  one  tenth  part  of  their  produce  to  the  f  lergy  of 
the  church  of  England,  whom  they  never  hear  and  after  supporting 
their  own  clergy,  the  Roman  Catholic,  they  have  but  little  left  for 
themselves  or  families  to  subsist  upon,  except  a  few  potatoes,  and  a 
small  quantity  of  oat  bread  and  milk.  Industry  is  thus  discouraged  ; 
beggars  are  numerous,  and  the  poor  peasant  has  nothing  to  encour. 
age  him,  and  regards  poverty  as  his  inevitable  lot. 

Character. — The  Irish  are  brave,  quick  witted,  active,  and  hospita. 
ble.  They  are  distinguished  for  benevolence,  and  politeness.  The 
higher  classes  resemble  those  of  Great  Britain,  and  are  exceeded  by 
none  in  intelligence,  military  skili,  and  generous  hospitality. 

Cities. — Dublin  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  LiflTey,  about 
seven  miles  from  the  Irish  sea.  In  extent  and  population,  it  is  the 
second  city  in  the  British  Empire.  Many  of  its  streets  are  broad, 
well  built,  and  its  public  edifices  are  numerous  and  magnificent.  It 
contains  a  number  of  fine  and  spacious  squares,  and  its  harbor  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  Europe. 

Cork  is  the  first  commercial  city  in  Ireland.  It  is  noted  for  its 
safe,  capacious,  and  strongly  fortified  harbor,  and  for  its  exports  of 
salted  provisions. 


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164 


EUROPE 


V'lKW    l.N    DL'BLIN. — NI.LSON's  MONUMENT. 

Limerick,  VVuiertord,  Belfast  and  Galway,  are  noted  ft»r  trade  and 
linbii  manuiuctures,  Kildure  tor  horse  races,  and  Baliinasloe  fur  cuiile 
faire. 


Map  of  British  Isles.  What  separate  Ireland  from  Great 
Britain  ?  What  rivers  in  Ireland  ?  Lakes  ?  Which  is  the  largest 
city?  Its  population?  In  what  direction  from  DubUn  is  Cork? 
Limerick?  Belfast?  Waterfoid  ?  Londonderry?  Newry?  Gal. 
way  ?  Kilkenny  ?  Sligo  t  Dmgle  ?  What  is  the  government  of 
Ireland  ?  What  is  the  chief  ruler  styled?  Lord  Lieutenant.  Tho 
Religion?  State  of  society  ?  What  is  the  extent?  Which  is 
largest,  Ireland  or  this  state?  What  is  the  population  ?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Dubhn  to  Christiana  ? 


1    I 


mi !' 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 


The  kingdom  of  Sweden  and  Norway  comprises  a 
vast  peninsula,  remarkable  for  its  mountains,  exten- 
sive forests  of  pine,  numerous  rivers  and  lakes,  and 
for  its  valuable  mines. 

Sweden  and  Norway  were  united  into  one  kingdom  in  1814.  Al- 
ihough  unde"  the  control  of  the  same  sovereign,  each  state  has  its 
own  particular  constitution,  its  own  laws,  and  national  legislature. 


Ml  .VI; 


EUROPE. 


195 


What  1)0(1  icH  of  waur  around  this  prraf  prnijiHiiIn  ?  WImf  is  the 
width  o(  the  isthmus  that  connects  it  to  Rut^ain,  or  in  other  words, 
whnt  is  the  distance  hetwern  the  northern  exfrenii'v  of  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia  ond  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  A.  201)  niih-s.  Whnt  tnountnins 
between  Sweden  and  Norway  ?  In  what  zones  is  tlie  kingiluin  of 
Norway  and  Sweden  ? 

NORWAY. 

How  is  Norway  hounded  ?     Wliot  ia  its  Cftpi'nl  ? 

Norway  is  a  cold,  barren, and  mountainous  country, 
and  abounds  In  sublime  nnd  romantic  scenery.  Its 
chief  wealth  consists  in  its  fisheries,  mines  of  iron, 
copper,  lead  and  silver,  and  in  its  immense  forests  of 
pine,  which  furnish  large  quantities  of  lumber  for  ex- 
portation. 

Norway  is  the  most  mountninous  country  in  Europe  cxeepf  Swit- 
zerland. The  soil  is,  genernlly,  unfit  fi)r  cultivation.  The  climate 
issuhject  to  threat  extremes.  The  cold  is  severe  in  winter,  and  the 
heat  excessive  in  summer,  hut  of  short  duration. 

Near  the  coast  of  Norway,  ia  the  terrific  whirlpool,  called  the 
Maelstrom.*  *  It  can  he  heard  at  a  great  distance,  and  is  so  violent 
that  every  thing  which  comes  near  it,  is  drawn  in,  and  dashed  in 
pieces. 


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THE   MAELSTROM. 


9* 


*  Mawl'strum. 


IP 


I'  , 
I  '  1 

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4    ; 


196 


EUROPE. 


Character. — The  Norwegians  are  honest,  industrious,  frugal, 
brave  and  hospitable,  and  passionately  attached  to  freedom  and  ih^ir 
native  country.  They  are  generally  well  instructed  in  the  common 
branches  of  education,  and  every  man  is  his  own  tailor,  carpenter, 
smith,  &c.  In  conse(]uence  of  their  temperance  and  tne  purity  of 
the  ;iir,  they  live  to  a  great  age. 

Cities. — Christiana  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  northern  extrem. 
ity  oflhe  bay  of  Ghrirftiansfiord.  It  contains  n  university,  a  itailie. 
dral,  and  several  churches,  and  is  noted  for  its  excellent  harbor. 
It  has  much  trade,  chiefly  in  lumber  and  iron. 

Bergen,  the  former  capital,  is  well  built,  and  carries  on  a  consider- 
able  trade  in  lumber,  tar  and  dried  fish.  It  has  a  cathedral,  castle, 
and  several  churches.  It  is  noted  for  its  sheltered  situation  ai,.J  frc. 
quent  rains. 

Drontheim,  anciently  the  residence  of  the  Norwegian  kings,  is 
well  built,  has  a  good  harbor,  and  considerable  trade. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Norway?  In  what  direction  is  Nor. 
way  longest  ?  Which  has  the  greatest  extent,  Norway  or  this  staip  ? 
Population  ?  In  what  does  the  chief  wealth  of  Norway  consist  ? 
What  is  the  face  of  the  country  f  Soil?  Climate?  For  what  is  the 
coas!  of  Norway  remarkable  ?  What  is  the  character  of  the  people  ? 
Is  Norway  an  indepeiideni  kingdom  ?  When  was  it  ceded  to  Swe. 
den  ?  What  mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden  ?  Which  is 
the  most  northern  cape?  Southern  cape''  What  noted  curi(»sity 
near  Frederickshall  ?  A.  An  immense  cavern  which  has  been  es- 
tima!ed  at  eleven  thousand  feet  in  depth.  What  towns  can  you 
menrion  ■?  Which  is  the  largest?  Rivers?  Which  is  Idtigtjst? 
What  islands  on  the  coast?  What  is  the  Government  ?  ReiiL'iitn? 
State  of  society  ?     How  will  you  sail  from  Christiana  to  Stockhoim? 


SWEDEN. 


How  is  Sweden  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


^^Sweden  is  a  large,  thinly  settled,  and  generally 
level  country,  abounding  in  lakes,  rivers  and  lurosts. 
Its  chief  wealth  consists  in  its  mines  of  iron,  sih'er, 
co-^'pcr  and  lead,  and  in  its  extensive  pine  ii>rests, 
v/nich  furnish  lumber,  pitch,  tar  and  turpentine  for 
exportation. 

Sweden,  like  most  northern  countries,  has  but  two  seasons  W|ning 
and  autumn  are  scarcely  perceived.  Winter  continues  abo  ii  nine 
monihs,  during  which  the  cold  is  excessive.    Suiuuier  cuutiiiues  ubout 


EUROPE. 


197 


three  months,  and  commences  so  suddenly  that  the  vallies  which  be 
fore  were  covered  with  snow,  become  green  in  a  few  da3'8.     Seeds 
rapidly  spring  up  and  arrive  at  maiurity  in  the  epuce  of  seven  or  eight 
weeks. 

Character. — The  Swedes  are  polite,  brave  nnd  hospitable,  and  are 
distinguished  for  their  general  education,  morahty  and  lovn  of  tree, 
dom. 

Cities. — Stockholm  stands  on  st.ven  rocky  ifelands  in  the  strait 
which  connects  lake  Malar  with  the  Baltic.  The  form  of  the  city  is 
an  oblong,  and  presents  a  view  hijjlily  beautiful  and  nimaniic.  It 
contains  a  magnificent  royal  palace,  uikI  maii}'  other  elegant  edinces. 
It  lias  a  safe  and  commodious  harbor,  and  an  exteiisi'  e  trade. 

Gottenburg,  situated  at  the  moiiih  of  the  Gotha,  is  next  to  Stock, 
holm  in  coninier.e  populaticjn  and  wealth.  It  is  a  haiulsoine  city, 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  Swedish  East  India  Company,  it  has  several 
manufactories,  schools,  and  an  extensive  commerce. 

Upsal,  formerly  the  metropolis  of  Sweden,  i?  noted  fir  its  univer. 
gity,  Carlscrona  for  being  the  station  of  the  Swedish  navy,  Fahlun, 
for  its  copper  mines,  Dannemora  for  its  iron  mine,  and  Sala  for  its 
eilver  mine.  Tornea  has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  a  noted  resort  for 
the  Laplanders,  Norwegians,  Swedes  and  Russians,  to  barter  their 
furs  and  skins  for  other  articles. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Sweden  ?  In  what  direction  is  Swe- 
den longest?  Which  part  of  Sweden  do  you  think,  has  the  warm- 
est  chmate  ?  Why  ?  How  many  seasons  are  there  in  Sweden  ? 
How  much  longer  is  winter  generally  than  summer  ?  What  are  the 
principal  rivers  of  Sweden,  and  where  do  they  empty  ?  Chief  towns, 
and  how  situated  ?  What  lakes  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  Sweden  ? 
Population?  Government.''  Religion?  State  of  society  ?  How 
will  you  sail  from  Stockholm  to  Tornea  ? 


I' 


m 


LAPLAND. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Lapland  ? 

Lapland  comprises  the  northern  part  of  Norway, 
Sweden  and  Russia.  It  is  a  cold,  and  desolate  re- 
gion, and  thinly  inhabited. 

Nearly  the  whole  country  is  a  mass  of  mountains,  intermixed  with 
lakes  and  marshy  forests.  It  is  covered  with  snow  two-thirds  of  the 
year 

Lapland  abounds  in  iron  and  other  minerals.  A  few  kinds  of 
grain  are  cultivated,  in  the  southern  part.  Among  the  various  ani- 
nials,  the  reindeer  is  most  valuable,  and  is  to  the  Laplander  wliatthe 


J  98 


EUROPE. 


v:il 


h'r-'m 


LAPLANDER  TRAVELLING. 

camel  is  to  the  Arab.  It  is  his  chief  support.  It  serves  /ini  as  p  beast 
of  burden.  When  harnesscfi  to  a  slecige,  it  draws  him  and  nisgiroda 
from  plcU'e  fo  place,  at  the  rate  of  80  or  100  miles  a  day.  Its  milk 
and  flesh  s\ipi>ly  him  with  food,  and  irssUin  with  clothmsr. 

In  the  northern  part,  during  winter,  the  sun  does  not  appear  above 
the  horizon  fornbont  t^even  weeks,  and  in  summer,  does  noi  set  tor 
the  same  length  of  time. 


'^m 


rn 


i  t^|"i'' ;  fi'ii 

mmm 


VIEW  OF   NORTH   CAPE  AT   MIDNIGHT  IN   SUMMER. 


EUROPE. 


199 


Character. — The  Laplanders  are  between  four  and  five  feet  in 
height,  strong,  hardy  and  active.  They  are  of  a  dark  complexion, 
with  black  hair.  They  i  e  under  no  regular  government,  and  remove 
about  from  place  to  j\f  with  their  herds  of  reindeer.  In  summer, 
they  live  in  tents,  and  i'  winter,  in  low,  rnde  huts,  formed  of  poles  and 
stones,  covered  with  birch  twigs  and  earth,  having  a  hole  at  the  top 
for  the  smoke  to  escape.  They  are  ignorant  and  superstitious,  having 
neither  writing  nor  letters,  but  only  a  few  hieroglyphics.  Their  re- 
ligion is  a  mixture  of  Christianity  and  paganism.  Notwithstanding 
the  dreariness  of  their  country,  they  prefer  it  to  every  other. 

Towns. — Kola  is  the  capital  of  Russian  Lapland,  and  Tornea  of 
Swedish  Lapland. 


Which  is  the  most  northern  country  in  Europe  ?  In  what  direc 
lion  is  Lapland  longest  ?  What  ocean,  sea  and  gulf,  border  on  Lap- 
jnnd  ?  To  what  government  does  the  eastern  part  nominally  belong  ? 
The  southern  ?  Western  ?  Do  these  governments  exercise  any 
authority  over  the  Laplandi  rs  ?  Why  not  ?  What  constitutes  the 
chitf  support  of  the  Laplanders  ?  What  different  uses  do  they 
make  of  the  reindeer  ?  What  towns  or  settlements?  Under  what 
kind  of  government  do  they  live  ?  Their  religion  ?  State  of  socie- 
ty ?  Whv  do  the  Laplanders  prefer  tdeir  own  dreary  country  to  a]i 
others  ?     How  will  you  sail  from  Tornea  to  St.  Petersburg  ? 


•  '111 

I 


RUSSIAN  EMPIRE. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Russian  Empire  ? 

In  extent  of  territory  the  Russian  empire  surpasses 
all  others  on  the  globe.  It  embraces  nearly  half  of 
Europe,  more  than  one- third  of  Asia,  and  the  north- 
western part  of  North  America.  Though  of  modern 
origin,  its  resources  are  unbounded,  its  power  vast, 
and  it  holds  the  first  rank  among  military  nations. 

What  part  of  Europe  does  the  Russian  Empire  embrace  ?  What 
part  of  Asia  ?  North  America  ?  In  what  direction  is  the  Russian 
empire  longest  ?  What  proportion  of  the  earth's  circumference  does 
the  Russian  empire  encompass  ?  A.  More  than  one  half.  What 
countries  lie  between  the  eastern  and  western  limits  of  the  empire? 
What  title  is  given  to  the  emperor  of  Russia?  A.  Czar,  and  some. 
times  he  is  styled  the  "  Autocrat,"  which  means  absolute  sovereign. 
Which  part  of  the  Russian  empire,  the  European,  the  Asiatic,  ci 
North  American,  extends  farthest  south  ? 


;l 


I" 


mi 


200 


EUROPE 


^S^ 


RUSSIA  IN  EUROPE. 

How  is  Russia  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  7 

Russia  is  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  most  level 
countries  in  Europe,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  vast 
plains  and  majestic  rivers. 

In  a  country  so  extensive,  is  found  almost  every 
variety  of  climate  and  production.  The  southern 
parts  are  mild  and  productive  ;  the  northern  are  cold 
and  mostly  covered  with  immense  forests  of  pine. 

The  commerce  of  Russia  is  very  extensive,  and  by  means  of  its 
numerous  rivers  and  canals,  an  internal  communication  is  opened 
throughout  all  parts  of  the  interior,  reaching  from  the  Black  and 
Caspian  sens,  to  the  Baltic  and  Arctic  ocean. 

The  principal  articles  of  export  are  tallow,  flax,  hemp,  wheat,  iron, 
timber  and  tar.  Furs,  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  of  erreat  amount  and 
value,  are  brought  from  Siberia.  At  Kiatka,  the  Chinese  merchants 
meet  the  Russians,  and  numerous  caravans  proceed  into  the  interior 
of  Tartary,  while  Persia  is  visited  across  the  Caspian. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures,  though  yet  in  a  rude  state,  are  im- 
proving.  The  seal  and  sturgeon  fisheries  of  the  Caspian  and  Black 
seas,  and  of  the  river  Volga  are  very  extensive  and  productive.  The 
raising  of  cattle  is  the  chief  business  of  the  husbandman.  There  are 
valuable  mines  of  silver,  copper,  and  especially  iron  ;  also  gold  and 
platina.  Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  education.  The  govern, 
ment  of  late,  has  made  exertions  to  introduce  schools  for  the  in. 
struction  of  the  lower  classes.  There  are  seven  universities,  and 
numerous  seminaries,  highly  endowed  and  patronized,  for  the  pro. 
motion  of  literature  and  science. 

The  military  force  of  Russia  is  great,  and  is  the  subject  of  anxiety 
and  terror  to  Europe.  The  regular  army  amounts  to  nearly  a  mil- 
lion of  men,  besides  a  considerable  navy,  both  on  the  Baltic  and 
Black  seas.  The  real  strength  of  the  Russian  army,  however,  con- 
sists not  so  much  in  its  numbers,  as  in  the  passive  and  iron  vaior  of 
its  infantry,  and  the  rapid  and  skillfi>l  movements  of  its  cavalry,  the 
Cossacks,  Baskirs,  and  other  tribes  of  Tartars. 

Character. — The  Russians  are,  in  general,  a  well  formed  and 
courageous  race  of  men,  with  tolerably  fair  complexions.  They  are 
divided  into  four  classes:  1st,  the  nobility;  2d,  the  clergy;  3d,  the 
common  people  ;  and  4th,  the  peasants,  or  as  they  are  more  usually 
called,  the  serfs  or  boors.  The  latter  are  generally  in  a  state  of  ab- 
ject r*)verty  and  ignorance,  and  are  the  property  of  the  crown,  or  of 
individual  nobles. 


fl 


m 


EUROPE 


201 


ii 


STATUE    OF    PETER   THE   GREAT. 

Cities. — St.  Petkrsburg  was  founded  in  1704,  by  Peter  the  Great 
It  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  tlie  river  Neva,  at  its  entrance  into  the 
gulf  of  Finland.  It  is  a  ina^nific^'nt  city,  and  surpasses  all  otiiersof 
Europe,  in  the  spk-ndor  of  us  streets  and  edifices. 

Moscow,  the  ancient  capital,  is  one  of  t!ie  most  populous  cities  of 
Europe.  It  is  situated  on  the  river  Moskwa^  and  is  the  centre  of  the 
iniernal  trade  of  Russia,  it  was  burned  in  IHI*2,  to  prevent  its  fail- 
ing into  the  power  of  the  French.  It  has  since  been  rebuilt,  and  is 
more  nia;i;nifict;ni  an!  regular  than  before.  It  contains  many  s||tiidid 
palaces  and  public  edifices.  The  [)rincipal  curiosity  of  Moscnw,  is 
its  enormous  bell,  weighin"^  443,000  pounds.  It  is  the  largest  in  the 
world,  and  has  never  been  removed  from  the  pit  in  which  ii  was  cast. 

Odessa  is  a  well  built  and  flouri.shing  place,  and  is  the  centre  of 
trade  fi)r  all  southern  Russia.  It  is  the  second  commercial  city  in 
the  empire,  and  is  noted  for  its  exportation  of  wheat. 

Cronsiadt,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  20  miles 
from  St.  Petersburg,  is  noted  for  its  extensive  fortifications,  docks, 
arsenals,  &c.  It  is  ttie  principal  station  of  the  Russian  navy,  and 
forms  the  chief  defence  oi'the  capital. 

Archangel,  situated  on  the  Dwina,  four  miles  from  the  White  sea, 
is  noted  for  being  the  most  northerly  seaport  in  Europe.  Rign,  ^itu- 
ated  on  the  Duna,  five  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  distinguished  for  its 
extensive  commerce,  Zula,  for  its  manufacture  of  fire  arms,  and 
Astrachan  for  its  extensive  trade  and  sturgeon  fisheries. 

Novgorod,  the  great,  situated  near  lake  Ilmen,  is  one  of  the  most 
ancient  cities  of  Russia.  It  was  once  a  powerful  city,  the  proud 
capital  ol  the  north,  and  held  wide  sway  over  the  regions  round  the 
Baltic.    It  was  said  of  it,  "  who  can  resist  God  and  the  Great  Nov- 


■ 


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202 


EUROPE. 


gorod."  It  is  much  reduced,  and  few  objects  convey  more  melun« 
choly  impressions  of  fallen  grandeur.  New  Novgorod,  or  the  little, 
situated  at  the  Junction  of  tlie  Oka  and  Volga,  is  the  great  commer- 
cial link  between  Europe  and  Asia,  It  is  a  handsome  city,  and  is 
noted  for  its  great  fairs,  for  the  sale  of  the  various  products  of  Europe 
and  Asia. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Russia  ?  What  five  seas  around 
Russia  ?  c.  A.  B.  B.  w.  What  two  large  rivers  empty  in  the  Caspian 
Bea?  V.  u.  What  into  the  sea  of  Azoff?  d.  Black  sea?  d.  b.  d.  d. 
Baltic?  V.  N.  D.  White  sea  ?  o.  d.  m.  Arctic  Ocean?  p.  Which 
is  the  longest  river  in  Russia  ?  The  next  longest  ?  What  lakes  ? 
L.  0.  r.  T.  What  connects  lake  Ladoga  to  the  gulf  of  Finland  ?  A. 
The  river  Neva.  What  gulfs  ?  What  chain  of  mountains  between 
Russia  and  Siberia  ?  What  is  their  length  ?  Between  Russia  and 
Georgia  ?  Thtir  length  ?  How  many  towns  can  you  mention,  and 
where  are  they  situated  ?  When  was  Azoff  taken  from  the  Turks 
by  Peter  the  Great  ?  When  was  Charles  XII.  defeated  at  Poltava, 
by  Peter  the  Great .'  When  was  Moscow  taken  by  ihe  French  ? 
What  is  the  government  of  Russia ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society? 
What  is  the  extent  of  Russia  in  Europe  ?  Population  ?  What  is 
the  population  of  the  Russian  empire  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  St. 
Petersburg  to  Warsaw  ? 


.  POLAND.* 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Poland  ?     What  was  its  Capital  ? 


Poland  was  formerly  one  of  the  nnost  powerful 
kingdoms  in  Europe.  It  was  divided  between  Rus- 
sia, Prussia  and  Austria,  and  in  1795,  ceased  to  be  an 
independent  nation. 

*  Poland  was  formerly  a  large,  pf>vverful,  and  independent  kingdom 
butformany  centuries  past.it  has  been  remarkable  furits  miserable  con- 
dition.  It  contained  284,000  square  miles,  and  about  15,000,000  inhabit- 
ants. In  1772,  it  became  distracted  by  internal  dissensions.  This  fur- 
nished Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  with  a  pretence  for  interference. 
They  accordingly  took  possession  of  a  large  portion  of  the  country,  and 
divided  it  between  them.  In  1793,  they  interfered  a  second  time,  and 
dismembered  a  second  portion.  In  1795,  they  interfered  a  third  time, 
and  divided  the  remainder  of  the  country  between  them.  Thus  by  an 
act  of  the  grossest  injustice,  Polrmd  was  blotted  out  of  the  list  of  king- 
doms. In  1815  the  Congress  of  Vienna  erected  a  small  portion  of  the 
central  part  of  ancient  Poland — containing  47,000  square  miles,  and 
2,800,0()0  inhabitants — into  a  state,  by  the  name  of  the  "  Kingdom  of  Po- 
land," and  placed  it  under  the  government  of  the  emperor  of  Russia, 


EUROPE 


203 


Although  Poland  has  ceased  to  constitute  an  independent  and  sin- 
gle state,  still  the  country  is  distinctly  separated  from  those  which 
siiiroiinfl  it,  by  national  character,  language  and  manners.  It  is  still 
the  land  of  the  Poles,  although  its  detached  fragments  have  become 
Russian,  Austrian  or  Prussian  provinces.  The  present  population 
isiihout  l5,00(),(Km. 

Poland  is  one  of  the  most  level  countries  in  Europe  and  derives  its 
name  from  "  Po/Ucn"  a  Sclavonic  word,  which  meaus  a  plain.  It 
loims  indeed  a  pnri  of  thiU  immense,  unvaried  jil.iin,  which  covers 
h;  northern  portion  of  all  the  countries  of  central  Europe,  and  cx- 
jiiinfls  in  Russia  to  its  greatest  breadth,  exceeding  V2(M)  miles. 

The  climate  of  Poland  is  cold  and  moist,  and  the  soil  exceedingly 
fiitiie,  and  so  well  ad  ipted  to  the  g  owih  of  grain  that  the  annual 
>\port  has  been  estimated  at  sixteen  million  of  bushels. 

Character.— The  Poles  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  nobles 
and  |»easants.  The  former  are  tall,  robust  and  handsome,  brave, 
fiiUik,  gay,  courteous  in  their  manners,  and  hos})itable  to  strangers. 
The  latter  are  ignorant,  indolent,  servile,  and  but  slaves  to  the 
iiolilrs. 

Warsaw,  the  late  capital,  is  a  walled  town  of  great  strength.  It 
is  favorably  situated  for  commerce,  and  possesses  an  extensive  inland 
tpiJe.  It  presents  a  melancholy  appearance,  exhibiting  a  singular 
coutrastof  wealth  and  poverty,  of  luxury  and  want,  which  pervade 
everypart  of  this  unhappy  country. 


The  Repub[.ic  op  Cracow. 

This  small  republic  was  formed  in  ISl.*!,  by  Russia,  Austria,  and 
Prussia.  It  consists  of  Cracow,  the  ancient  capital  of  Poland,  and 
a  small  surrounding  territory.  It  comprises  an  area  of  about  .500 
iquare  mil;  s,  and  100,000  inhabitants. 

Cracow,  on  the  Vistula,  is  an  ancient  city.  It  is  noted  for  its 
jr^al  square,  its  cathedral,  churches,  monasteries  and  convents. 
Almost  every  building,  however,  bears  the  mark  of  ruined  grandeur. 
.\  remarkable  monument  has  been  erected  here,  to  the  memory  of 
Kosciusko.  It  consists  of  a  mound  300  feet  high,  and  2*5  feet  in 
diameter  at  the  base. 


ill 


;i 


whit  in  consequence,  added  to  his  title,  "  king  of  Poland."  A  Polish 
constitution  was  soon  issued  by  the  emperor  Alexander,  consisting  of  165 
articles,  which,  if  faithfully  executed,  would  have  promoted  the  welfare 
of  Poland.  But  these  articles  were  basely  violated  by  the  Russians,  and 
the  most  unjust  cruelties  were  inflicted  on  the  brave  Poles.  At  length, 
(in  the  29th  of  November,  1830,  an  insurrection  broke  out  at  Warsaw, 
and  quickly  extended  throughout  the  kingdom  and  other  parts  of  ancient 
Poland.  A  powerful  Russian  army  immediately  invaded  the  country, 
and  after  a  short  but  severe  struggle  for  independence,  the  Poles  were 
subdued  ;  and  by  a  proclamation  of  the  emperor  Nicholas,  in  1832,  Po- 
land was  incorporated  with  Russia,  and  has  since  formed  an  integral  part 
of  that  mighty  empire. 


I 


204 


EUROPE 


The  sail  mine  of  Wieliczka,*  the  largest  and  most  remarkahic  in 
the  world,  is  about  seven  miles  soutli-east  of  Cracow.  It  belongs  lo 
Austria. 


Us,  r 

.M-  ■ 


ii|;;- 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Poland  ?  What  was  Poland  former. 
ly  ?  What  is  it  now  ?  What  is  the  length  of  the  Vistula  ?  What 
cities  on  it  ?     How  will  you  go  from  Warsaw  to  Berlin  ? 


PRUSSIA. 


VIEW   IN    BERLIN. 

How  is  Prussia  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Prussia  was  formerly  a  small  state  of  Germany ; 
but  by  fi^radual  accession  of  territory,  it  has  become 
one  of  the  first  kingdoms  in  Europe. 

It  consists  of  two  divisions,  viz.  the  eastern,  as  re- 
presented on  the  map  of  Europe,  and  the  western, 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine,  adjoining  Holland 
and  Belgium. 

Prussia  is  generally  a  level  country,  with  numerous  lakes,  rivers, 
and  marshes.  The  climate  is  healthy  and  the  soil  in  most  parts  fer- 
tile.   Grain  and  cattle  are  the  chief  productions.    The  most  noted 

♦We-lich'ka. 


Al 


EUROPE 


205 


mineral  pr» >\.'..tion  is  amber,  which  is  found  on  the  shores  of  the 

Baltic. 

Its  foreign  commerce  is  not  extensive,  but  its  inland  trade  is  con- 
siderable. The  principal  manufactures  are  linens,  woollens,  and 
articles  of  iron  and  steel. 

Prussia  is  particularly  distinguished  for  its  system  of  popular  ed- 
ucation. Public  schools  are  establislied  by  the  government,  throuj^h- 
out  the  kingdom,  to  which  every  parent  is  required  to  send  his 
children. 

Chfiracter. — The  Prussians  are  intelligent,  brave,  industrious,  and 
fond  of  military  parade.  The  army  of  Prussia  is  famous  for  its  dis- 
cipline, and  almost  every  man  in  the  kingdom,  is  required  Jo  serve 
ill  it  as  a  soldier,  for  three  years. 

Cities. — Bkrlin,  situated  on  the  river  Spree,  a  small  branch  of  the 
Elbe,  is  one  of  the  most  mf\gnificent  cities  in  Europe.  It  is  distin- 
2;uislied  for  its  splendid  edifices,  its  numerous  literary  institutions,  its 
university,  and  for  the  extent  of  its  manufactures. 

Dantzic,  formerly  the  e:rand  emporium  of  Poland,  is  situated  on 
the  Vistula,  five  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  a  large,  populous, 
iveaUhy  and  strongly  fortified  city,  and  is  noted  for  its  extensive 
convnerce. 

Breslau,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Silesia,  is  a  well  built,  pop- 
ulous and  fortified  city,  distinguished  for  its  manufacture  of  linen. 

Mag'-de-burg,  situated  on  bolli  sides  of  the  Elbe,  is  one  of  the  most 
strongly  fortified  cities  in  Europe.  It  has  an  extensive  trade,  and  a 
greeit  variety  of  manufactures. 

Kon-ings-burg,  on  the  river  Pregel,  formerly  the  capital  of  Prus- 
sia, i^  a  large  and  handsome  city,  noted  for  its  inland  and  foreign 
trade. 

Cologne,*  in  the  western  part  of  the  Prussian  dominions  is  an  old 
and  rather  decayed  town  on  the  Rhine,  noted  for  its  trade,  and  man- 
ufacture of  Cologne  water. 

In  what  direction  is  Prussia  longest  ?  Of  how  many  portions  does 
it  consist  ?  Which  is  the  largest  portion  ?  Which  are  the  four  prin. 
cipal  rivers  of  the  eastern  portion  ?  e.  o.  r.  n.  What  is  the  length  of 
each  ?  Which  one  of  the  western  portion  ?  r.  How  many  towns 
can  you  mention  in  each  portion  ?  Which  is  the  most  populous  ? 
[See  map  of  Central  Europe.]  What  is  the  extent  of  Prussia  ?  Pop- 
ulation ?  Government  ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Berlin  to  Vienna  ? 


AUSTRIA. 

How  is  Austria  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Austria  was  formerly  a  small  state,  but  its  limits 

*  Co-lone'. 


206 


EUROPI- 


M 


te-'^ 


,■  f 


have  been  increased  by  treaty  and  conquest,  until  it 
has  become  a  large,  populous  and  powerful  empire. 

The  Austrian  empire  comprises  nearly  one-thirrJ  part  of  what  wns 
once  culled  Germany,  the  norihern  part  of  Italy,  styled  the  kingddm 
of  Lombardy  and  Venice,  the  kino^dom,  of  Hutigary,  and  a  consid- 
erable portion  of  Poland,  now  called  the  kinjidom  of  Gallicia. 

The  whole  empire,  with  the  exception  of  the  mountain  borders, 
enjoys  (he  happiest  climate,  and  is  fitted  to  produce  grain  ofdifl'ereiu 
kinds,  wine,  silks,  and  other  valuable  productions  in  the  high*  .st  pfr- 
fection  The  soil  in  most  parts  is  excelle!it  The  kingdom  of 
Lombardy  and  Venice,  on  account  of  its  fertility  and  liigh  culii- 
vati(tn,  has  been  styled  "the  garden  of  Europe." 

The  mineral  productions  of  Austria  are  various.  Hungary  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver;  lllyria  for  its  mines 
of  mercury  or  quicksilver  ;  and  Gallicia,  for  those  of  salt.  Besides 
these,  iron,  copper,  lead  and  tin  are  found  in  various  parts. 

The  salt  mine  of  Wie-licz-ka,  seven  miles  south-east  of  Cracow,  is 
the  largest  in  the  world,  and  has  been  worked  000  years.  The  prin- 
cipal mine  is  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  about  1000  feet  broad,  ana 
1500  feet  deep.  The  quantity  of  salt  produced  yearly  at  these  mitu  s, 
is  valued  at  S800,000.  The  mine  exhibits  a  spacious  plain,  wiih 
lofty  vaulted  roofs,  supported  by  columns  of  salt,  whicli  have  b(  en 
left  standing  by  the  workmen.  This  mine  formerly  belonged  to 
Poland,  but  in  the  first  partition  of  that  unhappy  country,  in  1772,  it 
came  into  the  possession  of  Austria. 

Character. — The  inhabitnnts  are  composed  principally  of  four  dis- 
tinct races,  Sclavonians.  Germans,  Hungarians  and  Italians,  all 
differing  in  language  and  habits.  In  Hungary,  Gypsies  are  numer- 
ous. The  Austrians  are  generally  industrious,  patient  and  persever- 
ing, and  noted  for  vivacity  and  fondness  of  music. 

Cities. — Vienna,  situated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  south  bank  of 
the  Danube,  holds  a  high  rank  among  the  cities  of  Europe  for  sci- 
ence, arts,  commerce  and  nfinement.  It  contains  many  elegant 
palaces,  churches,  and  other  public  buildings.  The  Prater  near  the 
city,  is  a  celebrated  place  of  amusement,  consisting  of  a  grove  laid 
out  with  promenades  and  avenues, 

Prague,  the  capitf  1  of  Bohemia,  situated  on  the  Muldau,  a  branch 
of  the  Elbe,  is  a  lar^^c  and  strongly  fortified  city,  and  contains  sev- 
eral ancient  palaces.  It  has  the  oldest  university  in  Germany, 
founded  in  1348.  It  has  been  the  scene  of  numerous  battles  and 
sieges,  and  exhibits  but  the  remnants  of  its  former  magnificence  and 
splendor. 

Venice  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  72  small 
islands,  connected  by  500  bridges."  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a 
republic  of  the  same  name,  and  the  greatest  commercial  city  on  tlie 
globe.  Though  much  reduced,  it  is  still  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
and  remarkable  cities  of  Europe.  It  has  canals  instead  of  streets- 
boats  instead  of  cars — and  gondolas  instead  of  coaches. 


UROPB. 


207 


THE    RIALTO    IN   VENICE. 

Milan,  the  capital  of  tlie  kit^doin  of  Lombnrdy  and  Venice,  situ- 
ated in  a  ricli  and  beautiful  plain,  watered  by  the  Po,  is  a  nol)le  and 
ma^Miificent  city.  Its  cathedral  is  liie  finest  s()ecirnen  of  Gothic  ar- 
clutecture  in  existence. 

Buda,  the  capital  of  Hunirary,  is  noted  for  its  palaces  p.nd  baths; 
Pest  for  its  university  and  several  literary  institutions.  These  two 
cities  are  united  by  a  bridge  of  boats  across  the  Danube,  and  together 
form  the  most  important  city  in  Hungary. 

Lernburg,  the  capital  of  Gallicia,  is  noted  for  its  inland  trade  ; 
Brunn,  the  capital  of  Moravia,  for  its  strong  citadel  and  manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  velvet  and  plush  ;  and  Toplitz  for  its  warm  spritigs. 

Trieste,  situated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  in  Illyria,  has  a  spat  iou« 
harbor,  is  strongly  fortified,  and  is  the  principal  seaport  of  the  Aus- 
trian empire. 


In  what  direction  is  the  Austrian  Empire  longest '  Of  what  does 
it  consist  ?  What  is  the  principal  river  in  Austria  ?  d.  What 
branches  has  the  Danube?  n.  s.  t.  What  mountains  in  Austria? 
How  many  towns  can  you  mention  ?  Which  is  most  populous  ? 
What  town  in  the  northern  part,  memorable  for  the  imprisonment  of 
La  Fayette  ?  o.  In  what  direction  from  Olmutz  is  Prague,  capital 
of  Bohemia?  Austerlitz?  When  was  the  battle  of  Austerlitz 
fought?  What  is  the  extent  of  Austria  ?  Population?  Govern- 
ment? Religion?  State  of  society?  What  mines  in  Austria? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  salt  mines  of  Wieliczka?  How  will  you 
Bail  from  Vienna  to  Hamburg? 


>  l'. 


ri 


fill 

it.'  I.  '''•"  , 


208  1  U  R  0  P  E  . 

GERMANY. 

How  is  Germany  bounded  7    What  are  ita  capitala  T 


Germany  is  an  extensive  country,  situated  ia  the 
centre  of  Europe.  It  is  distin^uisfied  for  its  ereat 
political  influence,  the  general  tertility  of  its  soil,  and 
nealthiness  of  its  climate,  and  for  the  number  of  its 
learned  men,  public  libraries  and  literary  institutions. 

The  political  system  of  Germany  is  very  complicated.  At  present 
it  comprises  thirty-five  states  and  four  free  cities;  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  following,  viz. 

States.  Tittet. 

1.  Austria,  Empire, 

2.  Bavaria,  Kingdom, 

3.  Wurtemberg,  Kingdom, 

4.  Saxony,  Kingdom, 

5.  Hanover,  Kingdom, 

6.  Haden,  Grand  Duchy, 

7.  Prussia  in  the  north-western  part.  The  four  tree  cities  art 
Hamburg,  Frankfort,  Bremen  and  Lubec. 

These  states  and  free  cities  are  independent,  each  in  its  own  terri- 
tory, but  for  the  purpose  of  nmtual  dejence  and  protection,  they  have 
formed  a  union,  styled  "  The  Uerman-c  Confederation."  The  states 
are  bound  to  defend  each  oilier  in  case  of  foreign  invasion,  and  pledg' 
ed  not  to  make  war  upon  each  other,  but  to  submit  their  diflferencesand 
disputes  to  the  decision  of  the  Federative  Diet,  a  body  composed  of 
plenipotentiaries  and  delegates  from  the  different  states.  I'he  Diet 
meets  at  Frankfort-on-the-Mayne.  The  emperor  of  Austria  is  pres- 
ident of  the  Diet. 

The  northern  part  of  Germany  is  remarkably  level.  There  com- 
mence those  vast  plains  that  extend  through  Prussia,  Poland,  and  the 
couth  of  Russia.     The  southern  part  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 

The  products  of  German  industry  are  of  great  amount  and  variety. 
Agriculture  is  in  an  improved  state — manufeftiires  an,  numerous, 
and  the  working  of  its  mines  of  gold,  silver,  ci:.j)\'>ec,  ili\  zinc,  Vr' 


Capital: . 
Vienna. 
Munich. 
Stuttgard. 
Dresden. 
Hanover. 
Carlsruhe 
free  cities 


a^ieat  source  ot 


and  coal,  is  an  important  branch  of  industr  .  j  <i,' 
national  wealth. 

The  forests  of  Germany  are  very  extensive,  and  are  supposed  to 
cover  one-third  of  its  surface.  They  furnish  immense  quantities  of 
tin!  er,  and  give  shelter  to  numerous  wild  animals,  among  which  is 
the  w  I'A  boar,  the  bear,  wolf,  &c. 

The  ".ip-i  .i^rce  ofGermany  is  extensive,  and  its  inland  trade  con- 
f;io<:'rRbif  In  all  t[\e  principal  towns,  fairs  are  held,  at  which  all 
kindsofn^erchandize  are  exhibited  for  sale  in  the  open  air.  These 
are  attended  with  much  festivity.   Many  of  the  moat  important  and 


KUHOPE. 


209 


:cat  source  ul 


valuable  inveniions  originatH  in  Germany.  The  city  of  Mentr 
duims  the  invention  of  printing;  Co 'Ogne,  of  gunpowder;  and  Nu- 
rembur^,  of  watches. 


BAVARIA. 


Br 


>^  fhe  n>  ^  imporfant 


lavaria,  in  the  south-eastern  piirt,  is  01 
states  in  Gernonny.  It  is  noted  foi  the  rapnl  uknn.  ment  of  the 
pple  in  general  improvement.  A  school  is  estnblis;  "d  in  every 
parish,  to  which  every  parentis  obliged  to  send  his  children  f'  <m  the 
a?eof  six  to  fourteen  years. 

Ml'nich,  the  capital,  is  a  splendid  city,  notfd  fori!  literary  insti- 
tutions anil  oiuseum  of  antiquities.  Nuremburg  isdus  uguisli  d  for 
itsw.  ."'K-  ,  f'VVs,  &c. 


te(i«- 


W:  RTEMB   RG. 

Wimemburg,  in  the  soull'.ern  part,  is  one  of  the  most  ferf ''e, 
niltivated  and  populous  districts  in  Germnny,  and  one  of  the  ' 
cntf'l  kinj^donis  in  Europe. 

Stc lOARD,  the  capital,  is  noted  for  its  magnificent  palace  .  'Im 
for  its  strong  fortress ;  and  Halle,  for  its  salt  works. 

BADExN. 

The  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  in  the  south-wpstern  part  has  a 
mild  climate  and  fertile  soil.  It  exports  grain,  wine,  timber  iro  1, 
kc.  Education  has  received  great  attention,  of  late,  and  knowledg"? 
is  very  generally  diffused. 

Carlsri'hr,  Karlz-ro'-a,  is  a  small,  neat  handsome  town,  built 
in  the  form  of  an  open  fan.  Manheim  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  one 
of  the  most  elegant  towns  in  Germany. 


SAXONY. 


Saxony  is  the  smallest  kingdom   in  Europe,  and  one  of  the  lest 

I  educated,     Agriculture  and  mining  form  the  chief  occupation  of  the 

people.    Sheep  are  raised  in  great  numbers,  noted  for  the  fineness  of 

ilieirwool.    The  climate  is  mild,  the  level  districts  fertile,  and  tii8 

I  mountains  rich  in  minerals.     Its  commerce  and  manufactures  are  ex- 

tpns:  >'e. 

Dresden,  on  the  Elbe,  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in  Germany.  It  is 
noted  for  its  public  buildings,  libraries  and  galleries  of  paintings. 
Lcipsic  is  the  grand  centre  of  commerce,  not  only  for  Saxony,  but 
for  all  Germany.  It  is  famous  for  its  great  fairs,  held  twice  a  year, 
at  which  immense  quantities  of  books  and  other  articles  are  sold. 


HANOVER. 

Hanover  is  a  small  kingflom.     The  northern  part  consists  princi- 
I pally  of  an  immense  plain.    In  the  southern  part, 


are  the  Hartz 


! 
.  1 

I     I 

1 

ij 

m 

i 

1 

1 

IN 

•w^ 


210 


EUROPE. 


i'm 


iM 


n  II 


mountains,  noted  for  their  picturesque  scenery,  extensive  cavern? 
and  valuable  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron  and  lead.  Brock<ii 
the  most  celebrated  summit,  is  much  visiierl  by  travellers. 

Hanoveu  is  well  fortified  and  pleasantly  situated  on  a  brancli  of 
the   Wcser.     It  has  some  manufactures  afid   is  noted  for  its  super!) 
palace.     Gottinii^en  is  distin<>;nished  for  its  iniivcrsity ;   and   Enid'.n 
at  the  tnouth  of  the  Ems,  for  beino;  the  principal  port. 


THE  FREE  CITIES. 

The  four  free  imperial  cities  of  Germany,  are  Hamburg,  Frank- 
fort-on  I  !-Mayne,  Bremen  and  Lubec.  I'liese  are  the  reuinantsdf 
the  lIan^e  towns  and  imperial  cities,  that  illustrious  confeder;vv 
called  the  Hanseatic  h-ague,  which  once  comprised  K-)  of  the  nins; 
considerable  commercial  cities  in  Europe,  and  during  the  middle  az'S 
acted  a  most  conspicuous  part  in  the  im[trov'  nieni  of  tlie  Eiuopeaii 
system. 

Hamburo,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  seventy  tniles  from  itg  month,  is 
the  first  commercial  city  in  Germany.  Its  manutacturcs  are  e.vteii- 
sive,  and  its  port  is  visited  by  ships  ot  almost  all  nations. 

FRANKFORT-on-the-Mayne,  twenty  miles  above  the  entrance  of  iluu 
river  into  the  Ilhine,  is  noted  for  its  fairs  and  extensive  trade.  It  is 
the  ceatof  the  Federative  Diet,  or  Congress  ofiht;  German  princes. 

Bkemkn,  on  the  Weser,  is  generally  well  built,  and  has  an  eMcn- 
sive  trade. 

LuBp;c,  on  the  Trave,  eight  miles  from  the  Baltic,  has  cousi'lerti':!? 
trade,  and  is  noted  for  having  been  at  the  head  of  the  Hanseaiit 
league. 


Into  how  many  states  is  Germany  divided  1  Which  are  the  priii. 
cipal,  and  their  capitals  ]  In  what  part  is  Hanover  ?  [oee  inn|)  ut 
Central  Europe.]  Bavaria'?  Saxony  1  VVurtemburjj  (  Meclden- 
burg'?  Baden '2  To  what  government  does  Westphalia  and  the 
Rhine  belong'?  p.  What  is  the  extent  of  Bavaria'?  Population' 
Government?  Religion]  State  of  society  7  Hanover'?  Saxonv  ? 
Which  is  the  longest  river  in  Germany  ]  What  is  the  length  of  the 
Danube  ]  Elbe  7  How  does  the  Weser  compare  in  length  with  tliR 
Hudson  river  "?  Is  there  any  river  in  this  state  ns  long  as  the  Rhine  1 
Can  you  goby  water  from  Hamburg  to  Berne  *? 


SWITZERLAND. 

How  is  Switzerland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Switzerland  is  the  most  mountainous  country  in 
Europe.  It  abounds  in  the  most  sublime  and  pictur- 
esque scenery,  and  is  noted  for  the  freedom  of  its 
political  institutions. 


Cii 


1-. 


EUROPE. 


211 


iive  cavern? 
.     Brocktn, 

a  hraiicli  fif 

[or  its  sii|)('r!) 

and   Emd'.ii. 


[burg,  Fihiik- 
reiiin dills  (if 
confeilora"v 

5   of"  iIk'  nids; 

he  uiMdIi'  iiuts 

I  lie   EufojH'itii 

1  its  mouth,  IS 
irt.'s  are  oxtpii- 

is. 

iitianceof  that 
ve  tviule.     his 
man  princes. 
I  has  an  t'xtcn- 

as  consi'lercil'le 
llie  Haiiseatic 


ch  are  the  prin. 
f  [oee  tiinp  ut 
Tij  i  Meckleii- 
phalia  and  the 
1  Population ' 
ver  1  Saxoiiv  ] 
le  length  of  the 
length  with  the 
y  as  the  Rhine  1 


'apital  ? 

country  in 
}  and  pictur- 
edom  of  its 


Switzfrlanc)  is  composed  of  twpmy-iwo  cantons,  or  distiic  (s,  carh 
of  which  is  an  ind»^pend«'ni  state,  l)ut  for  nuiional  security  iht-y  aie 
united  toi^'ether  under  the  ntnne  of  the  "Helvetic  Re}iublie,"  and 
n;overned  hy  a  jrei'f*>'al  diet,  or  assfmbly.  The  diet  meets  «lterniitely 
[tt  Berne,  Zurich,  and  Lucerne.    ?•'»  ufehatel  l:eJ(  ii{;s  lo  Prussia. 

Switzerland  is  full  of  wonrler.s,  stupendous  mountains,  diendful 
precipices,  tremendous  rocks.  sliini)iir  ;;hiciers,  a\\ful  chasms;  ^Jont 
Bhmc,  rearin;::  iismnjestic  head  far  above  the  clouds,  with  here  ard 
there  a  quiet  lake  antj  peaceful  valley.  These  are  its  charactcriatie 
leal  u  res. 

Switzerland  has  almost  every  variety  of  climate  wnd  soil.  The 
vall  ysare  warnMjnd  fruitful,  and  nothing;  can  be  more  delightful 
tlian  tlie  summer  months  in  this  country.  '1  he  chief  productions 
are  i-rain,  wine,  and  varions  kinds  of  fruit.  '1  he  riiisirijL,'  of  cattle  is 
the  principal  occupation  of  the  Swiss  farmer.  The  mnuHfacture  of 
cotton  gocds  is  carried  on  to  some  extent,  and  that  of  watches  is  an 
important  feature  of  national  industry. 

Amon;^:  the  native  animals  of  Switzerland,  are  the  ibex,  with  it» 
husje  hortis,  the  chamois,  the  Alpine  marmcjt,  the  bearded  vulture, 
and  the  Alpine  spaniel.  The  latter  are  kept  by  the  monks  ot  St, 
Bernard,  for  the  preservation  of  those  unfortunate  travellers  who  are 
so  often  lost  in  crossing  ih«;  pathless  snows  of  those  danjjerous 
motmtains. 

Character. — The  Swiss  are  well  educatfd,  hardy,  industrious, 
brave,  and  temperate.  They  are  honest  in  their  dpalinjtrs,  faithful  o 
their  word,  and  ardently  attached  to  liberty  and  their  country. 


BERNE. 


Cities, — Berne,  situated  on  the  river  Aar,  a  branch  of  th«  Rhiii 
10 


ijii 


\^u\ 


i    Of' 

m  ■ 

i  .<  « 


212 


EUROPE. 


contains  many  degant  edifices.  It  is  noted  for  the  width  and  neat- 
ness of  its  streets,  and  the  beauty  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Geneva  is  situated  on  the  south-western  extremity  of  the  lake  of 
Geneva,  or  lake  Leman,  at  the  efflux  of  the  Rhone.  It  is  the  most 
celebrated  city  in  Switzerland.  The  views  from  it  embrace  the  most 
majjnificent  mountain  scenery,  the  towering  points  of  the  distant 
Alps,  covered  with  snow,  including  Mont  Blanc,  its  lofty  nont 
reaching  ab9ve  them  all.  It  is  noted  for  its  literii  y  institutions,  and 
its  extensive  manufacture  of  watches. 

Basle,  Bale,  on  the  Rhine,  is  noted  for  its  university,  and  for  being 
ithe  place  where  tlie  art  of  making  paper  was  invented ;  Lucerne, 
situated  at  the  noriliern  extremity  of  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  for  its 
picturesque  scenery  ;  and  Lausanne  for  its  beautiful  situation,  and 
the  refinement  of  its  inhabitants.  In  the  latter  city.  Gibbon  wrote  his 
history  of  "The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire." 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Switzerland  1  What  mountains  in  it  1 
What  lakes  ?  [See  map  of  Central  Europe.]  What  two  large  rivers 
ffise  in  Switzerland  1  r.  r.  How  many  towns  can  you  mention  ] 
For  what  is  Switzerland  distinguished  1  What  is  its  extent  1  Whiti 
56  largest,  Switzerland  or  this  state  *?  What  is  its  population  1  Gov. 
ernmentl  Religion  1  State  of  society  1  How  will  you  go  from 
Berne  to  Copenhagen  1 


|i^4:  : 

Ifv- 

'         -■'         DENMARK.     ^ 

-■■■'*' 

How  is  Denmark  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Denmark  is  small,  level  and  fertile  kingdom,  with 
a  mild,  moist  but  healthy  climate.  It  is  noted  for  it^ 
favorable  situation  for  commercial  pursuits,  and  its 
exports  of  grain  and  cattle. 

DeniYiark  consists  principally  of  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  and  the 
islands  of  Zealand  and  Funen,  with  the  duchies  of  Holstein  and 
Lauenburg,  in  Germany.  It  has  some  foreijjn  possessions,  amon^ 
which  are  Greenland,  Iceland  and  the  Faroe  islands. 

Great  attention  is  paid  to  education.  Common  schools  are  estal> 
lished  throughout  the  kingdom,  and  supported  at  the  public  expensr, 
in  which  the  children  of  the  poor,  are  taught  the  rudiments  of  tlicii 
native  language.  There  are  two  universities  on  a  large  scale,  one  ui 
Copenhagen,  and  the  other  at  Kiel.  The  former  has  one  of  the  bi  ; 
botanic  gardens  in  Europe.  Denmark  has  produced  some  celebraioi 
men  in  literature  and  science. 

Character. — The  Danes  are  an  honest,  well  educated,  and  indii.v 
trious  people.  The  higher  classes  are  fond  of  magnificence  and  shiw, 
and  the  lower  are  distinguished  for  neatness  in  dress,  chcerfuliu:« 
and  hospitality. 


EUROPE. 


213 


dth  and  neat- 
3untry. 
of  the  lake  of 
It  is  the  most 
3race  the  most 
of  the  distant 
its  lofty  iroiii 
stitutions,  and 

,  and  for  being 
ited ;  Lucerne, 
le  name,  for  its 
situation,  and 
ibbon  wrote  his 
)ire." 

lountains  in  it  1 
two  large  rivers 
you  mention  1 
extent  1  Whicl 
)ulation  1  Gov. 
il  you  go  from 


)ital  ? 

ngdom,  with 
noted  for  it^ 
suits,  and  its 

Jutland  andthr 
of  Holstein  and 
sessions,  amons; 

I. 

chools  areestab- 

!  public  expense, 

udimentsoftiirii 

arge  scale,  one  ai 

as  one  of  the  bet 

d  some  celebratoi 

cated,  and  indir,- 
ificence  and  shew, 

Iress,  cheerfuhuM 


Cifttfi.— CoPEMHAflEN,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  island 
of  Zealand,  is  one  of  the  best  built  cities  in  Europe.  It  has  a  good 
harbor,  and  an  extensive  commerce,  and  is  noted  for  its  vast  docks 
and  fortifications. 

Altona,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  two  miles  west  of  Hamburg,  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  commerce  and  manufactures,  Elsinore  is  situated 
on  the  island  of  Zealand,  twenty  miles  north  of  Copenhagen,  at  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  sound,  or  entrance  to  the  Baltic.  All  foreign 
ships  that  pass  this  place,  are  obliged  to  pay  a  heavy  toll,  or  duty,  as 
a  remuneration  to  the  Danish  king  for  the  light-houses  on  the  coast. 


ICELAND. 


Iceland  is  a  large,  cold,  mountainous  and  dreary  island.  It  abounds 
in  natural  wonders.  Mount  Hecla  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
volcanoes  on  the  globe.  Its  eruptions  are  numerous  and  dreadful. 
It  has  been  known  to  throw  stones,  lava  and  ashes  from  its  crater  to 
a  vast  distance.  The  Geysers,  or  hot  springs,  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountain,  throw  up  columns  of  boiling  water  to  the  he'.ght  of  100 
feet,  accompanied  with  a  noise  like  that  of  cannon. 

The  Icelanders  are  simple  and  hospitable  in  their  manners  j  hon- 
est, temperate  and  industrious  in  their  habits ;  and  belter  educated 
than  'he  common  people  of  most  European  countries.  They  have  no 
schools,  but  the  children  are  taught  by  their  mothers.  Families 
usually  spend  their  evenings  in  listening  to  reading.  They  enjoy 
but  few  of  the  comforts  of  li^,  and  subsist  almost  entirely  on  animal 
food,  chiefly  fish ;  but  notwithstanding,  they  are  a  contented  and 
happy  people^  Their  commerce  is  small.  The  exports  consist  of 
sulphur,  hides,  eiderdown  and  fish;  the  imports,  of  grain,  timber, 
and  other  necessaries. 

The  Faroe  islands,  twenty-five  in  number,  seventeen  of  which  are 
inhabited,  lie  about  midway  between  Scotland  and  Iceland.  Each 
of  these,  is  a  lofty  mountain.  They  produce  agate,  Jasper,  and 
Beolites.  Vast  numbers  of  sea»foWl  frec[uenl  the  rocks  and  precipices, 
tlie  taking  of  which,  furnishes  a  perilous  employment  for  the  in« 
habitants. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Denmark  1  Of  what  does  Denmark 
consist  1  What  is  the  strait  called  between  the  island  of  Zealand 
and  Sweden  ]  A.  The  Sound.  Between  Zealand  and  Funen  ?  A. 
The  Great  Belt.  Between  Funen  and  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  1  A. 
The  Little  Belt.  What  canal  connects  the  Baltic  to  the  North  Sea  1 
A.  The  canal  of  Kiel.  What  towns  can  you  mention  1  What 
islands  belong  to  Denmark  7  What  towns  in  Iceland  7  Volcano  1 
Which  is  largest,  Iceland  or  Denmark  1  Most  populous  1  What  is 
the  government  of  Denmark  1  [See  map  of  Central  Europe.]  Reli- 
gion  1  State  of  society  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Copenhagen  to 
Amsterdam  1 


m 


r;i 


'5'  i'   " 


l4  i\ 


i 


'i 

If 


214 


EUROPE. 


HOLLAND. 


How  is  Holland  bounded  7    What  is  its  Capital  7 


Holland  is  a  small,  populous  and  commercial  king, 
dom.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  numerous  canals,  ex. 
tonsive  manufactures,  and  for  the  industry  and  per- 
severance of  its  inhabitants. 

Holland  is  the  most  level  country  in  Europe,  and  resembles  a  large 
marsh  that  has  been  drained.  The  surface  is  lower  than  the  level 
of  the  sea  at  high  water,  and  to  prevent  its  being  overflowed,  high 
mounds,  or  dikes,  have  been  erected  along  the  shore. 

The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation} 
and  producfis  wheat,  madder,*  tobacco,  hemp,  flax  and  rich  pnsiure. 
Cattle  are  \  nerous,  and  the  butter  and  cheese  are  justly  celebrated. 
The  climate  is  cold  and  moist,  but  generally  healthy. 

Canals  a'e  numerous  and  serve  the  same  purpose  as  roads  in  other 
countries.  In  summer,  the  common  mode  of  travelling  is  in  covered 
boats  on  canals ;  and  in  winter,  when  frozen,  the  people  travel  over 
them  in  sleighs  and  on  skates. 

The  Dutch  were  formerly  the  most  commercial  nation  in  the 
world,  and  Holland  was  styled  the  mart  of  Europe.  Their  trade, 
although  much  diminished,  is  still  very  flourishing  and  extensive. 

Character, — The  Dutch  are  honest,  patient,  intelligent,  and  perse, 
vering,  and  remarkable  f»)r  their  industr)',  frugality  and  neatness. 
Every  class  of  people,  seems  comfortable  ;  and  a  man,  woman,  or 
child,  in  rags,  is  seldom,  or  never  seen.     Bankruptcy  is  rare. 

«C'i7fM.— The  Hague,  thirty  miles  south-west  of  Amsterdam,  is  one 
of  the  handsomest  cities  in  Europe.  It  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  its 
8ticets,the  stateliness  of  its  buildings,  the  pleasantness  of  its  situation, 
and  the  politeness  of  its  inhabitants. 

Amsterdam  situated  on  an  arm  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  is  the  richest, 
most  populous  and  commercial  city  in  Holland.  It  is  well  built,  and 
is  noted  for  its  stadt-house,  or  state  house,  row  the  rovnl  pnlnce, 
which  is  one  of  the  noblest  edifices  in  the  world.  The  city  is  inter* 
Reeled  by  numerous  canals,  and  is  the  seat  of  extensive  rnanufac- 
tnro:*. 

Rotterdam,  situated  on  the  river  Maese,  ten  miles  south  of  the 
Ilaf,nie,  is  next  to  Amsterdam  in  commerce,  wealth,  and  population. 
It  is  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Erasmus,  and  contains 
a  statue  erected  to  his  memory. 

,  Loyden  is  a  handsome  and  flourishing  town,  distinguished  for  its 
university  ;  Harlem,  for  its  grea*  organ  and  manufactures  ;  Dort,  the 

*  Madder,  a  plant  much  used  in  dyeing  red. 


lUROPB 


215 


ancient  capital  of  Holland,  is  noted  for  the  synod  held  therein  1618, 
styled  the  synod  of  Dort,  which  condemned  the  tenets  of  Arminius. 


Ml 


nal  king* 
mals,  ex* 
and  per* 

ble8  a  large 
lan  the  level 
owed,  high 

cultivation ; 
rich  pasture. 
y  celebrated. 

lads  in  other 
is  in  covered 
e  travel  over 

ation  in  the 
Their  trade, 
extensive. 

It,  and  per?e. 
lid   neatness. 
,  woman,  or 
rare. 

3rJam,  is  one 
beanty  of  its 
fits  situation, 

s  the  richest, 
•ell  biiih,  and 
rovnl  palace, 
city  is  inter* 
ve  rnanulac- 

south  of  the 
d  population, 
and  contains 

[uished  for  its 
Bs ;  Dort,  the 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Holland  ?  What  river  in  the  south, 
em  part  of  Holland?  How  does  the  Rhine  compare  in  length 
with  the  longest  river  in  this  state  ?  How  many  cities  can  you  mon. 
tion  in  Holland?  Which  is  the  mos.  populous  city?  [See  Central 
Europe.]  Which  is  largest,  Holland  or  this  state  ?  Which  is  most 
poptilous  t  How  does  the  mode  of  travelling  in  this  state  differ  from 
that  in  Holland  ?  Which  has  the  greatest  latitude,  Amsterdam  or 
this  place  ?  In  what  direction  from  Amsterdam  is  the  Hague  ? 
Groningen  ?  Arnheim?  Rotterdam?  What  is  the  government  of 
Holland  ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  How  will  you  sail  from 
Amsterdam  to  Antwerp  ; 


BELGIUM.* 

How  is  Belgium  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  7 


Belgium  is  a  small,  new  and  populous  kino^dom, 
distinguished  for  the  fertility  and  high  cultivation  of 
its  soil,  the  mildness  of  its  climate,  and  for  the  extent, 
variety,  and  value  of  its  manufactures. 

Belgium  is,  in  general,  a  level  country,  and  one  of  the  most  beauti. 
ful  and  interesting  in  Europe.  It  is  filled  with  cities  connecte-l  by 
spacious  canals,  watered  by  several  large  rivers,  and  contains  nu- 
merous  places,  memorable  in  the  history  of  modern  warfare. 

Much  attention  has,  of  late,  been  given  to  the  cause  of  popular  ed- 
ucation.  Schools  are  established  m  every  village,  an'-  the  common 
people  are  among  the  best  educated  in  Europe.  There  are  four 
universities,  viz.  at  Brussels,  Ghent,  Louvjine,  and  Liege,  all  of 
which  are  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  1 

*  Belgium,  formerly  called  the  Austrian  Netherlands,  within  a  few 
centuries  has  undergone  many  changes.  In  1713,  it  was  ceded  by  Spain 
to  AiHtria.  In  1795,  it  was  conquered  by  the  French  and  incorporated 
into  the  kingdom  of  Fiance.  In  1811,  after  the  downfall  of  Bonaparte, 
the  Coniiress  of  Vienna  annexed  it  to  Holland,  or  the  United  Provinces, 
anH  these  two  countries  tbrmed  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  This 
union  was  effected  by  the  "  Holi^  Alliance,''^  without  the  consent  of  the 
t\vo  nations,  and  it  never  obtained  the  cordial  acquiescence  of  the  Belgi- 
ans, who  became  so  dissatisfied  at  length  witn  their  political  condition, 
thatthoy  broke  out  into  an  open  insnrrecti(»n  in  August,  1830,  and  on  the 
4th  of  October  made  a  declarati<m  of  their  independence,  which  has  been 
acknowledged  by  the  "  five  great  powers  of  Europe,"  viz.  France,  Great 
Britain,  Russia,  Austria  and  Prussia. 


B,l 


i;»: 


1t|ji 


216 


lUROPI. 


Character. — The  Belgians  are  an  honest,  industrious,  neat  and 
ingenious  people.  They  are  noted  for  their  skill  in  agriculture,  man- 
ufactures, and  for  their  perfection  in  certain  branches  of  the  fine  arts, 
especially  painting. 

Cities. — Bkussels,  situated  on  the  Senne,  a  branch  of  the  Scheldt, 
is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in  Europe.  It  is  noted  for  its  handnome 
squares,  regular  streets,  and  its  park,  interspersed  with  rows  of  trees, 
and  beautiful  lawns ;  adorned  with  fountains  and  statues,  and  sur- 
rounded  by  magnificent  edifices.  The  city  is  distinguished  for  its 
manufactures  of  lace,  camblets  and  carpets. 

Antwerp  is  a  large,  well  built,  and  strongly  fortified  city  on  the 
Scheldt,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Brussels.  It  is  the  greatest  com. 
mercial  city  in  Belgium.  The  largest  vessels  can  ascend  the  river 
to  this  place,  and  by  means  of  numerous  canals,  penetrate  into  the 
centre  of  the  town,  nnd  there  deposit  their  cargoes.  It  contains  many 
elegant  edifices.  Its  cathedral  441  feet  high  is  one  of  the  finest 
Gothic  structures  in  the  world,  and  is  adorned  with  the  choicest  pic- 
tures  of  the  great  Flemish  masters,  Rubens  and  Vandyke. 

Ghent  is  a  noble  city,  noted  for  its  manufactures,  and  for  the  treaty 
of  peace  signed  herein  1814,  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.  Tourney  is  distinguished  for  its  manufactures  of  carpets 
nnd  porcelain  ;  Waterloo  for  the  famous  battle  fought  there  in  1815; 
Namur  for i's  cutlery  and  fire-arms;  Mons  for  its  coaLmines,  and 
Ostend  for  its  fortifications.  • 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Belgium  ?  What  rivers  in  Belgium  ? 
The  Meupe  and  Scheldt.  In  what  direction  from  Brussels  is  Ant- 
werp 1  Liege  *?  Waterloo  7  When  was  the  battle  of  Waterloo  fought  1 
Which  is  the  largest,  Belgium  or  this  state  "?  Most  populous  ?  What 
is  the  government  of  Belgium  ?  Religion?  State  of  society  ?  How 
will  you  sail  from  Antwerp  to  Paris  ? 


FRANCE. 

How  is  France  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

France  is  a  great  and  powerful  republic,  distin- 
guished for  its  military  power,  central  situation,  vast 
resources  and  population,  and  for  its  great  political 
influence. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  fertile  countries 
in  Europe.  Its  surface  is  generally  level,  its  climate 
mild,  and  its  productions  numerous  and  abundant, 
comprising  the  necessaries,  and  most  of  the  luxuries 
of  life. 


magni 
and  iitf 
world. 


EUROPE. 


217 


eat  and 
ire,  man- 
ine  arts, 

Scheldt, 

andoome 

of  trees, 

and  sur- 

ed  for  its 

ity  on  the 
test  com. 
the  river 
into  the 
linsmany 
the  finest 
)icest  pic- 

the  treaty 
ind  Great 
of  carpets 
e  in  1815; 
nines,  and 


Belgium  ? 
els  is  Ant. 
00  foiipht  1 
lis?  What 
Bty?  How 


The  French  surpass  most  other  nuTJons  in  ngricuiture  uiul  iiiuna. 
factures  ;  and  their  learned  men,  their  literary  and  scientific  insiiiu. 
tions,  their  libraries  and  niuseunib,  are  celebrated  thruughout  iixe 
civilized  world. 

The  chief  products  of  the  soil  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  bnrlcy, 
vines,  mulberries,  the  sugar  beet,  and  in  the  southern  pari,  olives, 
figs  and  oranges.  Vineyards  abound  and  wine  is  the  common  drink 
of  the  people  ;  the  annual  produce  is  about  900  million  gallons. 

France,  with  regard  to  internal  economy,  is  one  of  the  richest  and 
most  flourishing  countries  in  the  world.  Its  commerce  is  extensive, 
colleges  and  schools  are  numf  roiis,  and  the  literary  and  scientific 
collections  of  Paris,  are  the  most  splendid  in  Europe. 

Character. — The  French  are  polite,  gay,  ingenious,  active  and 
industrious.  They  are  emperatc  in  thcii  modes  of  living,  fond  of 
show  and  amusements,  and  distinguished  for  their  proficiency  in  the 
Its  and  sciences.  - 


W  i 


:,  distin- 
ion,  vast 
political 

;ountries 
;  climate 
bund  ant, 
luxuries 


PALAIS  ROYAL,   PARIS. 

Cities. — Paris  is  pleasantly  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Seine, 
112  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  abounds  in  magnifict-nt  edifices, 
palaces,  promenades,  public  gardens,  fountains,  monuments  and 
places  of  amusement.  Among  its  public  buildings,  are  the  royal 
palaces  of  the  Tuileries,  Lcuvre,  Luxembourg,  Palais  Royal,  the 
cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  the  church  o'  St.  Genevieve,  the  Hospital 
des  Invalides,  the  Exchange,  and  Jardin  des  Plants.  For  splendor, 
magnificence  and  gayety,  and  for  the  extent  and  value  of  its  Hbraries, 
and  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  it  exceeds  any  other  city  in  tha 
world. 


218 


EUROPE 


fe;?': 


%'■■ '' 


In  the  netgliborhood  of  Paris,  are  several  interesting  and  boautifiil 
places  ;  nmon?  vvhichi  are  Versailles,  distinguished  for  its  magnificent 
palace;  St.  Cloud,  for  its  gardens,  fountains  and  groves,  and  for 
being  the  favorite  residence  of  Napoleon  ;  nnd  Fontainbleau,  for  its 
stately  palace  in  the  midst  of  a  fore^'  of  30,000  acres,  the  hunting 
seat  formerly  of  the  monarchy. 

Lyons,  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhone  and  Saone,  is  the  second  city 
W  France,  in  commerce,  industry,  population  and  wealth.  Its  caihe. 
dra!,  hotnlde  ville,  squares,  fountains,  and  statues,  are  scarcely  sur- 
passed.  It  has  long  been  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  silks  and  gold 
and  ailvf  r  stuffs. 

Marseilles  is  a  rich  and  flouri'thing  city.  It  is  the  principal  sea- 
port  oil  the  iVIeditorranpan,  and  noted  for  its  extensive  ir;ide.  Bor. 
deaux  is  disfiniruislied  'or  its  manufiicturos,  and  ita  vast  export  of 
wines;  Brest  for  being  the  chief  naval  station  on  the  Atlantic,  ns 
Toulon  is  on  the  Mediterranean.  Rouen  is  famous  for  its  manufac- 
tures, commerce,  i\n(]  mngnificent  cathedral ;  Lille,  for  its  trade  and 
strong  fortress  ;  Dunkirk  for  its  harbor  and  fortifications  ;  Calais  for 
its  communication  with  England,  and  Strasburg  for  its  trade,  and  the 
elegant  and  lofry  spire  of  its  cathedral,  574  feet  high,  being  the 
highest  in  the  world. 

Havre,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  is  the  seaport  of  Paris.  It  is 
strongly  fortified,  and  is  the  chief  seat  of  trade  between  France  and 
the  United  States.  Montpelier  is  noted  for  the  salubrity  of  its  cli. 
mate  ;  Toulouse  for  being  once  the  capital  of  the  Goths,  and  Avig. 
non  for  being  once  the  residence  of  the  pope. 

France  has  colonies  in  the  West  Indies,  Guiana,  Pondicherry  in 
Hindostan,  the  island  of  Bourbon,  and  Algiers.  The  island  of  Cor- 
sica,  in  the  Mediterranean,  belongs  to  France.  Its  soil  is  fertile,  its 
mines  valuable,  and  beautiful  coral  is  found  on  its  coast.  Bastia  is 
the  capital.  Ajuccio  is  di.stinguished  as  the  birth  place  of  Napoleon 
Bonaparte. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  France  ?  What  are  the  six  principal 
rivers  of  France?  g.  l.  s.  r.  r.  s.  The  Saone  uni'es  with  the 
Rhone  at  Lyons.  What  mountains  separate  France  from  Spain  ? 
How  long  are  the  Pyrenees  ?  What  mountains  in  the  south  east 
part?  What  bodies  of  water  border  on  France?  What  countries 
border  on  France  ?  What  cities  can  you  mention  in  France  ?  What 
is  the  populadon  of  Paris  ?  What  can  you  say  of  Paris  ?  Popula- 
tion  of  Lyons  ?  Marseilles  ?  Bordeaux  ?  Rouen  1  Strasbourg  ? 
What  seaport  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  and  for  what  is  it  noted  ? 
What  important  island  in  the  Mediterranean  belongs  to  France  1  c. 
What  is  the  extent  of  France?  Population?  Government?  Reli- 
gion  ?     State  of  lociety  ?     How  will  you  sail  from  Paris  to  Lisbon  1 


h'i  ' 


EUROPE, 


219 


PORTUGAL. 

How  is  Portugal  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  7 

Portugal  is  a  small  Jind  fertile  kingdom,  noted  fo. 
its  mild,  pleasant  and  healthy  climate,  and  for  its 
variegated  surface  of  plains,  mountains,  hills  and 
valleys. 

AirricuUure,  mnnufnctHrcsand  con^.nioi'ceare  in  a  backward  state, 
and  education  is  but  little  en<'ourji/^d.  Tlie  nrincinal  riodu*tii>ns 
«re  vines,  olives,  oranges,  lemons,  figs  and  grniti.  1  hecliief exports 
Rre  wines,  salt  and  wool. 

The  Portuguese  were  formerly  the  most  enterprising  and  commei^ 
cial  nation  on  the  globe.  They  ied  the  way  in  the  great  discoveries 
of  modern  times.  Their  rulers  were  distinguished  fortlieir  wise  and 
liberal  policy  ;  iheir  soldiei-s  for  valor,  and  their  sailors  for  skill ; 
but  they  have  greatly  degenerated  from  that  enterprising  spirit  wiiich 
made  them  so  illustrious,  and  now  rank  among  tlie  most  feeble  and 
inefficient  of  European  niUions. 

Chirncteu — The  Portug^uese  are  friendly  and  hospitable,  but  gen- 
erally  ignorant  and  superstitious,  and  fond  of  music  and  dancing. 

Cities, — LrenoN  is  built  on  several  hiUs,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus. 
It  IS  the  most  commercial  city  in  Portugal,  and  has  one  of  the  best 
harbors  in  Europe.  A  great  part  of  the  city  was  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  in  1755,  but  has  since  been  rebuilt.  It  has  a  great  trade 
in  wines  and  fruits,  with  England  and  the  United  States. 

Oporto,  the  second  city  in  the  kingdom,  is  noted  for  its  poruviine ; 
St.  Ubes  for  its  salt-works,  and  Coimbra  for  its  university. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Portugal  ?  What  are  its  principal 
rivers  ?  o.  t.  d.  m.  What  mountains  extend  into  the  eastern  part ! 
What  cape  in  the  south-west  part  ?  What  cities  can  you  mention  ' 
Which  is  most  populous  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  Portugal  ?  Popu- 
bfion  ?  Government  ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  Which  is 
the  largest,  Portugal  or  this  state  ?  How  will  you  go  from  Lisbon  to 
Madrid? 


SPAIN. 

How  is  Spain  bounded  ?    What  is  its  capital  ? 

Spain  is  a  large,  warm  and  fertile  country,  and 
presents  the  most  beautiful  variety  of  mountains,  vai- 
leys,  streams  and  plains. 

10* 


220 


EUROPE* 


*l>'i 


m: 


r^^ 


I-^      1 


Pew  countries  aro  m  )re.  hii^lily  f.ivored  by  nature,  thxn  Spain, 
an  I  inln-jtry  m'\<j;Ui  sodii  ren  ler  it  llie  t*i)r(!in')st  nation  of  Ruropc. 
Its  co'iiiniiico  li()\vi;vor,  is  liiiiitcd,  its  inunntaclures  fuw,  and  its  Qgri- 
culture  is  in  a  very  l>.iclc\Viir(i  stuie.  . 

Til?  principal  productions  nri  \vli(int,  Indian  corn,  birley,  hemp,  ' 
silk,  olives,  grapes,  oranges,  loiuons,  (&c.  The  c\wf  exports  arc 
wines,  salt,  wool,  burilLi  an  I  fruits.  Tlicrc  nee  numerous  mines  of 
iron,  copper,  and  le<»d.  Oieat  attention  is  given  to  the  rainiiii;  of 
merino  sheep,  so  celebrate  I  f.>r  the  fineness  of  their  wool.  The 
number  of  shaop  is  estimate  J  at  lil  millions,  alton  led  by  15  ihousund 
shepherds. 

One  of  the  most  not^d  curiosities  in  Spain  is  Montsorat,  which 
stands  in  a  large  plain  'JD  miles  iV.  W.  of  Barcelona.  It  rixes  in  th*) 
form  of  a  sugar  loaf  to  the  height  of  3,')[)i)  feet,  and  is  inhabited  by 
nu  nero'js  monk'?  and  hermits. 

Spain  was  f  )rinorly,  one  of  the  most  powerful  and  important 
kingdoms  in  Europe.  She  possessed  immense  territories  in  north 
and  Soirh  America.  But  of  all  tlie;se  possessions,  she  now  retains 
only  Cuba  nni  Porto  Rico.  For  a  long  time  tlie  nation  has  been 
distracted  by  civil  dissensions  and  wars— education  is  neg* cted  and 
industry  paralized — and  it  is  now  In  a  degraded,  weak  and  ignorant 
state. 

The  Balearic  Islands.-'  Ivica,  Majorca,  Minorca,  and  some  small- 
er isles  belong  to  Spain.  They  ore  inhaliited  by  a  simple  and  peace- 
able people,  and  are  noted  for  fruits  and  honey.  Port  Mahon  in 
Minorca,  has  an  excellent  har'jor  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  our 
naval  force  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Dancing  is  a  favorite  ammenjent,  and  in  all  large  towns,  bull- 
fights are  common  and  attended  by  thousands  of  all  ranks  and  con- 
ditions of  both  sexes.      -,  ,1  '       ■     ,      ,  - 

Character. — The  Spaniards  are  tall,  well  proportioned,  grave,  po- 
lite, temperate  and  faithful  to  their  word.  The  higher  classes  are 
distinguished  for  their  noble  and  generous  spirit,  and  high  sense  of 
honor.  The  peasants  are  ignorant,  but  courteous,  polite,  cheerful, 
and  fond  of  music  and  dancing.  j 

Cities. — Madrfd,  situated  on  the  Manzanares,  a  small  branch  of 
the  Tagus,  is  a  rnignificent  city,  distinguished  for  its  8(iuares  and 
beautiful  public  walks.  It  has  neither  commerce  nor  fnanufactures, 
and  derives  its  importance  solely  from  being  the  seat  of  government. 
It  is  the  most  elevated  capital  in  Europe,  being  about  half  a  mile 
higher  than  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Cadiz,  situated  on  the  island  of  Leon,  is  the  first  commercial  city 
in  Spain.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  is  the  centre  of  trade  for 
America  and  the  West  Indies. 

Seville,  in  ancient  times,  the  residence  of  the  Gothic  kings,  and 
capital  of  Spain,  is  a  large  and  handsome  city,  noted  for  its  manufac- 
ttires  and  commerce. 


1 

1 
1 

fiMj 

1 

LV 


EUROPl 


ROYAL    PALACE,    MADRID. 

Barcelona  is  a  lur^e  and  sir()n,3;ly  tbriifiwJ  city,  diiitingui>lH;d  for 
its  conmierce,  manutiicHjies  antJ  wealth. 

Gibruliai-  is  a  celebrated  pjv)iiK)iii()ry,  at  the  southern  exiremiiy  of 
Spnin.  It  is  aliout  four  miles  in  Ifii'jiih,  Imlf  a  mile  in  width,  and 
!5(RMeet  hi^'h.  It  wr.s  captured  hy  tlie  Knglish  in  1701,  who  have 
ever  since  retained  possession  of  it.  It  hasa  reuiarkabie  fortress  on 
it,  so  strrfi,'rilien(>d  by  niiture  and  art  us  lo  bo  tslcttiied  tht  uiosi  for- 
iivdable  in  the  world.  .     i   . 


What  do  Spnin  and  Portn<T:id  form?  A.  A  frrrnr  poninpn^fl.  What 
i3  the  width  of  tho  isthmus  that  coniec's  it  to  France  ?  Whnt  nioun- 
♦ains  in  Spain  ?  Whnt  rivers?  e.  g.  q.  t.  d.  m.  What  is  the popu- 
iation  of  Madrid  ?  Bfircelona  ?  Mtilaga  ?  Cadiz?  In  what  direc- 
tion from  Madrid  is  Saragossa  ?  Valencia?  Santiago?  Bilboa? 
Grenada,  the  ancient  residence  of  the  Moorish  kings?  What  other 
cities  can  5'ou  mention  ?  Wliat  remarkalile  fortress  on  the  strait  ot 
Gibraltar?  What  can  you  say  of  Gibraltar  ?  What  islands  in  the 
Mediternincan  belong  to  Spain  ?  What  are  the  names  uf  the  Bal- 
earic isles  ?  For  what  is  Spain  noted  ?  What  is  the  txtent  of  Spain  ? 
Population?  Government?  Religion?  Stale  of fiucictj*?  IIuw  will 
you  sail  from  Cadiz  to  Naples  ? 


•ft 


ITALY. 

How  is  Italy  bounded  ?     What  are  its  capitals  ? 

Italy  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  interesting 


m 


sa? 


EV ROPI 


I  r ; 


i-  ! 


ofMintrios  in  Kuropo.  It  is  (liatlnguished  for  the  for- 
tility  of  its  soil,  the  mildness  and  serenity  of  its  climate, 
and  for  the  beauty,  variety,  and  romantic  character 
of  its  scenery.    . 

Italy  vvns  the  ronniry  of  the  nnciont  RtMnnns,  an6  utvhr  thorn,  ii 
became  the  ij^nnter*  of  Kiirofx-.  the  piirent  of  the  arts  and  soierices,  iuk} 
niisires^of  tiw  Nvorld.  ft  is  fillci^  wiili  mornim''nls  of  ancient  HilatuJ 
5;lory,  nwlt  i-o  tains  tlio  most  spletxiid  spetiimcns  of  patnlinjj^,  sculp. 
tnre  aivl  amUitectnre  in  the  world. 

Italy,  ahho^ij^h  it  u!)oiir»ds  ii>  the  ri(-'hest  pnxluctions,  grain,  wine, 
oil,  sillc  anij  varioiw  fruits,  wears  a  nu;lanoljoly  asj)ect.  A<»rirnltnr(;, 
rimnufrtt:tun;s  and  Ofwiniiercc  aie  nejjflected,  cities  are  thran;^e(J  witL 
he2;gar:9,  th  •.  l>nildin:i;s  are  in  a  slate  of  decay,,  and  every  tliiri;;;  shows 
>Iku  thifj  l> -iAixiful  r.o;ii)tiy  is  de;^raded,  di^pn^sscd,  arrtJ  iiu»^uisliiii^' 
under  the  LkjJ  irk.lueir.-e  of  a  dospoiio  <;'avernment.  •  . 

Character. — The  Italians  avo  i^)litc,ch(^erfi>l,  arid  graceful  in  their 
m;mners^  and  distii>;;ifishod  for  llwir  skill  in  music,  scivlplure  aiui 
j>;iintin:^.  Tln'y  arc  n.-iturally  a>Mive,  with  slrong  passions  and  nu 
uident  in)a:!;i»>ntioii,  anl  amon;j;  them  have  bee«  son^e  of  the  fiis: 
po^ts,  polrticrans  and  hi.^turjans  of  Europe. 

Italy  was  onre  the  seat  of  a  miijhtv  empii-e,  but  it  is  now  diviiird 
imonar  several  i'orernn'i'erfts,  o^  which  tlie  fi^ll'owiftg  are  thie  priu- 
eipai',  via. 

1.  The  ]an'j;dom  of  Nnp'es,  or  iho  two  Sieilio=v;  Capital,  Naples. 

'J.  The  Roman  st.'ifes,  or  States  of  the  Cln;-rch,         "         Rome. 

i».  The  Grand  Dnehy  of  Tuscany,  "        Florenci;:, 

4.  Th"  kin:':di>iv  of  Sardiina,  "         Turin. 

5   Tlje  rtii-K^dotn  of  Loin'.jardy  anr^  Venice,  '^        Milan. 


m 


TiAPLES,  OR  THE  TWO  SICILIES. 

Naples  eanipiises  l\w  soulliiM-n  ))art  of  Italy,  the  island  of  Sicily 
and  the  Li)>nri  istes.  The  climate  is  warm,  and  the  soil  fertile,  ca- 
pable of  prodiveing  tbe  fines!  triiits,  ve;;retables,  wint,  oil,  suL'^ar,  rni- 
ton,  &e.tii  abundance.  But  such  is  the  oppressive  chsvacter  of  tin: 
^oven>ment,  and  the  irwli^Iencoand  rK'intiousne.ss  of  the  peoplt^,  thai 
industry  i  >  ne^fected,  and  pnvevjy  and  beg<^ary  are  every  where  seen. 

Mount  Etna,  on  the  island  ofSicily,  h  the  most  celebrated  v.^Ictuit. 
in  the  world.  It  is  two  miles  hig-h,  and  the  sirfesof  the  nmuntain  inv 
'ertile.  and  covered  with  vineyards,  and  the  lower  parts  :^re  oerupip'; 
with  town-;  nnd  vil}aj;{  s,  liulde  tit  any  njoment  to  l)e  oveiwhelmei! 
1)y  lava.  For  ai^es  its  eruptions  have  been  frequent,  often  destroy iiiy 
"whole  cities  and  vdlno;es. 

Mount  Vesuvius,  i>ear  Naples,  is  a  rem nrk able  volcano.  It  lin°, 
'ntd  many  tremendous  eruptions.  One,  which  happened  in  A,  D. 
7!).  overwhelmed  Bercnlancum  and  Pompevi,  tvv^o  ancient  cities  if' 
rve  v'A-\ni,'.y  ofNaples.     Tl«^s*,  after  lying  c«rt«ealed  usKley  tLv<?  bva 


(f- 


lUEOPI 


ii2H 


the  fer- 
s  climate, 
character 

MJcrthf^m,  ii 

nences,  anr} 

ient  HitaiK) 

tii>^,  sculp. 

gmin,  wine, 

A<,'riruliuri', 

•on;jjf'(J  witii 

liirijij  sliDws 

liintjuisliiii'^ 

zo.fiil  intlioir 
:ul|)luiv  aiKi 
sions  aii(,l  au 
e  of  tlie  firsi 

now  divixM 
are  the  priu- 

tal,  Naples. 
Rome. 

Flnreiice, 

Turin, 

Milan. 


nt]  of  Sicily 
lil  fertile,  ca- 
1,  sifL'ar,  rni- 
aracfei'  of  the 
!  peoplt!,  tliaj 
y  where  seen, 
rotfxl  valriuiL' 
mninvfain  aiv 
are  ocru|ti{'(i 
ovei\vheliue(( 
'n  (icstroyiiii; 

•ario.  It  lios 
ed  in  i\.  D. 
jient  cities  in 


for^nearly  1800  years,  have  been  discovered,  and  whole  streets  hava 
been  laid  open,  artd  various  works  of  art  found  in  a  remarkable  stale 
of  preservation. 

Stromboli  is  a  volcano  of  the  Lipari  islands.  It  emits  flames  that 
may  be  seen  at  ni^ht  more  than  100  miles,  and  is  termed  "  the  lights 
house  of  the  Mediterranean." 


NAPLES    AJSD    MOUNT    VESUVIUS. 

Cities. — Naplks  is  the  most  populous  city  in  Itnly,  nnd  is  noted  fo*" 
the  surnassin<j  beauty  of  lis  buy,  ond  the  dclis^htful  scenery  around 
It.  It  IS  y:enerally  well  built,  and  remarkable  for  the  nuiiil)cr  of  its 
nobles  and  lazaroni.  It  has  few  manufactures,  nnd  but  little  coin- 
nierce. 

Palermo,  the  capital  of  Sicily,  is  a  lar<;e  and  beautiful  city,  noted 
for  the  number  of  its  churches,  convents  and  chapels.  Syracuse,  so 
celebrated  in  ancient  limes,  is  now  an  inconsiderable  place.  Many 
remains  of  its  ancient  magnificence  are  still  to  be  seen. 


TEIE  STATES  OF  THE  CHURCH. 

The  states  of  the  church  occupy  the  cenlval  part  of  Italy.  They 
are  badly  cultivated,  and  thinly  peoplerl  ;  but  such  is  their  natural 
fertility,  that  they  produce  almost  spontaneously,  dates,  fijj:s,  alnxmds, 
olives,  and  other  fruits,  on  which  the  indolent  inhabitants  principally 
subsist. 

These  states  are  ruled  by  the  Pope,  whose  power  formerly  was 
more  extensive  than  that  of  any  kin^ij  or  emperor.  His  dominions 
are  now  ji^reatly  reduced,  and  his  authority  is  principally  in  spiritual 
matters,  and  extends  over  the  metnbers  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church 
in  all  countries. 


I 


il 


224 


KUROPE 


itf-i- 


Wjlj'ff' 


.    ^  ST.    PETEB'S   church,    ROME.  ... 

Cities. — Rome,  once  the  capital  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  the  proud 
metropolis  of  the  civilized  world,  is  situated  on  the  Tiber,  fifteen 
miles  from  its  mouth.  In  the  days  of  Auj^ustus  Cesar,  its  population 
was  two  millions,  and  its  circumference  fifty  miles.  Although  great- 
ly  reduced,  it  is  still  one  of  the  most  magnificent  and  interesiin;^ 
cities  in  Europe,  distinguished  for  the  numerous  remains  of  its  an- 
cient grandein*.  It  contains  many  splendid  edifices,  among  which  is 
St.  Peter's  church,  one  of  the  largest  and  noblfst  in  the  world. 

Ferrara,  Bologna,  and  Ancona,  are  places  of  importance. 

San  Marino.  This  littlf  republic  comprises  a  mountainous  tract 
of  about  thirty  square  miles,  within  the  states  of  the  church.  Tlie 
inhabitants  are  a  simple,  industrious  people.  They  have  maintained 
their  independence  more  than  1200  years.     Population,  7,000. 

TFIE  GRAxND  DUCHY  OF  TUSCANY. 

Tuscany  is  a  small,  fertile  and  populous  state,  and  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  in  Italy.  The  people  are  industrious  and  enterprising, 
and  manufactures  and  connnerce  are  flourishing. 

Cities. — Flohrncr,  situated  on  the  river  itrno,  in  a  delighiful 
valley,  is  one  of  the  handsoms^st  cities  in  Europe.  It  is  noted  for  its 
palaces,  galleries  and  libraries,  and  distinguished  as  a  seat  of  science 
and  art. 

Leghorn  is  a  large  and  strongly  fortified  city,  and  one  of  the  most 
comnT^rcial  ports  of  Italy.  It  is  noted  for  its  straw  hats.  Pisa  is  a 
handsome  but  decayed  city,  famous  for  its  university  and  leaning 

tower.  

SARDINIA. 

The  kingdom  of  Sardinia  comprises  the  north-western  part  of  Italy) 


EUROPE, 


226 


and  the  island  of  Sardinia.    The  continental  part  has  a  mild  climhte, 
fertile  soil,  and  abounds  in  the  richest  productions. 

Cities. — Turin*  is  one  of  the  most  regular  and  beautiful  cities  of 
Italy,  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  silk. 

Genoa  is  the  most  commercial  city  of  Italy.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  a  powerful  republic,  and  note  for  being;  the  birth-place  of 
Columbus.  Ca^liari  is  the  principal  town  on  the  island  of  Sardinia 
and  the  residence  of  the  viceroy. 

Monaco,  The  principality  of  Monaco  comprises  5o5  square 
miles.  It  is  an  independent  state,  under  the  protection  of  Sardinia. 
Population  6,500. 


LOMBARDY  AND  VENICE. 

The  kingdom  of  Lombardy  and  Venice  belonj^s  to  Austria,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  fertile  arid  best  cultivated  portions  of  Italy,  and  is 
justly  termed  "  the  g:arden  of  Europe."  The  people  are  industrious  j 
agriculture,  trade,  manufactures,  science  and  arts,  are  in  a  flourishing 
state. 

Cities, — Milan  is  a  lartj^e  and  magnificent  city,  noted  for  its  cathe- 
dral  manufactures  and  trade.     Venice,  see   Austria. 

Mantua  is  an  ancient  atid  interesting:  city,  and  one  of  the  most 
strongly  fortified  places  in  Europe.  It  is  well  built  and  is  noted  as 
the  birth  place  of  Virgil. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Italy  ?  What  bodies  of  water  border 
on  Italy  ?  What  mountains  in  it  ?  Rivers  "^  How  many  cities  can 
you  mention  ?  Which  is  most  populous  7 — Into  what  states  is  Italy 
divided  ?  What  is  the  goverement  ? — Religion  ? — Extent  and  popn- 
lation  of  each  ?  What  can  you  say  of  Italy  ?  Lombardy  ?  Tus. 
cany  ?     How  will  you  sail  from  Naples  to  Constantinople  ? 


i  n 


.  isa  IS  a 


IONIAN  REPUBLIC. 

The  Ionian  Republic  comprises  the  islandsof  Corfu, 
Cephalonia,  Zante.  St.  Maura,  Cerigo,  Paxu  and 
Theaki,  in  the  Ionian  Sea.  The  inhabitants  amount 
to  about  250,000.  They  are  chiefly  Greeks  and  Ital- 
ians, and  are  a  sagacious  and  enterprising  people, 
and  carry  on  considerable  trade  in  wine,  olive  oil, 
and  currants.  The  republic  is  under  the  protection 
of  Great  Britain. 

Corfu,  on  the  island  of  Corfu,  is  the  capital.    Population  16,000. 

*  Tu-reen'i 


826 


EUROPE* 


IB 


ii  t 


n 


*n' 


i'jK 


t^^i;'- 


Zante,  on  the  island  of  Zante,  is  the  largest  town.     Population 

20,000.  

In  what  direction  f  rom  us  is  the  Ionian  Republic  ?  Which  is  th« 
most  northern  of  the  Ionian  isles  ?  c.  How  many  islands  constitute 
this  republic  ?  Seven.  What  are  their  names  ?  Under  the  protec. 
tion  of  what  government  is  this  republic?  Of  what  does  the  gov. 
ernment  consist  ?  A.  Of  a  lord  high  commissioner,  appointed  by  the 
king  of  Great  Britain,  and  a  legislative  assembly.  In  what  direction 
from  the  Ionian  isles  is  Malta  ?     Candia  ?     Corsica  ?     England  7 


Malta.  Malta  lies  south  of  Sicily.  It  is  a  small  and  celebrated 
island,  noted  for  the  strength  of  its  fortifications.  Formerly  the 
knights  of  St.  John,  a  powerful  miliiary  order,  held  possession  of  it, 
but  it  now  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  It  contains  abdut  80,000  inhab- 
itants, who  are  brave,  active,  industrious,  but  passionate,  jealous, 
vindictive  and  superstitious.  Valetta,the  capital,  is  so  strongly  for- 
tified as  to  merit  the  title  of  a  second  Gibraltar. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Malta  ?  What  was  it  formerly  called  ? 
A.  Melita.  [See  Acts,  chap,  xxviji.  1 — 12.]  To  whom  did  it  formerly 
belong?  When  and  by  whom  was  it  captured  ?  A.  In  1798,  by 
the  French,  under  Bonaparte.  In  1800,  it  was  taken  by  the  English. 
How  will  you  sail  from  Malta  to  Constantinople  ? 


THE  TURKISH  OR  OTTOMAN  EMPIRE. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Turkish  Empire  1 

The  Turkish  empire  was  formerly  of  vast  extent, 
and  one  of  the  most  powerful  on  the  globe.  Though 
much  reduced,  it  is  still  a  large,  populous  and  influ- 
ential state.  It  comprises  two  great  divisions,  Turkey 
in  Europe  and  Turkey  in  Asia. 

The  government  is  despotic  The  sovereign,  styled  "  the  Grand 
Seignor,"or  •' SuUan,"  unites  in  himself  all  the  powers  of  the  stale, 
and  disposes  of  the  hves  and  property  of  his  subjects  at  pleasure. 
His  prime  minister  is  called  the  Grand  Vieier,  and  the  government 
or  court,  "  the  Ottoman  Porte,"  or  "  the  Sublime  Porte." 

In  relie^ion,  the  Turks  are  Mohammedans.  They  came  originally 
from  Tartary  in  Asia,  and  in  12*27  overthrew  the  empire  of  the  Sar- 
acens, and  in  1453,  took  Constantinople,  and  put  an  end  to  the  east- 
ern Roman  empire. 

Character.— -The  Turks  are  well  formed,  dignified,  graceful  and 
imposing  in  their  appearance.  They  are  honest,  grave,  coura;;jeous, 
and  noted  for  their  hospitality  to  strangers.  They  are  ignorant,  in- 
dolent, and  in  religion,  iiuolerani.  They  shave  their  heads,  instead 
af  their  beards,  wear  turbans  instead  of  hats,  loose  robes  instead  of 


attcnti 
are  cm 
1  ui 
turet 
but  o\| 


Population 

^hich  isthf 
8  constitute 
the  protec 
aea  the  gov. 
nted  by  the 
at  direction 
ingland  ? 

d  celebrated 
ormerly  the 
essiori  of  it, 
},000  inhab- 
ate,  jealous, 
strongly  for- 


lerly  called  ? 

id  it  formerly 

In  1798,  by 

the  English. 


MPIRE. 

vel 

ist  extent, 

Though 

and  influ- 

is,  Turkey 


"  the  Grand 

of  the  state, 

at  pleasure. 

i  government 

I) 

ime  originally 
re  of  the  Sar- 
J  to  the  east- 
graceful  and 
,  couraj^eous, 
ignorant,  in- 
eads,  instead 
)e8  instead  of 


EUROPE. 


227 


coats,  and  sit  on  cushions  instead  of  chairs,  and  in  eating,  use  their 


fingers  instead  of  knives  and  forks. 


Is  the  Turkish  empire  increasing,  or  diminishing  in  power  1 
What  does  it  now  comprise'?  Which  is  the  largest  division  1  Wliat 
titles  are  given  to  the  sovereign  of  Turkey  1  What  is  he  sometimes 
called  by  the  Turks  1  A.  "  The  sliudow  of  God,"  "  Brother  to  the 
sun  and  moon,"  and  "  Refuge  of  the  world."  How  do  the  Turks  in 
their  dress  and  customs  differ  from  us  'f 


TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 


VIEW   IN  CONSTANTINOPLE. 

How  is  Turkey  in  Europe  bounded  1     What  is  its  capital  1 


Turkey  in  Europe  is  an  extensive  country,  niul  is 
noted  for  its  tine  climate,  fertile  soil,  and  its  favorable 
situation  for  commercial  pursuits. 

The  northern  part  is  level,  consisting  chiefly  of  immense  plains, 
the  southern,  is  nioiiiitainous,  interspersed  with  beautiful  nnd  fertile 
valleys,  and  noted  for  its  pietuiesque  scenery.  The  soil,  tlinngh 
poorly  cultivated,  prouuces  wheat,  rice,  cotton,  silk,  wine,  oil,  fruits, 
&c.  in  abundance.  Commerce  and  manufactures  receive  but  little 
attention,  and  are  chiefly  in  the  hnnds  of  foreigners.  The  exj  orts 
are  carpets,  muslins,  camel's  hair,  swords,  pistols,  &c.  &c. 

Turkey  possesses  superior  advantages  for  agriculture,  manufac- 
tures and  commerce.  Its  climate,  soil,  and  situation  ai-e  unequalled ; 
but  owing  to  its  despotic  government,  there  are  no  motives  to  exer- 
tion, and  every  thing  languishes. 


t)    w 


228 


EUROPE. 


Cities. — Constantinople  is  delightfully  situated  on  the  Bospho- 
rus,  or  strait  of  Constantinople,  commanding  a  grand  and  extensive 
view  of  the  coasts  of  Asia  and  the  surrounding  seas.  It  is  stron<,'ly 
fortified,  and  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  Europe.  Its  mosques,  or 
Mahomedan  temples,  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  are  superb 
structures,  particularly  that  of  St.  Sophia.  The  seraglio,  or  imperial 
palace,  forms  a  little  city  by  itself.  It  is  three  miles  in  circumference, 
and  surrounded  by  a  wall.  It  consists  of  dwellings,  mosques,  baths, 
kiosks,  gardens  and  groves  of  cypress.  It  is  occupied  by  the  sultan, 
his  court,  and  wives,  of  which  he  sometimes  has  500.  The  pan  in 
which  the  women  are  kept  is  called  **  the  Harem."  The  ciiy  con- 
tains II  academies,  518  seminaries,  1300  schools  for  children,  13 
public  libraries,  a  mathematical  and  nautical  school. 

Adrianople  is  situated  in  ancient  Thrace,  on  the  river  Maritza,  in 
the  midst  of  a  fertile  region.  It  i.s  a  large  and  populous  city,  and  has 
considerable  trade.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  in  1360,  and  from 
that  time,  it  was  the  residence  of  tha  Turkish  sultans  until  the  con- 
quest of  Constantinople,  in  1453.  Belgrade  is  noted  for  its  fortifica- 
tions; Sophia  for  its  warm  baths;  Salotlica  for  its  extensive  com- 
merce. Shumla  is  a  strongly  fortified  town,  and  styled  "  the  gates 
of  Constantinople." 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Turkey  ?  What  is  the  principal 
river  ?  Mountains  ?  What  countries  border  on  Turkey  ?  What 
bodies  of  water  ?  Which  is  the  most  populous  city  ?  Describe 
Constantinople.  In  what  direction  from  Constantinople  is  Adriano. 
pie?  Salonica?  Shumla?  Larissa?  Belgrade?  Ibrali?  Joanina? 
Jassy  ?  What  other  cities  can  you  mention  ?  What  is  the  extent 
of  Turkey  in  Europe  ?  Population?  Form  of  government  ?  Reli. 
gion  ?  State  of  society  ?  Which  has  the  greatest  latitude,  Constan- 
tinople or  this  place  ?  For  what  is  Turkey  distinguished  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  the  Turks  ?  What  is  their  appearance  ?  [See  map 
of  the  world.]     How  will  you  go  from  Constantinople  to  Athens  ? 


GREECE. 


How  is  Greece  bounded  ?    What  is  its  capital  ? 


Greece  is  a  small,  new,  and  interesting  kingdom, 
distinguished  for  its  mild  climate,  fertile  soil,  and 
h.agnificcnt  ruins. 

Greece  is  finely  diversified  with  hills,  plains,  rugged  mountains, 
and  beautiful  and  fertile  vales.  The  chief  productions  are  corn,  oil, 
wine,  cotton,  wool,  silk,  rice  and  fruits.  It  possesses  superior  ad- 
vantages for  commercial  pursuits.  Its  inlets  and  bays  are  numerous, 
and  its  coasts  are  studded  with  islands. 


Greece  i 
thousand  ] 
tions  of  an 
painters  ai 
ninukind  i 
civilized  lii 

Charact 

diisirious  p 
lovers  of  th 
ledge. 

Cities.— 
of'ttie  most 
a  small  cit 
It  is  distinj 
mains  of  it 

Napoli, 
towns.     S 
cornmercis 
for  its  com 

tiou. 


In  what 
What  citie 
What  isla 
ir.^Table 

ir,J2? 

*  Anciei 
wrresiihje 
tliodifferei 
an.1  forme( 
eniperor  of 
zrntium, 
\  astern  F 
( n  end  to 
'i'urks  tre 
I'lieirinso 
nd  only 
uhmittet 
i;ie  Turk  if 
':can  gov( 
•v  dcstruci 
g  )vernme 
c'  Turk* 
S^noe  tha 
t'l'vernme 
01  :s  and  1 


(* 


EUROPE. 


229 


\\xes,  or 

superb 

mperial 

fere  nee, 

,  baths, 

sultan, 

pan  in 

iiy  con- 

dren,  13 

iritza,  in 
and  has 
ind  from 
the  con- 
fortifica- 
ive  com- 
the  gates 


principal 
?  What 
Describe 
Adrianc 
Joanina? 
he  extent 
t  ?  Reli. 
Constan. 
?  What 
[See  map 
thens  ? 


ingdom, 
)il,  and 


lountams, 

corn,  oil, 

perior  ad- 

lumerous, 


Greece  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  countries  in  the  world.  Three 
thousand  years  ago,  it  was  the  seat  of  one  of  the  most  polished  na< 
tions  of  antiquity.  Itfi  heroes,  orators,  statesmen,  philosophers,  poets, 
painters  and  sculptors,  surpassed  all  others  of  that  age,  and  to  them 
niatikind  are  indebted  for  the  first  rudiments  in  most  of  the  arts  of 
civilized  life.* 

Character, — The  Greeks  are  a  brave,  active,  enterprising  and  in- 
dnsirious  people,  and  distinguished  for  personal  beauty.  They  are 
lovers  of  the  arts,  passionate  in  their  feehngs,  and  desirous  of  know- 
ledge. 

Cities. — Athens,  formerly  the  capital  of  Attica,  and  birth  place 
of  ttie  most  distinguished  orators,  heroes  and  eages  of  antiquity,  is  now 
a  small  city,  but  i?  increasing  in  population,  wealth  and  importance. 
It  is  distinguished  tor  its  ruins,  some  of  which  are  magnificent  re- 
mains of  Its  ancient  splendor. 

Napoli,  Patras,  Corinth,  Navarino,  Tripolizza,  are  important 
towns.  Syra,  situated  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  is  the  most 
commercial  town  in  Greece.  Hydra,  on  the  island  of  Hydra,  is  noted 
for  its  commerce,  and  for  the  active  part  it  took  in  the  Greek  revoliu 

tlOLl.  •,  ,     • 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Greece  ?  What  cape  south  of  Greece  ? 
What  cities  can  you  mention  ?  What  large  island  east  of  Greece  ? 
What  island  east  of  Negropont,  near  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  me- 
rm^rable  for  the  dreadful  massacre  of  its  inhabitants  by  the  Turks,  in 
Jo<22?    What  island  south-east  of  Scio,  noted  for  being  the  birth 

*  Anrient  Greece  consisted  of  a  number  of  independent  States.  These 
wrre  subjected  by  Philip,  king  of  Macedon,  338,  B.  C.  Macedon  and  all 
tl Id  different  states  of  Greece  were  subjugated  by  the  Romans,  B.  C.  148, 
an  1  formed  into  a  Roman  province.  In  A.  D.  329,  Constantine  the  great, 
en\perorofthe  Romans,  transferred  theseat  of  empire  from  Rome  to  ^y- 
zrntium,  or  Constantinople.  This  was  then  called  the  Byzantine,  or 
I  astern  Roman  empire.  In  1453,  the  Turks  took  Constantinople,  and  put 
{  n  end  to  the  Byzantine  empire.  After  the  conquest  of  the  country,  the 
'^'urks  treated  the  Greeks  with  the  greatest  cruelty  and  oppression. 
I'fieir  insolent  masters  looked  upon  them  as  an  inferior  race  of  beings, 
nd  only  fit  to  perform  the  lowest  offires  of  drudgery.  The  Greeks 
iihmitted  to  these  oppressive  acts,  till  1821,  when  they  revolted  from 
iiie  Turkish  yoke,  asserted  their  independence,  and  established  a  repub- 
;:can  government.  The  Turks  attemptf^d  to  reduce  them  to  subjer'tion ; 
i  destructive  war  ensued,  which  lasted  several  years ;  at  length  the 
g  )vernments  of  Russia,  France,  and  England  interfered,  and  the  Sultan 
0.'  Turkey  was  compelled  to  consent  to  the  independence  «;f  Greece. 
S^nce  that  time,  the  Greeks  have  sncceedfd  in  establishing  an  efficient 
gi  vernment,  and  are  at  this  time,  comparatively  speaking,  in  a  prosper- 
ous and  happy  condition. 


230 


EUROPE. 


r»:    1      ! 


ir 


place  of  Pythagoras  ?  What  town  on  the  gulf  of  Lepanto,  north, 
west  of  Athens,  noted  for  being  the  principal  strong  hold  of  the  Greeks 
until  1826,  and  the  death  of  Lord  Byron  in  1824  ?  m.  What  is  the 
extent  of  Greece  ?  Population?  Government?  Religion'/  Stfite 
ot  society  ?  Which  is  largest,  Greece  or  this  state  ?  Which  extends 
farthest  north  ?    How  will  you  sail  from  Athens  to  Washington  ? 


ISLANDS. 

Candia.  The  island  of  Candia,  anciently  called  Crete,  is  KiO 
miles  long,  and  from  fourteen  to  fifty  miles  wide.  It  contains  4(1126 
square  miles,  and  about  300,000  inhabitants.  In  the  centre  of  it,  ;i3 
the  snowy  ridge,  called  mount  Ida,  famous  in  mythology  for  bein;? 
the  birth  place  and  residence  of  Jupiier.  Its  climate  is  fine,  its  poil 
remarkably  fertile,  and  its  productions  numerous  and  valuable.  Tlic 
island  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1669,  after  a  war  of  twenty-live 
years.  It  has  recently  been  captured  and  now  belongs  lo  the  Pacha* 
of  Egypt.     Candia,  the  chief  town,  is  noted  for  its  commerce. 

Cyprus.  Cyprus  is  the  most  important  island  of  the  Levant.!  It 
is  about  170  miles  long,  50  broad,  and  contains  about  5000  square 
miles.  In  ancient  times,  it  was  the  resort  of  the  learned,  gay  and 
refined,  and  noted  for  its  fertility  and  wine,  and  as  the  abode  of 
pleasure.     It  belongs  to  the  Pacha  of  Egypt. 

Rhodes.  Rhodes  is  celebrated  for  its  fine  climate,  fertile  soil,  and 
for  iis  ancient  commerce  and  naval  power.  It  was  formerly  a  ricli 
and  powerful  republic.  It  has  been  frequently  conquered,  ana  niw 
belongs  to  Turkey.  Rhodes  is  the  chief  town  and  capaal  ofilie 
island.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  with  a  narrow  entrance  betveen  two 
rocks,  on  ^vhich,  it  is  said,  stood  the  famous  colossus,  an  enormous 
statue  of  bronze,  100  feet  high,  allowing  the  largest  vessels  of  those 
times,  to  sail  between  its  legs. 

Nesropont.  This  island  contains  1610  square  miles,  and  about 
60,000  inhabitants.  It  is  separated  from  the  continent  by  the  stiail 
of  Euripus,  over  which  is  a  bridge  200  feet  long.  It  belongs  lo 
Greece,  and  abounds  in  corn,  wine,  oil  and  fruits. 


Where  is  Candia  ?  Which  is  the  largest,  Candia  or  this  stafc  ? 
For  what  was  it  anciently  celebrated  ?  A.  For  the  laws  of  Miros, 
its  labyrinth,  and  its  hundred  cities.  For  what  was  mount  Ida 
fam  us  ?  To  whom  does  it  now  belong  ? — Where  is  Cyprus  ?  lor 
what  was  it  anciently  noted  ■?  To  whr.ii  does  it  belong  ? — Whore 
is  Rhodes  ?  For  what  is  it  celebrated  ?  What  is  its  capital  ?  What 
once  stood  across  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  ?  Do  you  imagine  one 
of  our  ships  could  sail  between  its  legs  ?  What  was  the  colossus  ir. 
Rhodes  considered  ?    A.  Oneof"  The  seven  vonders  of  the  worli." 


What  wer 
Eijypt,  the 
jrii^sus,  th 
Colossus  a 
gropont  ? 


i« 


*  Pa-shaw',  a  governor. 

*  Levant — the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean. 


Asia 
vision  c 
the  see 
th3  his 

It  w 
and  th 
corded 
and  pi 
introdi 
nations 

In 
tlie   gr 
world 
nian,  tl 


I!  I 


ASIA. 


231 


north- 

jJreeks 
18  the 
StJiic 
jxienda 
n? 


What  were  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world  ?  A.  The  Pyramids  of 
Es,'ypt.  the  Temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesua,  the  Mausoleum  at  Haliciir- 
n.'ii^sus,  the  Statue  of  Jupiter  at  Olympia,  the  Walls  of  Babylon,  the 
Colossus  at  Rhodes,  and  the  Royal  Palace  of  Cyrus. — Where  is  Ne- 
gropont  ?     W  hat  is  its  extent  ?     What  does  it  abound  in  ? 


^SUl. 


>K  I 


Asia  is  the  largest  richest,  and  most  populous  di- 
vision of  the  globe.  It  is  remarkable  for  liaving  been 
the  scene  of  some  of  the  most  important  events  that 
the  history  of  the  world  can  furnish. 

It  was  in  Asia  that  our  first  parents  were  created, 
and  there  occurred  the  most  noted  transactions  re- 
corded in  the  scriptures.  There  lived  the  patriarchs 
and  prophets;  and  there  appeared  the  Saviour,  and 
introduced  his  gospel,  which  is  ultimately  to  bless  all 
nations. 

In  Asia,  likewise,  successfully  flourished  some  of 
the  greatest  and  most  powerful  empires  that  the 
world  has  ever  seen, — as  the  Assyrian,  the  Babylo- 
nian, the  Median  and  Persian,     This  favored  portion 


232 


ASIA. 


ft 


::'i: 


of  the  globe  was  also  foremost  in  civilization,  arl3, 
science  and  commerce.     Indeed  edifices  were  reareil, 
cities  built,  and  empires  founded,  while  Europe,  AfVi 
ca  and  America  were  uninhabited  and  unexplored. 

Asia  is  distinguished  for  its  large  and  numejoi^s 
rivers,  its  salt  lakes,  its  vast  elevated  plains  anJ 
deserts,  and  for  the  variety  of  its  climate  and  its  ani- 
mal, vegetable  and  mineral  productions. 

Asia  excels  all  other  parts  of  the  earth  in  the  do- 
liciousness  of  its  fruits ;  the  fragrancy  of  its  plants, 
spices  and  gums ;  the  salubrity  of  its  drugs ;  the 
quantity,  variety  and  beauty  of  its  gems ;  the  rich- 
ness of  its  metals;  and  the  fineness  of  its  silks  and 
cottons ;  ana  produces,  also,  an  abundance  of  all  the 
necessai  ies  of  life.  ,     , 

Nature  has  spread  over  Asia,  all  the  treasures  of  the  earth, — but 
most  abundantly  in  India.  Her  bounties  are  distributed  by  impercep. 
tible  gradations  through  all  its  three  zones.  In  the  lurrid  zone-' 
whose  genial  warmth  converts  the  juices  of  plants  to  spices,  balsam, 
sugar  and  coffee,  with  which  Asia  has  enriched  the  West  Indies— 
the  sago,  cocoa,  date  and  umbrella  palms  reach  a  height  of  ^00  feet, 
and  the  white  elephant  attains  a  size  surpassing  that  of  all  other 
quadrupeds.  From  this  region  the  silk-worm  was  brought  to  Eu. 
rope,  and  hence  to  America. 

This  portion  conceals  in  it?  bosom  the  most  beautiful  diamonds  and 
richest  metals,  while  its  waves  flow  over  the  purest  pearls  and  corals. 
The  temperate  zone  has  given  to  the  other  divisions  of  the  globe,  the 
melon,  the  vine,  the  orange  and  many  of  their  most  agreeable  garden 
fruits,  as  well  as  the  most  productive  kinds  of  grain,  and  the  most 
charming  flowers ;  and  unites  in  its  productions,  symmetry  with  rich. 
ness,  particularly  in  its  western  regions.  Here  the  oldest  traditions 
place  Paradise  ;  here  lie  the  enchanting  Cashmere,  and  the  Guithsn 
of  Damascus ;  here  blossoms  the  rose  of  Jericho  near  the  cedum  of 
Lebanon. 

The  eastern  countries  in  the  same  latitude,  possess  the  tea  shii?.!) 
and  the  genuine  rhubarb.  The  camel,  the  Angora  goat,  the  Thibe- 
tian  sheep,  the  pheasant,  and  t^ie  horse,  are  natives  of  this  zone.  In 
the  north  blossoms  a  few  Alpine  flowers,  and  from  the  icy  soil  giows 
the  dwarf-like  Siberian  cedar,  till  at  70°  vegetation  mostly  ceases. 
Here  live  the  smallest  of  quadrupeds.  The  shrew-mouse  of  the 
Yenisei,  sables,  ermines,  foxes,  otters,  &c.  aflbrd  the  finest  fur.  The 
mineral  kingdom  furnishes  rich  ores,  rare  precious  atones,  and  re. 


*F08 

as  teeth 

tAc 
on  cam 
arepro^ 
dering 


fii  '.  h 


ASIA. 


233 


,  arls, 
reareil, 
e,  AfVi- 
lored. 

ins  and 
its  ai  li- 
the de- 
plants, 

gs ;  the 
tie  rich- 

ilks  and 

f  all  the 


earth, — but 
fT  impercep. 
rid  zone— 
;es,  balsam, 
;st  Indies— 
of  200  feet, 
af  all  other 
ight  to  Eu. 

imonds  and 
i  and  corals. 
e  globe,  the 
able  garden 
id  the  most 
y  with  rich. 
St  traditions 
the  Guillen 
16  ceduiH  of 

16  tea  sill  tab 
,  the  Tiiibe. 
s  zone,  fn 
y  soil  grows 
(Stly  ceases. 
0U86  of  t!ie 
St  fur.  The 
les,  and  re- 


markable fossil  remains,  especially  those  of  the  mammoth  and  ele- 
phant in  high  northern  latitudes.* 

The'  human  mind  for  centuries,  seems  to  have  remained  stationa* 
ry  in  Asia.  Ancient  forms  are  preserved  most  rigidly,  and  no  advan. 
ces  are,  apparently,  made  in  th<3  arts  and  sciences.  The  internal 
commerce  is  still  carried  on  by  C8«'avanst  as  in  the  most  ancient 
times — before  Abraham  and  Mosv,  j  — when  merchandise  was  trans, 
ported  from  India  through  Bactria  to  Colchis,  as  at  present  to  Cairo, 
Constantinople  and  Moscow-  The  foreign  commerce  is  wholly  in 
the  hands  of  Europeans, — English,  Dutch,  French  and  Russians,  and 
of  Americans.  •       ■    ^ 


Questions. — For  what  is  Asia  remarkable  ?  Which  grand  divis- 
ion of  the  globe  was  first  peopled  ?  Can  you  mention  any  events 
that  occurred  in  Asia  ?  What  great  empires  flourished  in  Asia  ? 
Which  division  took  the  lead  in  civiHzation  and  arts,  science  and 
commerce  7  For  what  is  Asia  distinguished  ?  In  what  respect  does 
Asia  excel  other  parts  of  the  earth  7  Did  you  ever  see  any  thing  that 
w  as  brought  from  Asia  7  If  you  could  go  to  Asia,  which  part  should 
you  prefer  to  visit  ?  Why  7  Do  any  of  the  nations  of  Asia  speak 
the  same  language  that  we  do  ?  A.  They  do  not ;  neither  do  they 
use  the  same  characters  in  writing  and  printing  that  we  do.  The 
B'-itish  own  a  large  part  of  Hindostan,  and  of  course  speak  the  Eng. 
lish  language.  In  which  country  do  you  think  you  shouM  prefer  to 
live,  the  United  States  or  Hindostan  7  Can  we  sail  from  the  United 
States  to  Asia  ?     Will  you  describe  the  voyage  7 


MAP  OF  ASIA. 

How  is  Asia  bounded  7 


Turkey  7 
Arabia  7 
Persia  7 
Beloochistan  7 
Afghanistan  7 
Hindostan  7 
Birman  Empire  *? 
Chinese  Empire  7 


Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  ? 
Capital  7 


Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 


Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  7 


*  Fossil  remains  here  mean  those  parts  of  animals  dugout  of  the  earth, 
as  teeth,  bones,  tusks,  &c. 

t  A  caravan  consists  of  a  number  of  merchants  or  pilgrims,  who  travel 
on  camels.  Their  number  often  amounts  to  several  thousands.  They 
are  provided  with  arms  to  defend  themselves  from  the  attacks  of  the  wan- 
dering Arabs,  and  other  tribes  of  robbers. 


234 


ASIA. 


I.Tartnry? 
Siberia  ? 
Caucasufl  ? 


Capital  7 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 


Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns  7 


Rivers  ? 
Rivers? 
Rivers  ? 


i<    .! 


^     "*  ■•■       •     RIVERS.  ■  ■     ■•     ■;  ^  .' 

Where  doe?  the  river  Jordan  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it  run, 
ond  where  does  it  empty  ?*  Euphrates?  Tigris?  Indus?  Ner- 
buddah?  Kistna?  Godavery?  Ganges?  Sampoo,  or  Brahma- 
piitru  ?  Irawady  ?  Salwein  ?  Meinam  ?  Mecon,  or  Cambodia  ? 
Si  Kiang  ?  KiangKu?  Hoang  Ho,  or  Yellow  river  ?  Amour,  or 
Saghalien?  Anadir?  Lene  ?  Olensk?  Anabara  ?  Toongouski? 
Yenisei?  Obi?    Irtish?   Ural?     Sihon  ?    Jihon  ? 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Wliere 


SEAS. 


8  the  Red  Sea? 

a  the  Sea  of  Arabia  ? 

a  the  China  Sea  ? 

8  the  Yellow  Sea  ? 

s  the  Japan  Sea  ? 

8  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  ? 

8  the  Sea  of  Kamtchatka  ? 

s  the  Sea  o(  Kara  ? 

s  the  Sea  of  Celebes  ? 

s  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 

s  the  Aral  Sea  ? 

s  the  Dead  Sea  ? 


.>  ^ 


•  ( 


BAYS* 


Where  is  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 
Where  is  Borghni  Bay  ? 


Where  is  Lake  Baika'  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Balk.ian  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Lsyk  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Lob  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Hurrah  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Van  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Oi'bsa  ? 
Where  is  Lake  '  alte  ? 
\V  here  is  Lake  Kinka  ? 


LAKB». 


*  The  Jordan  rises  in  mount  Hermon,  in  Syria,  and  runs  a  southed 
course,  passing  through  the  sea  of  Tiberias,  or  sea  o  Galilee,  and  erap* 
tie  sinio  the  Dead  Sea.    Its  length  is  about  160  miles 


ASIA 


235 


it  run, 
?  Ner. 
Brnhina. 
rnbodia  ? 
rnour,  or 
ngouaki  ? 


souther! 
,  and  einp* 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Whrre 
Where 
Where 
Where 


0ULF9. 

8  the  Persian  Gulf  7 

9  the  Gulf  of  Omnn? 
8  the  GulfofCutch? 

fl  the  Gulf  of  Cauibny  7 
8  the  GulfofSiam? 
8  the  Giilfof  Tonquin  7 
8  the  GulfofTartary7 


PSNINSULAS. 


Where  \b  the  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  ? 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Corea  7 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Malay  7 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


STRAITSt 

sBehring'8  Strait? 
8  the  Strait  of  Sangar  ? 
8  the  Strait  of  Corea? 
8  the  Strai*  of  Macassar  ? 
8  the  Strait  of  Malacca  ? 
8  the  Strait  of  Babelmandel  7 


CAPSS. 


Where  is  North  East  Cape  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Chelagskoy  7 
Where  is  East  Cape  7 
Where  is  Cape  Navarin  7 
Where  is  Cape  Lopatka  7 
Where  is  Cupe  Romania  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Comorin  7 
Where  is  Cape  Fartak  ? 


m 


MOUNTAINS. 

Where  are  the  Altay  Mountains  ? 
Whereare  the  Stannovoi  Mountains? 
Where  are  the  Ural  Mountains  7 
Where  are  the  Caucasian  Mountains  7 
Where  are  the  Belur  Tag  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Himalaya  Mountains? 
Where  are  the  Gaut  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Ramleah  Mountains  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Sinai  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Taurus  7 
Where  is  Mount  Ararat  7 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Altay  Mountains  ?    Himalaya  ?    Ural  T 

li 


I»  < 


•I 


i-l 

III. 

336 


ASIA 


DESERTS. 

Where  is  the  Grout  Dfs^rt  i»f  Gobi  or  Shamo ? 

Where  is  the  Snndy  Desert  1 

Where  is  flie  Groat  Salt  Desert  ? 

Where  is  the  Arabian  Desert  ? 

Where  is  the  Syrian  Desert  ? 

Where  is  the  Desert  of  Khiva? 


Where  is  the  island  of  Si)cotra  ?  Lacadives  ?  Maldives  ?  Ceylon  ? 
Andaman?  Nicobar?  Sunda  Isles,  viz.  Sumatra,  Java,  Banoa  ami 
Timor?  [See  map  of  :he  World.]  Borneo?  C.'loboa?  Gilolo?  Bouro' 
Coram?  New  Gninea?  Sr.  Andrews?  Pelew  Isles?  Philippine 
Islands,  viz.  Luzon,  Mindanao,  Samar,  Loyte  and  Negros  ? — Pala. 
wan  ?  Hainan  ?  Bashee  Isles  ?  Formosa  ?  Loochoo,  or  Leo 
Keo?  Sulphur  Isles?  Benin  Isles?  Japan  islands,  viz.  Niphon. 
Sikofk  and  Kiusof?  Jesse? — Saghalien?  Kurile  islands?  Behr 
ing's  ?     New  Siberia  ?     Nova  Zembla  ? 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

How  is  Turkey  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  7 

Turkey  comprises  some  of  the  finest  and  fairest 
regions  of  Asia.  Within  its  limits,  have  transpired 
some  of  the  most  astonishing  events  recorded  in  his- 
tory. It  was  once  the  seat  of  the  renowned  empires 
and  kingdoms  of  Assyria,  Babylonia,  Armenia,  Lydia, 
Syria,  and  Judea;  and  here  once  stood  the  celebrated 
and  flourishing  cities  of  Babylon,  Nineveh,  Troy. 
Balbec,  Palmyra,  Antioch  and  Tyre.  But  ignorance, 
superstition  and  barbarism,  now  cover  the  land,  and 
few  traces  remain  of  its  former  civilization  except 
ruins. 

Turkey  is  agreeably  diversified  with  hills,  plains,  mountains  and 
valleys.  The  climate  is  delightful,  and  the  soil  remarkable  for  its 
fertility.  It  is  famous  for  its  wines,  wheat,  barley,  silk  and  fruits, 
and  for  its  manufactures  of  carf^ts  and  leather. 

The  population  consists  of  Turks,  Greeks,  Arabs,  Jews,  Curds, 
Armenians,  Druses  and  Turkomans.  The  Turks  are  the  ruling  peo- 
pie,  and  resemble  those  of  Turkey  in  Europe. 

!Htie§. — CoKSTANTiNOPLE  is  the  capital  of  the  Turkish  empire, 


Syria  ii 
for  its  fin( 
cities.  I 
Mount  L( 
mit,  and 

Syria  1- 
the  Assyr 
French  a 
session. 

Cities.- 
nearly  de 
It  is  a  pla 
And  cotto: 


ASIA 


237 


!8?  Cf-ylon  ? 
,  Banca  nml 
olo?  Bourt)'' 
f  Philippine 
grna  ? — Pala. 
boo,  or  Leu 
viz.  Niphon, 
finds  ?    Beiir- 


tal? 

and  fairest 
transpired 
•ded  in  his- 
ed  empires 
nia,  Lydia, 
celebrated 
ireh,  Trov. 
ignorance, 
;  land,  and 
ion  except 

lountains  and 
arkable  for  its 
ilk  and  fruits, 

Jews,  Curds, 
the  ruling  peo- 

irkiah  empire, 


RUINS  OP   PALMYIIA. 

noted  for  its  beautiful  situation  on  the  west  side  of  the  Bosphorus,  or 
strait  of  Constantinople.    [See  Turkey  in  Europe.] 

Bagdad,  once  the  renowned  seat  of  the  Saracen  Caliphs,  and  one 
of  the  most  magnificennt  cities  in  the  world,  is  situated  on  the  Tigris, 
300  miles  N.  W.  of  Bassora.  It  is  the  resort  of  caravans  from  India, 
Persia  and  Arabia,  but  retains  little  of  its  ancient  splendor. 

Smyrna  is  a  large  and  populous  city,  and  is  the  chief  emporium  of 
Asiatic  Turkey.  It  is  the  common  rendezvous  of  merchants  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  and  carries  on  an  extensive  trade  with  the 
United  States.  Bassora  is  a  n<»ted  city,  celebrated  for  its  extensive 
commerce  with  India,  Persia  and  Arabia. 


SYRIA. 


Syria  is  an  interesting  country.  It  has  been  celebrated  in  ail  ages 
for  its  fine  climate,  fertile  soil,  valuable  productions,  and  its  fiopuious 
cities.  It  abounds  in  mountains,  plains,  hilJp,  and  f^rfilo  vailnys. 
Mount  Lebanon,  as  in  ancient  tinies,  rears  its  snow^crowned  sum- 
mit, and  its  sides  are  covered  with  majestic  cedars. 

Syria  has  ever  been  famous  in  the  history  of  war.  On  its  plains, 
the  Assyrians,  Jews,  Greeks,  Parthians,  Romans,  Cnsaders,  Turks, 
French  and  Egyptians,  have,  at  different  periods,  struggled  for  pos. 
session.     At  present,  it  is  under  the  control  of  the  pacha  of  Egypt. 

Cities. — Aleppo,  was  formerly  a  large  and  populous  city.  It  waa 
nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1822,  but  is  fast  recovering. 
his  a  place  of  great  trade,  and  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  silk 
and  cotton,  and  for  its  numerous  caravans. 


238 


ASIA 


Damascug  is  delightfully  lituated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  plain, 
It  is  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  the  world,  and  noted  for  its  manufac. 
tures  ol  silk  and  cotton  goods.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  by 
means  of  caravans,  and  is  one  of  the  best  built  cities  of  western 
Asia.     The  chief  seaports  are  TripoH,  Beirut  and  Saida. 


f  ■ 


I  '  ; 


PALESTINE. 

Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Laad,  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  coun. 
tries  in  the  world.  It  was  the  residence  of  the  ancient  Jews,  and 
the  scene  of  most  of  the  events  recorded  in  the  Scriptures.  Instead 
of  being  that  happy,  fruitful  and  prosperous  state,  it  once  was,  it  now 
forms  a  part  of  Syria,  and  but  few  traces  of  its  ancient  splendor 
remain. 

Cities. — Jerusalem,  the  ancient  capital  of  Judea,  is  situated  about 
forty  miles  from  the  Mediterranean.  It  was  once  the  metropolis  of 
the  powerful  kingdom  of  David  and  Solomon,  and  had  its  temple 
built  of  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  ornamented  with  the  gold  of 
Ophir.  It  retains  but  little  of  its  former  splendor,  and  is  distinguish. 
ed  for  being  the  resort  of  pilgrims  from  various  parts  of  the  Christian 
world. 

Bethlehem  is  noted  for  being  the  birth-place  of  our  Saviour;  Naz. 
areth  as  the  place  of  his  residence,  and  Cana  for  his  turning  water 
into  wine.     Jaffa,  Gaza,  and  Acre  are  the  chief  towns  on  the  coast. 


s'>^ 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Turkey  in  Asia  ?  What  are  the  two 
principal  rivers?  e.  t.  What  bodies  of  water  border  on  Turkey? 
What  lake  in  the  eastern  part  ?  V.  What  cities  can  you  mention? 
What  is  the  population  of  Smyrna  ?  Bagdad  ?  Bassora  ?  Ama- 
siaV  Trebisond  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  Turkey?  Popuhition? 
Government  ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  What  does  Turkey 
comprise  ?  What  noted  mountain  in  the  northeastern  part  1  a. 
What  mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  Asia  Minor? — In  what  part 
of  Turkey  is  Syria?  For  what  is  Syria  celebrated?  -What  citiee 
can  you  mention?  What  can  you  say  of  Aleppo  ?  Damascus? 
1  v-»  what  empire  did  Syria  formerly  belong  ?  A.  The  Turkish  era- 
pire.  To  what  government  does  it  now  belong  ?  The  ruins  of 
what  two  ancient  splendid  cities  are  in  Syria  ?  A.  Balbec  and 
Palmyra. — In  what  part  of  Syria  is  Palestine  ?  What  can  ynu  say 
of  Palestme  ?  Into  what  four  divisions  was  it  divided  in  the  time  of 
our  Saviour  ?  [See  map  of  Palestine.]  How  many  cities  can  you 
mention?  Describe  Jerusalem.  What  noted  river ?  Where ie the 
Bead  Sea  ?    What  country  south  of  Palestine  7 


M'^!: 


ASIA 


239 


ARABIA. 

Mow  is  Arabia  bounded  ?    What  is  its  capital  ? 


brated  coun. 
t  Jews,  and 
es.  Instead 
was,  it  now 
ent  splendor 

ituated  about 
metropolis  of 
ad  its  temple 
the  gold  oi 
is  distinguish, 
the  Christian 

aviour;  Naz. 

turning  water 

on  the  coast. 


it  are  the  two 
r  on  Turkey  ? 
'ou  mention? 
sora  ?     Ama. 

Populitiion? 
does  Turkey 
tern  part  ?  a. 
-In  what  part 

■What  cities 

Damascus? 
1  Turkish  etn- 
The  ruins  of 

Balbec  and 
t  can  you  say 
in  the  time  of 
cities  can  you 

Where  is  the 


Arabia  consists  chiefly  of  immense  deserts,  inter- 
spersed with  fertile  spots  like  islands.  It  has  no  large 
rivers  or  lakes,  and  in  many  places  it  is  destitute  of 
water. 

It  is  divided  into  three  parts,  viz.  Arabia  Petr<Ba, 
in  the  north-western  part ;  Arabia  Deserta,  embra- 
cing the  interior  and  north-eastern  part ;  and  Arabia 
Felix,  in  the  southern  part. 

The  climate  is  excessively  warm  on  the  plains,  and 
subject  to  a  destructive  wind  called  the  Samiel  or 
Simoom,  but  mild  and  healthy  on  the  mountains. 

The  principal  productions  of  Arabia  are  coffee, 
gum-ar-a-hic,  frankincense,  myrrh  and  aloes.  . 

Tiie  most  useful  animal  in  Arabia  is  the  *camel, 
and  next  to  this,  the  horse,  which  is  celebrated  for 
beauty,  swiftness,  hardiness  and  docility. 

Character, — The  Arabs  are  an  ignorant,  savage  and  barbarous 
people.  Those  on  the  coast  are  pirates;  those  in  the  interior  are 
robbers.  During  the  middle  ages  they  were  called  Saracens,  and 
were  distinguished  for  learning  and  science,  but  at  present  they  are 
80  illiterate,  thai  but  few  can  be  found  who  are  able  either  to  read  or 
write. 

Cities. — ?trJ[ECCA  is  situated  in  a  narrow  valley,  40  miles  from  the 
Red  Sea.  It  is  a  well  built  city,  and  is  celebrated  as  the  birth  place 
of  Mohammed.  It  is  supported  by  pilgrims  who  resort  thither  from  all 
parts  of  the  Mohammedan  world. 

Medina,  180  miles  north  of  Mecca,  is  celebrated  for  containing  the 
sepulchre  of  Mohammed.  Mocha  is  the  principal  seaport  of  Arabia, 
and  is  celebrated  for  its  excellent  cotiee.  Aden,  once  a  noted  city, 
but  now  much  decayed,  belongs  to  the  British  East  India  Company, 
who  have  made  it  a  naval  station  and  are  strongly  fortifying  it. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Arabia  ?  What  bodies  of  water 
border  on  Arabia?  What  mountains  in  the  northern  part?  r. 
What  mountain  in  the  north-west  part  near  the  gulf  of  Suez  ?    s. 

*  I'he  camel  is  the  only  animal  that  can  endure  the  toil  of  traversing 
'.lie  vast  deserts.  It  can  travel  six  »r  eight  days  without  water,  and 
carry  700  or  800  pounds  upon  its  back. 


f  £,"» 


240 


ASIA. 


How  is  Arabia  divided  ?  What  towns  can  you  mention  ?  Which 
is  most  populous  ?  For  what  is  Mecca  celebrated  ?  Medina  ? 
Mocha  ?  Of  what  is  Muscat  the  capital  ?  o.  What  can  you  say  of 
Oman  ?  A.  It  is  an  independent  state  under  the  control  of  an 
Imam,  or  chief,  who  has  a  considerable  navy,  and  carries  on  an  ex. 
tensive  commerce.  Muscat  is  the  general  depot  for  the  merchandize 
of  India  and  Persia.  What  is  said  of  the  Arabian  horse  ?  What 
is  the  extent  of  Arabia  ?  Population  ?  Government  ?  Religion  ? 
State  of  society  ?     In  what  direction  from  Mecca  is  Teheran  ? 


PERSIA. 


h  .i'l 


Wi 


ISPAHAN. 

How  is  Persia  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 


Persia,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  and  powerful 
kingdonris  of  antiquity,  at  present  exhibits  scarcely  a 
vestige  of  its  former  greatness. 

It  consists  principally  of  immense  plains  and  barren 
mountains,  interspersed  with  numerous  salt  lakes  and 
marshes.     It  is  generally  destitute  of  trees  nd  rivers. 

Some  of  the  valleys  and  plains  are  fertile,  and  pro- 
duce grain^  wine-  silk,  tobacco,  fruits  and  drugs  in 
abundance. 

The  Persians  are  distinguished  for  the  extent  and 


ASIA 


241 


I?  Which 
Medina? 
n  you  say  of 
ntrol  of  an 
58  on  an  ex. 
merchandize 
se?  What 
Religion  ? 
heran  ? 


variety  of  their  manufactures,  which  consist  of  the 
most  beautiful  carpets ^  brocade,  silk,  shawls, porcelain, 
&c. 

On  the  western  part  of  the  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  are  fountains 
of  naptha  or  pure  rock  oil.  The  earth  around  them,  when  dug  to 
the  depth  of  two  or  three  inches,  readily  takes  fire  on  applying  to  it  a 
live  coal.    Here  still  reside  the  Persees  or  fire  worshippers. 

Character. — The  Persians  are  polite,  gay,  polished  and  hospitable, 
and  are  among  the  most  learned,  active  and  industrious  of  the  East- 
ern nations. 

Cities. — Teheran  is  a  strong  city  sitvated  60  miles  south  of 
Caspian  Sea  and  300  north  of  Ispahan.     Its  situation  is  low,  and 
appearance  mean. 

Ispahan*  the  ancient  capital  of  Persia,  and  formerly  one  of  the 
most  splendid  cities  of  the  east,  is  situated  on  the  Zenderoud,  abont 
midway  between  the  Caspian  Sea  and  Persian  gulf.  Though  mukh 
reduced,  it  is  still  a  large  city,  noted  for  its  manufactures  and  trade. 

Bushire  is  the  principal  seaport. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Persia  ?     What  bodies  of  water 
border  on  Persia  ?     What   are  the  principal  rivers  ?    k.  k.    What 
cities  CT'  ^  vou  mention?  Which  is  most  populous  ?     What  seaport 
.  f  Ormus  ?    G.  What  ruins  south  of  Ispahan  ?  p.  W  hat 
'interior?     What  is  the  extent?    Population?    Govern. 
Religion  ?    State  of  society  ?     For  what  are  the  Persians 


on  the  fc 
desert  i 
ment? 


distinguished  ? 


powerful 
carcely  a 

nd  barren 
lakes  and 
ad  rivers. 
,  and  pro- 
drugs  in 

xtent  and 


AFGHANISTAN. 

How  is  Afghanistan  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

Afghanistan  is  a  modern  kingdom  of  Asia,  and  like 
Persia,  is  greatly  diversified  with  mountains,  valleys, 
hills  and  deserts. 

It  has  almost  every  variety  of  climate  and  soil. 
The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  barley  and  va- 
rious kinds  o^  fruit. 

Character. — The  Afghans  are  a  brave,  fierce  and  warlike  people, 
and  are  distinguished  for  hospitality,  not  only  to  strangers,  but  to  their 
most  implacable  er«>mies. 

Chief  Town. — Cabul  is  situated  on  the  river  Cabul,  a  branch  of 
the  Indus,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  with  India,  Persia  and  Tar- 
tary. 


242 


ASIA 


rt   1  ■ 


M 


S;-:'' 


m:. 


ORIENTAL   SCENERY. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  A%hunistan?  What  lake  in  the 
western  part  ?  d.  What  river  empties  into  lake  Durrah  ?  h.  What 
towns  can  you  mention  ?  Which  is  most  populous  ?  What  city  in 
the  north-west  part,  capital  of  a  small '"adepfindent  state  ?  h.  For 
what  is  Herat  noted  ?  A.  For  its  manufactures  and  commerce. 
What  is  the  extent  of  Afghanistan  ?  Population  ?  Government  ? 
Religion  ?    State  of  society  ?  What  is  the  character  of  the  Afghans  ? 


BELOOCHISTAN. 

How  is  Bcloochistan  bounded  ?     Its  capital  ? 

Beloochistan  has  seldom  been  traversed  by  Euro- 
peans, and  therefore  but  little  is  known  respecting  it. 
As  far  as  it  has  been  explored,  it  is  generally  moun- 
tainous and  barren. 

Inhabitants. — Beloochistan  is  inhabited  by  two  tribes ;  the  Beloo- 
chees  who  subsist  by  plunder  and  robbery;  *  ^d  the  Brahooes,  »» 
peaceable  and  industrious  people,  who  inhabit  the  mountainous  dis. 
tricts,  and  subsist  principally  on  their  flocks  and  hei .Is. 

Town. — Kelat  is  situated  on  the  Maskid  river.  It  is  generally 
well  built,  and  contains  abo.it  20,000  inhabitants. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Beloochistan  ?  What  towns  can  you 
mention?  Which  is  most  populous  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  Beloo- 
chistan ?   Population  ?    Government  ?   Religion  ?    State  of  society  ? 


5;iii.H.n 


ASIA. 


243 


INDIA. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Trulia  ' 

India  comprises  two  great  pen  insula  s,  nnd  has,  in 
every  age,  been  celebrated  for  its  iintneiise  popula- 
tion, civilization,  and  for  its  profusion  oi  inagniiiccnt 
and  valuable  products. 

The  western  peninsula  is  called  Hindoytnn,  nnd  the  pastern, 
Farther  India,  or  Chm- India.  F'nch  oftlicse  is  reniarkalile  for  it? 
majestic  rivrrs,  the  heat  of  its  climate,  and  yrrat   fertility. 

India,  in  iis  vciretable  nnd  mineral  prodiictiona,  i?  one  of  the 
richest  countries  on  the  globe.  It  ahoiimls  in  animals  of  almost 
every  kind.  Elephants,  tiger?,  lions,  &.c.  are  inmierous, — the  conn- 
try  swarms  with  serpents,  and  tl-.e  forests  arc  lilled  with  birds  of  the 
most  beautiful  phmiage  and  song. 

Between  what  sea  and  bay  is  llindostan  ?  Farther  India? 
Which  is  the  largest  peninsula  ?  What  cape  south  of  Hindostan? 
South  of  Farther  India  ?  Did  you  ever  see  an  atiimal  that  was 
brought  from  India  ? 


HINDOSTAN. 


PROCESSION  OF  THE  GOVERNOR  GENERAL. 

How  is  Hindostan  bounded  ?    Its  capital  ? 

Hindostan  is  the  most  beautiful  country  in  Asia,i 
11* 


r-i 


244 


ASIA 


I 


and  has  been  famous  in  all  ages  for  its  civilization, 
valuable  productions,  and  for  its  wealth  and  extensive 
manufactures. 

Hindustan  is  mostly  a  level  country,  and  is  distin- 
guished for  its  numerous  rivers  and  the  general  fertili- 
ity  of  its  soil,  which  produces  two  crops  in  a  year. 

The  climate  in  the  northern  part  is  mild  and 
healthy;  'i  the  south  it  is  warm,  and  the  heat  is  of- 
ten oppr    jive. 

Almost  every  variety  of  production  is  found  here  ; 
the  most  important  are  rice,  cation,  wheats  sugar ^  in- 
digo^ opiuniy  tohaccoj  millet  and  various  kinds  o^ fruit. 

The  Banian  Tree  is  the  most  sitigjlar  and  beautiful  production  of 
Iniiia.  The  branches  extend  to  the  earth,  and  take  root,  and  thus 
form  new  trunjis,  so  that  each  tree  is  a  grove.  One  of  these  trees, 
on  an  island  in  the  Nerbuddah  river,  has  3000  trunks,  and  7000  per- 
sons  may  repoi    under  its  shade. 

Hindostan  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  rfi«//ionrAs,  which  are 
found  principally  at  Golconda. 

The  British  possessions  in  India  consist  of  Bengal,  Bf  har  and  Be- 
nares, on  the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  of  which  Calcutta  is  the  capital ; 
of  other  places  on  the  coast  of  CoDmandel,  of  which  Madras  is  the 
capital ;  of  the  island  of  Bombay,  Surat,  and  several  districts  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  of  which  Bombay  is  the  capital. 


m 


CEYLON. 

Cbylon  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  a  rich, 
healthy,  and  fertile  island,  and  is  distinguished  for  the 
variety  and  value  of  its  productions,  the  most  import- 
ant of  which  are  cinnamon,  ginger,  pepjier,  sugar, 
^Mon,  &c.  It  has  valuable  pearl  fisheries,  and  is 
rich  in  precious  stones  and  gems. 

CoLUMBO,  the  capital,  is  a  handsome  and  well  fortified  place,  but 
has  a  poor  harbor. 

Inhabitants. — The  Hindoos  are  indolent,  spiritless,  and  sapersti- 
tious.  They  are  mild  and  servile  to  superiors,  but  haughty  and  cru- 
el  to  their  inferiors.  They  are  the  most  ingenious  manufacturers  ot 
muslins,  silks,  shawls,  &c. 

The  Hindoos  are  divided  into  four  c'asses  or  castes :  1.  The  Bra- 
mins,  or  priests;  2.  The  soldiers;  3.  The  merchants  and  iagrcultur- 


ASIA, 


246 


THE   FOUR   CASTES. 

ists;  4.  The  sudras  or  laborers.  These  castes  are  kept  entirely 
distinc:,  and  are  never  allowed  to  intermarry,  or  even  to  eat  and 
drink  with  each  other. 

Towns — Calcutta,  the  metropolis  of  the  British  power  in  India, 
is  situated  on  the  Hoogly,  an  outlet  of  the  Ganges,  about  100  miles 
from  its  mouih.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  splenaid  cities  in  Asia. 

Benares,  the  ancient  seat  of  Braminical  learning,  is  situated  on  the 
Ganges,  460  miles  N.  W,  of  Calcutta.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in 
diamonds,  gems,  &c.  and  is  a  place  of  great  wealth. 

Delhi,  formerly  the  capital  of  Hindostan,  and  seat  of  the  Mogul 
empire,  is  situated  on  the  Jumna,  a  branch  of  the  Ganges. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Hindostan  ?  What  mounrnins  pepa. 
rate  ii  from  tne  Chinese  empire  ?  What  mountains  near  the  Mahibnr 
coast?  What  are  the  principal  rivers?  i.  n.  t.  k.  g.  m.  g.  b. 
Whe;  is  Great  Sandy  Desert?  What  gulfs?  c.  c.  m.  What  cities 
can  you  men  ion  ?  V/hich  is  most  populous  ?  In  what  direction 
liom  Calcutta  is  Bombay,  the  capital  of  Western  British  Inrlia  V  Ma- 
dras,  the  capital  of  Southern  British  India  ?  Delhi,  the  former  capi. 
tal  and  scat  oi  the  Mogul  empire  ?  Lucknow,  capital  of  the  province 
or  kingdom  of  Oude  ?  H}drahad,  capital  of  Golconda  ?  What  is 
the  extent  of  Hindostan?  Population?  Government?  Religion" 
State  c»i' society  ?  What  noted  tree  in  Hindostan?  How  many 
degrees  east  of  London  is  Dacca  ?  When  it  is  noon  at  London, 
what  time  is  it  at  Dacca? — Wnat  important  island  S(jufh  of  Hin- 
dostan  ? — To  what  government  does  Ceylon  belong  ?     What  towns 


246 


A8I  A. 


on  it  ?     What  gulf  between  Ceylon  and  Hindostan    ?  What  two 
clusters  of  islands  south-west  of  Hindostan? 


FARTHER  INDIA. 
In  what  dirociion  from  us  is  Farther  India  ? 


Fartiicr  India,  or  Chin  Indians  a  large,  populous  and 
fertile  region,  noted  for  the  richness  of  its  nninerals, 
and  the  vahie  of  its  vei>-etable  productions.  It  compri- 
ses the  Birmnn  empire,  the  empire  of  Anam,  the  king- 
dom of  Sinm,  the  !3ritish  possessions  in  the  western 
part,  and  the  Malay  peninsula. 

The  firovernrnents  of  Farther  India  are  hierhly  despotic.  The  in. 
habitnp.iHgenei-iilly  profess  the  religion  of  Buddha,  or  Gaudama,  and 
pay  t"""'*'  atrenti.tn  to  'he  building  of  costly  temples,  which  are 
tra!i(hly  ornainenied  with  gilding,  painting  and  varnishing. 


1                             .  --^- y     ■ 

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^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^l 

WK^^fng 

^^H^^^H 

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HIBmSnlHI^B 

^^^^B 

I^HHI 

HIS 

H^H^^^S 

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JJuig      -^j^ 

FAIITHER    INDIA. — TIGER   HUKT. 


Farther  India  abounds  in  wild  animals ;  among  which  the  most 
noted  n re  tfie  tiger,  rhinoceros,  leopard,  and  ourang-outang.  It  is 
a;S0  famous  for  its  elephants,  which  are  used  as  beasts  of  burden. 


In  what  direction  is  Farther  India  longest  ?  In  what  part  is  the 
Birnian  empire  ?  Empire  of  Anam  ?  Siam  ?  Ma'ay  peninsu'a? 
British  terriiories  ?  Which  extends  farthest  south,  Farther  India  or 
Hindostan  ? 


M' 


A8I  A  . 


247 


p 

WF 

;«• 

f  Is'" 

'>M\ 

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BIRMAN  EMPIRE. 

I'l  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Birman  empire  7 

The  Birman  empire  is  of  recent  origin,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  important  and  powerful  divisions  of  Far- 
ther India. 

The  Birmans  are  a  brave,  warlike  people,  noted  for  activity,  en- 
terprise and  intelligence. 

AvA,  situated  on  the  Irawady,  about  500  miles  from  the  sea,  is 
noted  for  its  magnificent  temples  and  palaces. 

Rangoon,  the  grand  emporium  of  the  empire,  is  situated  on  one  of 
the  branches  of  the  Irawady.  Its  chief  ornament  is  the  great 
temple  of  Shoe  Dagon. 


In  what  direction  is  the  Birman  empire  longest?  What  rivers  in 
it?  Cities?  What  is  its  extent?  Population?  Government? 
Religion  ?     State  of  society  ? 


EMPIRE  OF  ANAM. 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Empire  of  Anam  ? 

The  empire  of  Anam  embraces  the  countries  east 
of  the  Birman  empire  and  Siam,  and  is  noted  for  its 
fine  climate,  valuable  productions,  and  numerous 
animals. 

The  pe'^tple  are  active,  inHustrious,  and  the  late  emperor  has  or- 
gafiized  his  army  and  navy,  and  constructed  fortresses  after  the 
European  manufr. 

Ht'E,  is  a  large  and  strongly  fortified  place,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
c  )mp1ete  and  remarkably  military  structures  in  Asia. 

Saigon,  formerly  the  capital  of  Cambodia,  is  noted  for  its  strong 
citadel,  and  the  beauty  of  the  surrounding  scenery. 


What  is  the  principal  river  in  Anam  ?  What  cities  can  you 
mention  ?  What  is  the  extent  of  Anam  ?  Population  ?  Govern, 
ment  ?    Religion  ?     State  of  society  ? 


SIAM. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Siam  ? 

Siam  is  a  populous,  fertile,  and  highly  cultivated 
kingdom.     It  has  mines  of  gold,  silver  and  copper, 


248 


ASIA. 


and  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  and  docility  of  its 
elephants. 

The  Siamepe  lire  of  an  orange  color,  crenernlly  mild,  oonrteouf, 
but  disinffemioiis,  vain,  and  avaricious.  They  iiro  fund  ofhoat  fiyhts, 
combats  of  ol«;ph!ints,  processions  and  illuminations. 

Bankok,  situated  on  the  river  Meinam,  nmv  be  regarded  almost 
as  a  city  floating  on  the  water.  The  houses  are  little  more  than 
large  wooden  boxes,  extend  iig  in  rows  eight  or  ten  feet  from  the 
bank,  to  which  they  are  fastened  by  long  bani!)oos. 

What  cities  in  Siam  ?  What  river?  A.  The  Meinam.  What 
gulf  south  of  Siam?  What  is  the  extent?  Population?  Govern. 
ment  ?     Religion  ?     State  of  society  ? 


BRITISH  POSSESSIONS. 

The  British  Possessions  include  f  wo  long,  narrow  strips  of  territ.iry, 
in  the  wesiern  part, — one  south  of  the  Brahmaputra,  and  the  other 
south  of  the  river  Salwein. 

The  principal  towns  are  Arracan  and  Amherst. 


Of  how  many  portions  do  the  British  possessions  consifit?  Which 
is  largest  ?  What  namb  is  given  to  the  part  north  of  the  Birman 
empire  ? 


fJlV    •   ! 


M 


t' 


MALAY. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Malay  ? 

The  Malay  peninsula  is  mostly  occupied  by  small 
independent  tribes.  It  is  noted  for  its  extensive  for- 
ests, numerous  rivers,  and  excellent  fruits. 

The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  the  ferocity  of  their  character. 
Their  chief  occupation  is  piracy  and  robbery. 

The  orang  outang  is  found  in  Malay,  and  elephants,  tigers,  crocn. 
diles,  &c.  abound. 

Mal/icca  is  the  principal  place,  and  is  possessed  by  the  British. 
Singapore,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  is  a  city  of  great  commer- 
cial  importance,  and  also  belongs  to  the  British. 


What  strait  separates  Malay  from  Sumatra?  What  towns? 
What  is  the  government  ?  Religion  "^  State  of  society  ? — What 
name  is  often  applied  to  Hindostan  Farther  India,  and  the  islands 
on  the  csast  ?    A.  East  Indies.    Whare  are  the  West  Indies  ? 


ASIA* 


249 


CHINESE  EMPIRE. 

How  is  the  Chinese  Enri|>ire  bounded  ?     Its  capitd? 

The  Chinese  Empire  comprises  China,  Thibet,  Co- 
rea,  and  Chinese  Tartary  and  is  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  populous  empires  on  the  globe. 

CHINA. 

How  is  China  bounded  7     Its  capital  7 


China  is  celebrated  for  the  great  antiquity  of  its 
government;  for  its  immense  population;  for  the  va- 
riety of  its  manufactures  and  peculiar  productions  ; 
for  the  excellence  of  its  inland  navigation,  and  for  its 
reserve  and  jealous  policy  towards  all  other  nations. 

China  has  a  mild,  hetilthy  climate,  and  a  rich,  fer- 
tile soil,  wh'ch  is  under  the  highest  state  of  cultivation. 

The  [)roauctions  arc  numerous ;  the  most  celebra- 
ted among  them  is  tea,  which  is  the  leaf  of  a  shrub,  that 
growd  from  8  to  12  feet  hi^^h. 


THE   TEA   TRADE. 

The  principal  exports  are  teas,  silks  and  porcelain^ 
or  China  ware. 


I 


350 


ASIA 


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THE  CHINESE    WALL. 

One  of  the  greatest  curiosities  of  China,  is  the  Chinese  wai\  It 
is  1,500  miles  in  length,  from  20  to  30  feet  in  height,  and  sufficiently 
wido  for  six  horsemen  to  ride  abreast.  It  is  said  to  have  been  fiuisii. 
ed  214  years  before  the  Christian  era.  It  was  built  as  a  defence 
against  the  Tartars- 

Characteu — The  Chinese  are  mild,  intelligent,  courteous,  and  ex. 
tremely  industrious;  nut  generallv  vain,  timid,  artful,  and  jealous  of 
strangers. 

Towns. — Pekin,  the  capital  of  the  Chinese  Emi)ire,  is  situated  in 
a  fertile  plain  about  .50  miles  from  the  great  wall.  It  is  14  miles  in 
circumference,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  30  feet  high.  It  is  on« 
of  the  most  populous  cities  on  the  globe. 

Nankin  was  formerly  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities  in  C'lina, 
but  is  now  much  decayed.  It  is  distinguished  for  the  extent  of  its 
manufactures,  particularly  silks,  crapes,  and  tiankeeve.  It  is  famous 
for  its  Porcelain  Tower,  which  is  200  feet  high. 

Canton,  situated  on  Canton  river,  is  the  first  commercial  city  in 
China,  and  the  only  one  to  which  Europeans  and  Americans  are  per- 
mitted to  trade.     The  chief  article  of  exj»ort  is  tea. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  China?  What  are  the  principal 
rivers  of  China  ?  k.  k.  h.  What  bodies  of  water  border  on  China  ? 
What  stupendous  work  of  antiquity  bounds  China  on  the  north  ? 
Describe  the  Chinese  wall.  What  canal  extends  from  Hang-choo- 
foo  to  Pekin  ?  A.  The  Imperial  Canal.  What  cities  can  you 
mention  ?      What  it  the  population  of  Pekin  7    Nankin  ?  Canton  ? 


'/:- 


ASIA 


251 


What  is  the  extent  of  China?  Population  7  Government  7  Reli. 
(ifiun  7  State  ufsocioty  7  In  what  is  the  chief  beauty  of  a  Chinese 
Indy  thought  to  consist  7  A.  In  the  sniaihirss  of  her  feet.  These 
are  bound  up  from  infancy  to  prevent  their  growing  to  tlie  natural 
size.  Whnt  article  in  common  use  nmong  us  is  produced  only  in 
China  7  What  is  ten  ?  How  much  ten  is  annually  exported  to  the 
United  States  nnd  Great  Britain  7  A.  About  sixty  million  pounds. 
At  whnt  port  are  foreigners  permitted  to  trade  7  For  what  is  China 
celebrated  7 


THIBET. 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  Thibet  ? 


This  is  one  of  the  most  elevated  divisions  of  Asia. 
The  Himalaya  mountains,  in  the  southern  part,  are 
the  highest  range  on  the  glohe  ;  Dawala^'^'jri,  the  prin- 
cipal summit,  is  five  miles  high. 

Tt  is  a  cold  and  barren  country,  but  abounds  in  a 
variety  of  animals;  the  most  noted  among  them  is  a 
species  of  goat,  from  the  hair  of  which  the  Cashmere 
shawls  are  manufactured. 

The  religion  of  Thibet  consists  in  worshipping  the  Gran*  . .  ima, 
who  is  regarded  by  his  worshippers  as  the  vicegerent  of  Go  '. 

Lassa,  the  capital,  is  distinguished  as  the  residence  of  the  Grand 
Lama,  and  is  generally  thronged  with  people  from  various  parts  of 
Asia,  who  come  to  worship  his  sacred  majesty. 


Of  what  empire  does  Thibet  form  a  part  7  What  mountains  sep. 
arate  Thibet  from  Hindostan  7  What  great  desert  extends  into 
Thibet  7  What  large  rivers  rise  in  Thibet  ?  c.  o.  b.  i.  What  cities 
in  Thibet  7  What  noted  character  resides  at  Lassa  7  At  Teeshoo 
Loomboo  resides  an  inferior  Lama.  What  kinerdom  south  of  Thibet, 
subject  to  the  Grand  Lama  7    A.  Bhotan.    Where  is  Little  Thibet  ? 


CHINESE  TARTARY. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Chinese  Tartary  7 


Chinese  Tartary  is  an  extensive  country,  consist- 
ing of  an  elevated  plain,  bounded  by  lofty  mountains. 

It  comprises  Mantchooria,  Mongolia,  Soongaria  and  Little  Bok- 
hara. Most  of  the  tribes  lead  a  wandering,  pastoral  life,  and  are 
worshippers  of  the  Grand  Lama.  Horses  are  the  wealth  and  strength 
of  Tartary.  Horse-flesh  is  a  standing  dish  from  one  end  of  the  coun- 
try  to  the  other.    Among  the  Kalmuks,  or  Songars,  marriage  is  cele. 


I  i  -i 


253 


ASIA. 


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brated  on  horse.back.  On  the  day  appointed  for  their  nuptials,  the 
bride  mounts  a  fleet  horse,  and  rides  off  at  full  speed.  Her  lover  pur- 
sues  her,  and  if  he  overtakes  her,  she  becomes  his  wife  without  fur- 
ther  ceremony.  But  if  she  dislike  him,  she  is  sure  not  to  be  overta. 
ken  by  him. 


Of  what  empire  does  Chinese  Tartary  form  a  part  ?  What  rivers 
can  you  mention  in  it  ?  Towns  ?  What  mountains  separate  it  from 
Siberia  ?  What  lakes  in  it  ?  In  what  part  is  Little  Bokhara  ?  Little 
Thibet  ?    Mongolia  ? 


COREA. 
In  what  direction  *rom  us  is  Corea? 


Corea  is  a  large  peninsula  and  but  little  known. 
It  is  said  to  be  a  healthy,  fertile,  and  populous  country. 

The  capital  is  King.ki-ta'.o. 

Which  has  the  highest  latitude,  Corea  or  this  state  ?  What  is  the 
capital  ?  K,  Between  what  two  seas  does  Corea  lie  ?  What  is  the 
government?  Religion?  State  of  society  ?  What  strait  between 
Corea  and  the  Japan  islands  ? 


EMPIRE  OF  JAPAN. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Japan  ? 

The  empire  of  Japan  consists  of  the  islands  of 
Niphon,  Kiusof,  Sikofk,  and  several  smaller  ones  ad- 
jacent. 

It  is  a  rich,  populous,  and  remarkable  empire,  hold- 
ins^  no  intercourse  with  any  nation,  except  the  Dutch 
and  Chinese. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy,  and  the  soil  productive.  Agri- 
culture  is  held  in  high  estimation,  and  no  portion  of  the  soil,  except 
the  most  barren  v^as^es,  is  left  uncultivated. 

The  chief 'productions  are  rice,  millet,  wheat,  barley,  &c.  It  has 
vahiable  mines  of  gold,  silver,  iron  and  copper;  and  most  of  the  is- 
laudb  abound  in  coal. 

Inhabitants. — The  Japanese  are  the  most  civilized  people  in  East. 
ern  Asia,  and  are  remarkable  for  their  industry  and  ingenuity.  They 
excel  most  nations  in  the  manufacture  of  silk  and  cotton  goods,  and 
in  Ja'-an  and  porcelain  ware.  Great  attention  is  paid  to  education; 
and  they  have  several  schools  for  the  higher  branches,  as  Rhetoric, 
Astronomy,  Mathematics,  &c. 


ASIA 


253 


tials,  the 
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lat  rivers 
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clucation ; 
Rhetoric, 


!. 


SEDAN   CHAIR. 

Towns. — Jeddo  is  a  large,  populous,  and  commercial  city,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  island  of  Niphon.  It  is  the  seat  of  flourishing 
manufactures,  and  contains  many  splendid  edifices. 

Miaco,  the  ecclesiastical  and  literary  capital  oi  the  empire,  is  situ, 
ated  in  the  interior,  160  miles  S.  W.  of  Jeddc.  It  has  an  extensive 
commerce,  and  is  distinguished  for  the  extent  and  value  of  its  man. 
ufactures. 

Nagasaki,  on  the  island  of  Kiusof,  is  a  large  and  commercial  sea- 
port, and  the  only  place  where  the  Dutch  are  permitted  to  trade. 


What  does  the  empire  of  Japan  comprise  ?  What  strait  separates 
Niphon  from  Jesso  ?  What  cities  in  Japan  ?  Which  is  the  capital  ? 
J.  Which  is  the  religious  capital  ?  Miaco.  What  is  the  extent  ? 
Population  ?  Government  ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  Which 
extends  farthest  north,  Niphon  or  this  state  ?  What  can  yot*.  say  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Japan  ?  At  what  port  are  the  Dutch  permitted  to 
trade  ?  Why  will  they  not  allow  any  other  European  nation  to  trade 
with  them  ?     In  what  kind  of  carriage  do  the  ladies  ride  ? 


INDEPENDENT  TARTARY. 

How  is  independent  Tartary  bounded  ?    Its  capital  ? 


Independent  Tartary  is  inhabited  by  several  tribes 
of  Tartars;  the  two  principal  of  which  are  the  U?;- 
becks  in  the  south,  and  the  Kirgers  in  the  north. 


tin' 


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254 


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The  climate  in  most  parts  is  mild,  and  the  soil  gen- 
erally fertile.  Agricultare  and  manufactures  receive 
but  little  attention. 

This  country  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  most 
powerful  empire  in  Asia,  under  Ghengis-Khan,  Ta- 
merlane, and  others,  and  still  presents  many  monu- 
ments of  its  ancient  civilization. 


TARTARS   EXERCISING   WITH  THE   BOW   AND   LANCE. 

Character. — The  Tartars  are  a  wandering  people,  and  rove  from 
place  to  place,  with  their  flocks  and  herds.  Their  employment  con- 
sists  in  tending  their  flocks,  hunting  and  exercising  with  the  bow  and 
lance.  They  are  ignorant  and  superstitious,  but  brave,  and  remark- 
able  for  their  hospitality  to  strangers  and  travellers. 

Chief  Towns. — Bokhara,  the  capital  of  Great  Bokhara,  is  100 
miles  west  of  Samarcand,  on  the  Sogd.  It  contains  many  colleges 
for  instruction  in  the  Mahometan  law. 

Samarcand  is  situated  on  the  Sogd,  a  branch  of  the  Jihon  or  Orus 
river.  It  was  ontu  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Tamerlane,  and  was 
a  celebrated  seat  of  science,  but  retains  little  of  its  former  magnifi- 
cence. 


I:' 


It::. 


I 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Independent  Tartary  ?  What  sea 
nest  of  Independent  Tartary  ?  What  sea  in  it  ?  Lake  ?  What 
ri'  ers  empty  into  them  ?  What  outlets  have  they  ?  If  they  have 
no  outlets,  what  becomss  of  the  water  ?    What  desert  in  the  south- 


ASIA* 


255 


west  part  ?  What  name  is  given  to  the  southern  part  ?  What  tribes 
can  you  mention  ?  What  are  the  two  principal  tribes  ?  What  range 
of  mountains  in  the  eastern  part  ?  What  is  the  population  ?  Gov. 
ernment  ?  Religion  ?  State  of  society  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the 
Tartars  ?  What  is  a  favorite  amusement  ?  Which  extends  farthest 
south,  Independent  Tartary  or  this  state  ? 


SIBERIA. 
How  is  Siberia  bounded  ?  Its  capital  ? 

Siberia  is  a  cold,  extensive  and  dreary  region,  in- 
habited by  a  number  of  barbarous  tribes,  who  are 
subject  to  Russia. 

It  is  mostly  a  level  country,  consisting  of  vast  plains, 
called  steppes^  many  of  which  are  entirely  destitute  of 
vegetation. 

Siberia  has  rich  mines  of  gold^  silver^  copper,  lead 
and  iron  ;  and  abounds  in  wild  animals,  many  of 
which  are  highly  valuable  on  account  of  their  furs ; 
particularly  tho  martin,  sable,  heaver,  and  ermine. 
Besides  these,  there  are  elks,  wolves,  hears,  reindeer, 


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TRAVELLING  IN  KAMTCHATKA. 


^oxes,  hares,  &:c.     In  Kamtchatka,  dogs  are  used  for 
drawing  carriages. 


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ASIA. 


Siberia  serves  the  Russian  government  as  a  place  of  banishment 
for  convicts  and  prisoners  of  state.  Men  of  superior  talents  and  ex- 
alted virtues,  have  been  sent  to  spend  the  remainder  of  their  days  in 
these  cold  and  desolate  regions,  only  for  their  adherence  to  liberal 
principles  and  just  laws. 

Character. — The  original  inhabitants  are  ignorant,  filthy,  and 
barbarous,  and  subsist  by  hunting  and  fishing. 

Towns. — Tobolsk,  the  capital  of  Siberia,  is  noted  as  a  place  of 
banishment  for  criminals  sent  from  Russia,  and  is  the  centre  of  the 
Russian  fur  trade. 

Irkoutsk,  the  chief  to  wr  of  Eastern  Siberia,  is  the  principal  mart 
of  commerce  between  Russia  and  China.  It  is  the  most  splendid 
and  prosperous  city  in  Liberia. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Sibsria  ?  What  bodies  of  water 
border  on  Siberia  ?  What  peninsula  in  the  eastern  part  ?  What 
capes  can  you  mention  ?  Rivers  ?  Lake  ?  Towns  ?  What  tribes 
can  you  mention  ?  What  is  the  mode  of  travelling  in  Kamtchatka  ? 
What  mountains  separate  Siberia  from  Russia  in  Europe  ?  From 
Chinese  Empire  ?  What  town  south  of  lake  Baikal,  noted  for  its 
trade  with  the  Chinese  ?  A.  Kiatka.  Of  what  empire  does  Siberia 
form  a  part  ?  What  is  its  form  of  government  ?  Should  you  Hke  to 
live  in  Siberia  ?    Why  not  ? 


CAUCASUS. 
How  is  Caucasus  bounded  ? 


Its  capital  ? 


Caucasus  comprises  the  country  between  the  Cas- 
pian and  Black  Seas,  and  lies  partly  in  Europe  and 
partly  in  Asia,  and  is  inhabited  by  a  number  of  na- 
tions, who  are  subject  to  Russia. 

It  is  a  rough,  broken,  and  mountainous  country,  en- 
tirely destitute  of  plains ;  the  climate  in  the  valleys 
is  mild  and  healthy,  and  the  soil  fertile.  ^  - 

The  Circassians  and  Georgians  are  the  two  principal  nations  in 
this  division.  The  Circassians  inhabit  the  northern  declivity  of  the 
Caucasian  mountains,  and  are  a  ferocious  and  barbarous  people. 

The  Georgians  possess  the  country  south  of  the  Caucasian  moun. 
tains,  and  are  friendly  and  hospitable,  and  said  to  be  the  handsomest 
people  in  the  world. 

These  nations  are  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  their  fem  iles ; 
numbers  of  whom  are  sold  by  their  parents  as  slaves  to  the  Turks 
and  Persians. 

TiFLis,  the  capital  of  Georgia,  is  situated  on  the  river  Kur.    It  is 


AVRICA, 


267 


SELLING   A   CIRCA ■'SIAN   FEMALE. 


Strongly  fortified,  and  contains  a  number  of  churches,  and  is  the  res- 
idence  of  the  Russian  governor. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Caucasus  ?  What  three  seas  border 
on  it  ?  Does  it  lie  wholly  in  Europe  or  Asia  ?  What  part  of  it  lies 
in  Europe  ?  A.  The  part  north  of  the  Caucasian  mountains.  In 
what  part  is  Georgia  ?  What  separates  the  Circassians  from  the 
Georgians  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Georgians  ?  How  do  parents  dispose 
of  their  daughters  ?  What  is  the  government  ?  Religion  ?  State 
of  society  ? 


Africa. 

Africa  is  one  of  the  largest  grand  divisions  of  the 
globe,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  heat  of  its  climate, 
its  immense  sandy  deserts,  and  for  the  ignorance  and 
barbarism  of  its  inhabitants. 

Africa  is,  and  ever  has  been  the  land  of  mystery. 
Although  it  is  separated  from  Europe  but  by  a  nar- 
row sea ;  and  notwithstanding  its  coasts  ha\e  been 
sailed  round  for  centuries,  and  even  surveyed ;  still 
we  know  but  little  more  of  the  interior  than  did  the 
ancieuts,  three  thousand  years  ago. 


268 


A  F  R I  C  .:*  • 


I,    . 


In  ancient  times,  Africa  contained  many  kingdoms  and  states  emi. 
nent  for  iheir  wealth,  civi'ization  and  power.  Among  these,  Ethio. 
pia  was  much  celebrated >— Egypt,  the  cradle  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
brought  to  Europe  the  firsi  germs  of  civilization, — and  Carthage  ex. 
tended  her  commerce  ove*'  every  part  of  the  then  known  world. 
But  these  once  flourishing  regions  have  been  frequently  conquered, 
and  every  spark  of  science  ha*'  for  ages  been  extinguished.  Though 
the  second  in  fize,  it  is  at  the  present  time  the  least  known,  least  civil. 
ized,  and  the  leaat  imponant  of  the  five  grand  divieions  of  the  g.ahe. 

The  surface  of  Africa  presents  strange  contrasts.  In  n  tme  parts, 
it  is  excessively  par^^hed  ;  in  others,  marshy  or  floodeci ;  and  by  refer. 
ence  to  the  map,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  penetrated  1  y  no  m'^nO  d-as 
like  those  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  is  over^preaJ  by  no  c  .^:ten8ive  lakes, 
as  North  America.  It  conrtiins  but  few  navigable  rivers,  and  these 
of  short  extent,  and  no  bays,  -^Ifs  or  i  .lets,  like  tiie  other  grand  di. 
visions,  which  open  a  way  into  its  imniense  interna!  li-gions,  nn'i 
which  might  thus  promote  commerce  and  civilizaticu  throughout  'he 
interior.  But  in  addition  to  theiue  disadvantages,  we  find  ifs  various 
parts  separntt^d  from  each  other,  by  arid  deserf;='  %  formidable  v.ent, 
which  caniot  be  traversed  without  the  most  imminent  (Linger,  and 
the  severest  siufferiniT.  Hf  nee  we  see  the  reason  why  Africa  has  re- 
mained  so  lontJ  unexplored,  and  the  progress  of  civihzation  so  much 
slower  than  u;  i  jy  other  quarter  of  the  globe.* 

The  n.'ost  r*  markable  of  the  African  deserts  is  the  Sahara.  This 
is  a  vast  plain,  but  little  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  and 
covered  with  sand  and  gravel,  with  a  mixture  of  .-ea  shells,  and  ap. 
pears  hke  the  basin  of  an  evaporated  sea.  Amid  the  desert  there  are 
springs  of  water,  which  burst  forth  and  create  verdani  spots,  called 
Oases.  There  are  thirty-two  of  these,  which  contain  tbimiains,  and 
date  ami  palm  trees ;  twenty  of  them  are  inhabited.     They  serve  as 


*  Living  in  abundance,  but  separated  from  one  anotner  by  deserts ; 
surrounded  by  copious  and  excellent  food  of  spontaneous  growth,  but 
encountering  obstacles  in  all  their  attempts  at  artificial  culture  ;  enjoy- 
ing a  climate  which  required  no  clothing  to  protect  them  from  cold,  nor 
dwelling  to  shelter  them  from  rain,  the  Negro,  or  Ethiopian,  and  proba- 
bly also  the  CafTre  or  Troglodyte,  never  felt  that  stimulus  of  necessity 
which  creates  industry  and  reflection  Enjoying  a  wild  happiness  of 
condition,  they  satisfied  the  demanc'.s  of  sense,  and  scarcely  possessed 
any  notion  of  an  intellectual  world.  But  they  felt  the  presence  of  an  in- 
visible power.  They  looked  for  its  residence  in  the  tree  which  gave  them 
food — in  the  rock  which  shaded  them -in  the  serpent  which  they  dread- 
ed— and  even  in  the  monkeys  and  parrots  which  flitted  around  them. 
Some  believed  that  a  piece  of  wood,  or  polished  stone,  was  the  seat  of 
supernatural  power.  They  were  delighted  to  think  that  their  deities 
could  be  carried  along  with  them  in  all  their  motions.  This  system, 
which  is  called  Ketichism,  and  which  is  the  rudest  form  of  Pantheism, 
seems  common  to  every  climate  and  to  every  race;  but  it  prevailed,  to 
the  exclusion  of  every  other,  in  Africa  ,and  especially  among  the  Negroes. 


stopping 

it  not  fo 

sand,     i 

heat  dri< 

disastroi 

2000  pel 

place,  d 

more  ter 

surges  ai 

every  th: 

been  sw 

In  no 

ness  con 

and  heal 

The  inh 

The  con 

size — mt 

cus,  a  sp 

though  1 

date  tree 

stand  thi 

mount  A 

when  w( 

northern 

the  same 

wholesoi 

The  a 

enumera 

three  tim 

most  vig 

is  the  on 

the  maje 

to  this  di 

ros,  zebi 

benefice) 

of  which 

rica  aboi 

swarms  ^ 

The  in 

rope an  a 

States,  E 

the  centr 

complexi 

ness  of  t 

Negroes 

ants. 

By  ref( 


AFRICA 


259 


Stopping  places  for  the  caravans,  and  often  contain  villages.  Were 
it  not  for  these,  no  human  being  could  cross  this  waste  of  burning 
Band.  So  violent,  sometimes,  is  the  burning  wmd,  that  the  scorching 
heat  dries  up  the  water  of  these  springs;,  and  then  frecjuently,  the  most 
disastrous  consequences  follow.  In  1805,  a  caravan,  consisting  of 
2000  persons,  and  1800  camels,  not  finding  water  at  the  U!?ual  resting 
place,  died  of  thirst,  both  men  and  animals.  Stortns  of  wi.'.d  are 
more  terrible  and  destructive  on  this  desert  than  on  the  ocean.  Vast 
surges  and  clouds  of  red  sand  are  raised  and  rolled  forward,  burying 
every  thing  in  their  way,  and  it  is  said  that  whole  tribes  have  thus 
been  swallowed  up. 

In  no  part  of  the  earth,  do  the  eu'pire  of  fertility  and  that  of  barren, 
ness  come  into  closer  contnct  than  in  Africa.  Wherever  moisture 
and  heat  are  united,  vegetation  displays  great  vigor  and  magnificence. 
The  inhabitants  find  abundant  food  at  a  trifling  amount  of  labor. 
The  corn  stalks  bend  undt.'  their  load, — the  vine  attains  a  gigantic 
size — melons  and  pumpkins  acquire  enormous  bulk — millet  and  hol- 
cus,  a  species  of  grain  which  is  common  over  three  fourths  of  Africa, 
though  badly  cultivated,  yield  a  crop  of  two  hundred  fold ;  and  the 
date  tree,  which  furnishes  an  impjrtant  article  of  food,  is  able  to  with- 
stand  the  fiery  winds  of  the  neighboring  deserts.  The  forests  of 
mount  Atlas  are  equal  to  the  finest  of  Italy  and  Spain.  The  soil, 
when  well  watered,  is  luxuriant  beyond  what  the  inhabitants  of  more 
northern  climates  can  well  conceive,  producing  plants  and  fruits,  at 
the  same  time  the  most  nutritious,  the  most  refreshing,  and  the  most 
wholesome. 

The  animal  kingdom  presents  still  greater  variety.  Africa  can 
enumerate  five  times  as  many  species  of  quadrupeds  as  Asia,  and 
three  times  as  many  as  all  America.  Among  these  are  some  of  the 
most  vigorous,  ferocious,  and  beautiful  varieties.  The  African  hon 
is  the  only  one  worthy  of  the  name.  The  unwieldly  hippopotamus, 
the  majestic  giraflTe,  and  the  largest  of  birds,  the  ostrich,  are  peculiar 
to  this  division.  Among  the  other  animals  are  the  elephant,  rhinoce- 
ros,  zebra,  panther,  leopard,  hysena,  jackal,  wolf.  But  the  most 
beneficent  gift  of  nature  to  the  African  is  the  camel,  the  constitution 
of  which  is  in  every  respect  adapted  to  the  country  and  climate.  Af- 
rica abounds  in  serpents  of  monstrous  size  and  deadly  poison,  and 
swarms  with  insects  of  the  most  troublesome  and  destructive  kinds. 

The  inhabitants  of  Africa  belong  to  two  distinct  races,  viz.  the  Eu- 
ropean  and  African.  The  former  includes  the  natives  of  the  Barbary 
States,  Egypt,  Nubia  and  Abyssinia ; — the  latter  embraces  those  of 
the  central  and  southern  parts,  distinguished  by  the  blackness  of  their 
complexion,  the  short,  crisped,  woolly  nature  of  their  hair,  the  thick- 
ness of  their  Hps  and  the  flatness  of  their  noses.  They  are  termed 
Negroes  or  Africans,  and  form  the  most  numerous  class  of  inhabit, 
ants. 
By  reference  to  the  map,  it  will  be  seen  that  Africa  is  more  favora> 
12 


i  ;\ 


1'; 


m  I 


r'i  ■••■>' 
W^4 


S60 


AFRICJi 


bly  situated  for  commerce  than  any  other  division  of  the  globe.  Pla. 
ced  ahnost  in  the  centre  of  the  world,  it  enjoys  an  easy  communica. 
tion  with  Europe,  Asia,  and  America.  It  abounds  in  all  the  neces. 
saries  and  luxuries  of  life,  and  its  inhabitants  need  only  to  be  enlight. 
ened,  and  directed  by  the  generous  spirit  of  the  gospel,  to  render  them 
the  most  happy  of  mankind. 

Questions. — How  does  Africa  compare  with  North  America  in 
dize  ?  What  is  its  probable  population  ?  How  many  square  miles 
does  it  contain  ?  For  what  is  it  remarkable  ?  Have  civilized  na- 
tions ever  known  much  about  the  geography  of  Africa  ?  What  cele- 
brated nations  once  flourished  in  Africa  ?  What  has  become  of  them, 
do  you  suppose  ?  What  do  you  imagine  will  be  the  situation  of  this 
nation  three  thousand  years  hence  ?  Did  you  ever  see  any  animals 
that  were  brought  from  Africa  ? 


MAP  OF  AFRICA. 

How  is  Africa  bounded  ? 

Morocco  ? 

Capital  ? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

Algiers? 

Capital? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

Tunis  ? 

Capital  ? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

TripoU? 

Capital  ? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

Barca  7 

Capital  ? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

Egypt?' 

Capital  ? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

Nubia? 

Capital  ? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

Abyssinia  ? 

Capital? 

Principal  Towns  ? 

Where  is  Fezzan  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

Where  is  Sene  Gambia  ?    Its  chief  towns  ? 

Where  is  Sierra  Leone  ?     What  is  its  chief  town  ? 

Where  is  Liberia  ?     What  is  its  chief  town  ? 

Where  is  Guinea  ?     What  are  its  principal  kingdoms  ? 

Where  is  Loango  ?     What  are  its  chief  towns  ? 

Where  is  Congo  ?    What  is  its  capital  ? 

Where  is  Benguela  ?    Its  principal  towns  ? 

Where  is  Cimbebas  ?    What  cape  has  it  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Colony  ?    Its  chief  town  ? 

Where  is  Caflfraria  ?    Its  chief  town  ? 

Where  is  Mozambique  ?    Its  chief  town  ? 

Where  is  Zanguebar  ?    Its  chief  towns  ? 

Where  are  A,ian  and  SomauU  ? 

Where  is  EthiofMa  ?     What  towns  in  it  ? 

Where  is  Soudan  ?    Its  principal  towns  7 

Where  is  Darfur  7    What  is  its  capital  7 


Wh€ 

Wh( 
Whe 
Wht 


Wh< 
Whc 
Wht 


Whei 
Whel 
Whel 


AFRICA. 


261 


RIVERS. 

Where  does  the  Nile  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it  run,  and  where 
does  it  empty  /  Niger  ?  Senegal '  Gambia  1  Grand  ?  Gaboon  1 
Zaire,  or  Congo 7    Coansa?    Orange?     Zambezi?     Haines? 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


ISLANDS. 

are  the  Aiores  ? 

are  the  Madeira  Isles  7 

are  the  Ca*na'-ry  Isles  ? 

are  the  Cape  de  Verde  Isles  7 

are  Fernando  Po,  Princes,  St.  Thomas  and  Annobon  IsIm  T 

is  Ascension  Isle  ?      St.  Helena  ? 

is  Madagascar  ?    What  towns  on  it  7 

is  Mauritius  ?     Bourbon  Isle  ? 

are  the  Comoro  Isles  7 

are  the  Aldabra  Isles  7 

are  Seychelles  and  Almirante  Isles  7 

is  the  island  of  Socotra  7 


CAFES.  , 

Where  is  cape  Bon  ? 

Where  is  cape  Guardafui  7 

Where  is  cape  of  Good  Hope  7 

Where  i?  cape  Verde  7 

Where  is  cape  Spartel  7  Cantin  and  Nun  7  Barbas  and  Blanco  ? 
Roxo  7  Palmas  7  Three  Points  and  Coast  Castle  7  Frio  and 
Agulhas  7    Recif  7    Delgado  7   Bassa  7    Ambro  and  St.  Mary  f 


DESERTS. 

Where  is  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert  7 
Where  is  the  Lybian  Desert  7 


MOUNTAINS. 

Where  are  the  Atlas  mountains  7 
Where  are  the  mountains  of  the  Moon  t 
Where  are  the  mountains  of  Kong  7 
Where  are  the  Snow  mountains  7 


Where  is  lake  Tchad  7 
Where  is  lake  Demba  7 
Where  is  lake  Maravi  7 


LAKES. 


OULPS. 

Where  is  the  gulf  of  Cabes  7 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Sidra? 
Where  is  the  gulf  of  Guinen  7 


262 


AFRICA 


STRAITS. 

Where  is  the  strait  of  Bahelmandel? 
Where  is  the  strait  of  Gihraltar  ? 
Where  is  the  channel  of  Mozambique  7 


EGYPT. 


MOSQUE  or    THE   St'LTAN   HASSAW. 

How  is  Egypt  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

Egypt  is  celebrated  for  its  great  antiquity ;  for  the 
early  civilization  of  its  inhabitants,  and  for  being  the 
parent  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  But  like  most  seats 
of  early  renown,  it  has  lost  its  former  greatness,  and  is 
now  distinguished  only  for  the  magnificence  of  its 
ruins. 

Egypt  is  divided  into  two  parts,  Upper  and  Lower. 
Upper  Egypt  extends  from  Nubia  to  Cairo;  and 
Lower  Egypt  from  Cairo  to  the  Mediterranean. 

The  cultivated  part  of  Egypt  consists  principally 
of  a  fertile  vale,  L5  or  20  miles  in  breadth,  on  both 
sides  of  the  river  Nile.  The  remainder  of  the  coun- 
try is  mountainous  and  barren. 

The  climate  in  summer  is  extremely  warm  ;  in 
winter  it  is  mild  and  agreeable. 


AFRICA. 


263 


for  the 

ing  the 
5t  seats 
5,  and  is 
of  its 


Lower. 
);  and 
m. 

icipally 
on  both 
le  coun- 

irm  ;  in 


The  chief  productions  are  maize,  ricCf  wheats  hur- 
ley, <fec.  and  most,  of  i\\Q  fruits  of  the  torrid  and  tem- 
perat(»  zones. 

Rain  ia  very  uncommon  in  Egypt,  but  owing  to  the  annual  flood  of 
the  Nile,  and  the  heavy  dews,  the  soil  seldom  suflfers  for  want  of 
moisture.  The  Nile  annually  overflows  its  banks,  and  spreads  over 
the  country  like  a  sea.  The  rise  of  the  Nile  coinniencos  about  the 
middle  of  June,  and  begins  to  subside  about  the  flrst  of  Septcmbec. 
The  lands  thus  overflowed  are  extremely  fertile  and  easily  cultivated. 
ManiiffK'fures  are  in  a  low  state. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  consist  of  Copts,  Arabs,  Turks  and 
Jews.  The  Copts  are  the  most  numer<)U8  class,  and  are  the  descend- 
ants of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  They  are  active,  ingenious,  and  well 
skilled  in  business. 

Citie». — Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
interesting^  cities  in  the  world.  It  is  about  ten  miles  in  circuit,  and  is 
remarkable  for  the  great  number  of  gardens  it  contains,  and  for  the 
beautiful  plantations  and  groves  around  it.  The  houses  are  built  of 
stone  and  brick,  with  terraces  and  flat  roofs,  and  the  windows  are 
often  glazed  with  colored  glasj*.  There  are  80  public  baths,  300 
magnificent  mosques  adorned  with  lofty  minarets,  2  Greek,  12  Cop. 
tish,  1  Arminian  church,  and  36  synagogues ;  also  numerous  ..lanu- 
factories  of  silk,  camblet,  tapestry,  gunpowder,  leather,  Unen,  cotton, 
&c.  It  contains  likewise  a  Mahomedan  high  school,  a  printing  of. 
fice,  and  a  Ubrary  of  about  25,000  volumes.  It  is  the  centre  of  trade 
between  Europe,  Asia  and  the  interior  of  Africa,  and  the  resort  of 
travellers  from  various  parts  of  the  world.  Although  a  large  city,  yet 
its  present  appearance  can  scarcely  be  compared  with  the  idea  of  its 
ancient  glory,  when  it  was  the  metropolis  of  Africa,  the  second  capi- 
tal  of  the  east,  the  scene  of  the  wonders  of  Arabian  romance,  and  of 
the  real  incidents  of  Arabian  history,  scarcely  more  credible  than 
those  of  oriental  fiction. 

Alexandria  was  built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  331  years  B.  C,  and 
for  a  long  time  was  the  seat  of  learning,  commerce,  and  magnificence, 
and  remarkable  for  its  palaces  and  temples,  and  for  its  lartre  library, 
consisting  of  700,000  manuscript  volumes.  It  is  now  greatly  decay, 
ed,  and  abounds  in  the  ruins  of  its  ancient  grandeur;  among  which 
are  Pompey's  Pdlar,  75  feet  high,  two  obelisks,  and  the  entacombs. 
In  the  height  of  its  splendor,  it  is  said  to  have  contained  (iiSO.OOO  in- 
habitants. 

Antiquities. — Egypt  abounds  in  the  most  stupendou:-*  monuments 
of  antiquity,  as  pyramids,  temples,  obelisks,  catacombs,  &.c.  The 
pyramids  have  been  the  wonder  of  all  ages  of  the  world.  The  largest 
of  them  is  that  of  Cheops,  ne  ir  Cairo.  It  is  500  feet  high,  and  covers 
more  than  11  acres.  Whe  i,  by  whom,  and  for  what  purpose  thoy 
were  erected,  is  entirely  unknown.     Near  one  of  the  pyramids,  ia  the 


i 


t 


Jf  '; 


264 


AFRICA. 


S' 


':;^ 


i 


lis 


W-      '    :!| 


m  :■'-  • 


eelebrated  Sphynx,  a  Btatue  of  a  huge  moniter,  cut  out  of  he  «oIid 
rock.  It  has  the  face  of  a  virgin,  the  body  of  a  lion,  and  it  iiiit  feet 
in  length. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Egypt?  What  river  in  Egypt "^ 
What  cities?  What  city  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Suez?  s.  What 
is  the  width  of  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ?  What  desert  extends  into  the 
western  part  of  Egypt  ?  What  is  the  extent  ?  Population  ?  Gov. 
ernment  ?  Religion  7  What  does  Egypt  abound  in  7  In  what 
part  are  the  ruins  of  Thebes  ? 


BARBARY  STATES. 

Which  are  the  Barbary  States  7  m.  a.  t.  t.  b. 


The  northern  part  of  Africa,  now  included  in  the 
Barbary  States,  once  contained  several  kingdoms  and 
states,  eminent  for  power,  wealth,  and  commerce. 
But  they  have  been  repeatedly  conquered,  and 
scarcely  exhibit  a  vestige  of  their  former  greatness. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Barbary  States  are  divided 
into  four  classes,  viz.  Moors,  Jews,  Arabs  and  Ber- 
bers. The  former  are  ignorant,  rapacious  and  cruel, 
and  have  long  been  noted  for  their  piracies  and  po- 
litical debasement. 

Between  the  Atlas  mountains  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean, the  cliniate  is  mild  and  pleasant,  and  the  soil  is 
fertile,  but  miserably  cultivated. 

The  chief  productions  are  oi7,  wine,  fruit,  sugar , 
cotton,  and  most  kinds  of  grain. 

Between  the  Atlas  mountains  and  the  Desert,  the  country  produ- 
ces little  except  dntes,  but  these  grow  in  such  abundance,  that  it  is 
culled  Biledulgeridf  or  the  land  of  dates. 

These  states  are  distinguished  for  the  number  of  noxious  animals 
which  infest  the  mountains  and  desert  tracts;  the  most  noted  and  fe* 
rociuus  among  them  are  lions,  panthers  and  hyenas. 

Serpents  of  an  enormous  size  are  also  common.  The  most  noted 
is  the  boa  cnvstrictor,  or  serpent  of  the  desert,  which  moves  with 
such  incredible  swiftness  that  no  animal  can  escape  from  it. 

Among  the  great  variety  of  insects  in  these  states,  the  most  formida- 
ble IS  the  locust,  which  often  comes  fron  the  desert  in  such  immense 
swarms  as  to  devour  every  species  of  vegetation. 


Ui.:^ 


AFRICA. 

BARCA. 
How  ii  Barca  bounded  7    What  is  its  capital  > 


265 


Barca,  the  ancient  Libya,  is  nominally  dependent 
on  Tripoli,  though  it  seems  to  be  the  property  of  no 
government  or  people.  The  interior  is  mostly  a 
desert,  and  once  contained  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Am- 
mon. 

The  coast  of  Barca,  once  famed  for  its  threefold 
crops,  is  still  fertile,  but  badly  cultivated. 

The  sovereignty  is  divided  between  two  Beys,  one  of  whom  re. 
sides  at  Dcrne  ;  the  other  at  Bengn/i. 

Derne  is  situated  about  half  a  nnle  from  the  Mcditerran»uiii.  It 
was  taken  in  1805,  by  Gen.  Eaton,  a  native  of  Brimfield,  Mass.* 

In  what  direction  from  ua  is  Barca?  What  gulf  weft  ot  Rnrca  ? 
What  towns  in  Barca  ?  What  desert  south  of  Bare  i  ?  Wjiat  coum- 
try  in  Europe  opposite  to  Barca?  What  is  the  government  ?  Re. 
ligion  ? 


TRIPOLI. 

How  is  TripoU  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capita) ' 


Tripoli,  the  ancient  Tripolis,  is  the  most  civilized, 
but  the  weakest  of  the  Barbary  States,  and  abounds 
in  the  remains  of  antiquity. 

TRtPOLi,  the  capital,  is  a  regular,  well  b»nlt  and  fortified  city,  and 
has  an  excellent  harbor. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Tripoli  ?  What  two  i^uifs  nurtli  <  i 
Tripoh  ?  What  towns'?  What  division  south  of  Tripoli'  What 
is  the  government  ?     Religion  ? 


TUNIS. 
How  is  Tunis  bounded  ?     [ts  capital  ? 


Tunis,  the  ancient  Africa  Propria,  and  the  seal 


See  Olney's  History  of  the  United  States,  page  198. 


m 


i^H 

lA      '  ^ 

'IBB 

pH        'j: 

1  H                      f 

*Ih1 

[1 

JkI 

li    . 

■ ) 


liif  '  i 


266 


AFRICA. 


of  the  Carthaginian  power,  is  one  of  the  most  power- 
ful states  of  Barbary. 

Tunis,  the  capital,  is  situated  about  six  miles  from  the  gulf  of  Tu- 
nis,  and  is  one  of  the  first  cities  in  Africa.  It  has  considerable  trade, 
and  valuable  manufactures. 

Ahoin  12  miles  N.  E.  of  Tunis  are  the  ruins  of  ancient  Carthage, 
which  was  founded  by  Dido,  869  years  before  Christ.  For  a  long 
time,  Carthage  was  the  emporium  of  northern  Africa,  the  empress  of 
the  sea,  and  the  •'■.  midable  rival  of  Rome.  It  was  destroyed  by  the 
Romans  under  *' .  pio  Africanus,  at  the  close  of  the  third  Punic  war, 
146  years  B.C. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Tunis?  What  gulf  east  of  Tunis? 
What  noied  cape  north  of  it  ?  What  towns  in  it  ?  What  large 
island  between  Tunis  and  Italy  ?  What  small  island  east  of  Tunis  ? 
What  ancient  city  once  stood  near  the  northern  part  ?  What  is  the 
government  ?    Religion  ?     Population  ? 


ALGIERS. 
How  is  Algiers  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 


Algiers,  the  ancient  Nunnidia,  is  the  most  fertile 
^»id  healthy  of  the  Barbary  states,  and  is  noted  for 
the  valuable  coral  fishery  on  its  coast.  It  was  con- 
quered in  1830  by  France,  and  is  now  held  as  a  co- 
lonial territory. 

Algiers,  the  capital,  is  a  large  and  strongly  fortified  town.  It 
lias  a  good  harbor,  and  considerable  commerce. 

Constantina  is  a  large  city  of  the  interior,  and  occupies  the  site  of 
ancient  Cirta.  It  is  160  miles  east  of  Algiers,  and  is  said  to  contain 
many  elegant  buildings. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Algiers  ?  What  mountains  extend  ir ' , 
Algiers  ?  What  towns  can  you  mention  ?  In  the  possession  ," 
what  government  i?  A'giers  ?  What  is  the  population?  Goverri. 
ment  ?  Religion  ?  What  country  in  the  southern  part  of  Algiers  ? 
What  country  in  Europe  opi)osite  to  Algiers  ? 


MOROCCO. 
How  is  Morocco  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 


The  empire  of  Morocco,  the  ancient  Mauritania, 


APRTC Afc 


267 


It 


embraces  the  kingdoms  of  Fe«,  Morocco,  Tafilet,  and 
Tarudant,  and  is  noted  for  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  and 
its  abundance  o^  fruits,  grain,  olives,  &c. 

Morocco,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  the  mitlst  of  a  fertile  plain,  aljout 
120  miles  from  the  Atlantic.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  and 
contains  mauy  splendid  temples  and  mosques,  hat  is  much  decayed. 

Fez,  the  capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Fez,  is  the  most  splendid 
city  in  the  Barbary  States.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  valley,  and 
was  once  famous  for  its  institutions  of  learning. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Morocco  ?  What  bodies  of  water 
border  on  Morocco  ?  What  towns  can  you  mention  ?  What  moun- 
tains?  How  long  are  the  Atlas  mountains?  How  high  is  mount 
Miltsin  ?  What  tribes  in  the  southern  part '  What  islands  north, 
west  of  Morocco?  a.  West?  m.  South-west?  c.  What  naval 
action  took  place  near  the  Canaries,  and  when  '  Which  is  the  most 
northern  town  ?  What  noted  fortress  in  Spain  opposite  ?  Wiiat  is 
the  width  of  the  straits  of  Gibraltar  ? 


SENE  GAMBIA. 

Sene  Gambia  embraces  a  number  of  small  populous 
states,  and  in  general,  is  a  well  watered  and  fertile 
country.  The  climate  is  intensely  warm,  and  at 
most  seasons  of  the  year,  extremely  unhealthy  to 
foreigners. 

Respecting  the  various  tribes  of  Negroes,  that  intiabit  this  coast, 
little  is  known  with  certamty.  The  most  numerous  tribes  are  the 
Foulaks,  Jalloopa,  Felopa  and  Mandingoes,  They  are  ignorant, 
superstitious  and  indo!ent,  and  are  acquainted  with  but  few  of  the 
arts  of  civilized  life ;  but  their  natural  disposituins  are  mild  and  be- 
iievslent.  The  English,  French,  and  Portuguese  have  settlements  on 
the  coast  for  the  purpose  of  trading  with  the  natives. 

The  principal  articles  of  export  are  gum,  gold,  ivory  and  Slaves. 

Sene  Gambia  abounds  in  almost  eveiy  species  of  wild  animals. 
Elephants  are  extremely  numerous,  and  furnish  almost  all  the  ivory  of 
commerce.  This  region  is  much  infested  by  venomous  insects,  dis. 
gusting  reptiles,  and  clouds  of  locusts. 

Timboo  is  the  capital  of  Foota  Jallo,  and  is  represented  as  one  of 
the  largest  cities  in  this  part  of  Africa. 

The  Foolahs,  or  inhabitants  of  Ft  ota  Jallo,  are  scattered  over 

great  part  of  Africa.     The  great  body  of  the  nation  hve  about  the 

sources  of  the  Gambia  and  Rio  Grande.    Besides  these,  there  are 

tribes  of  them  south  of  Fezzan,  and  on  the  conhnes  of  Bornou;  like. 

12* 


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■ 

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i     ' 

^^Hu^j^ 

258 


AFRICA. 


AFRICAN    ANIMALS. 

wise  on  the  Nigger  and  Senegal.     They  are  said  to  be  mild,  humane, 
polite,  indus/rioua  and  ho.s  pita  hie. 

Ill  vv'iiai  direciioii  from  ns  is  Sent;  Gambia  1  What  three  rivers  in 
Sene,  Ganil)iu  1  Wli.it.  towns'?  What  two  capes  on  the  coast? 
What  small  island  between  Cape  Verde  and  Cape  Roxo,  once  the 
greatest  military  siaiion  of  the  Frencli  ir)  Africa  1  A.  Goree  Isle. 
What  town  siiiuued  on  an  island  at  die  luiuiih  (if  the  Senegal,  cap- 
ital of  all  the  French  possessions  m  Western  Africa?  St..L.  What 
el.'.ster  of  islantls  west  of  Sene  Gambia  1 


sierua  i.eonk. 
The  English  settlement  r)f  Sierra  Leone  was  form- 
ed in  1787,  for  the  purpose  ofcivilizini,^  the  Africaiis, 
and  of  facilitating  the  ubolition  of  the  slave  trade. 
The  colony  contains  about  17,000  inhabitants,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  liberated  negroes,  taicen  frotn  captur- 
ed slave  ships. 

Here  are  a  number  of  missionaries,  actively  engaged  in  the  be- 
nevolent  emplovment  of  instructing  the  Africans  in  the  elements  ol 
learning  and  religion,  and  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life;  and  fheir  la- 
bors  'hiis  far  have  been  attended  with  encouraging  siKreess. 

Freetown,  the  capital  of  Sierra  Leone,  is  dituafed  near  the  mouth 
of  Sierra  Leone  river,  and  has  an  excellent  harbor  and  aboui  13,000 
inhabitants. 


m 


AFRICA. 


269 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Sierra  Leone  ?  Where  i?  Sierra 
Leone?  What  island  on  ihe  coast  ?  8.  What  ieJ  the  principal  t«iun 
in  Sierra  Leone  ?  f. 


LIBERIA. 


VIEW  IN    I.IBKIMA. 

Liberia  is  an  American  co!<jnv,  founde<l  bv  the 
American  Colonization  Society,  in  1820.  The  object 
of  the  settlement,  was  to  fnrnish  a  place  for  the  free 
negroes  and  emancipate*    shives  of  the  Uriited  States. 

Liberia  exieiuls  tVoin  C:\\m'  Moiiiil  to  Ct\pi'  Pii  ims.  ;>ikI  is  ,i!u  in 
300  miles  in  length.  The  colony  is  in  a  !l(»uris!ii  ;^'  condition,  and  is 
exerting  a  happy  influence  on  tlif  iici^'liiionn.:  trtl)e?;.  It  t  iiuiii'S 
several  populnus  towns  and  viUaiii  s.  The  inliuidtunis  iur  i:  ili-*;ii- 
ous  and  actively  enga;;i;ed  in  u;j;ri(;oltute  and  trade.  NJoinox  iu  is  ti.e 
chief  town. 


Map  OP  LiBKRiA.     In  what  direction  from  us  is   Lil'Ciia?     V^'lifit 
rivers  in  Liberia  1     Whatcapes?     What  towns?     Wliai  ■  olniiit-- i 
L.  M.  M.    Wimt  tribes  of  Africans! 


UPPER  GUL^ EA. 
Upper  Guinea  comprises  a  nu.rnb(3r  of  small  king- 


^ 


!     11 


^ 


270 


AFRICA. 


% 


donis,  the  principal  of  which  are  Ashantee,  Dahomey, 
and  Benin. 

Ashantee  is  the  mosi  powerful,  civilized,  and  commercial  kingdom 
in  the  western  part  of  Africa.     The  capital  is  Coomassie. 

Dahomey  is  a  populous  and  fertile  kingdom,  inhabited  by  a  savage, 
ferocious  and  warlike  people.  The  capital  is  Abomey,  which  is 
merely  a  large  collection  of  huts. 

Benin  is  scarcely  known  to  Europeans,  but  it  is  represented  as  a 
fertile  and  well  watered  country,  and  said  to  be  inhabited  by  an  Indus 
trious  and  humane  people.     The  capital  is  Benin. 

The  coast  of  Guinea  is  divided  into  the  Giain,  the  Ivory  and  Gold 
coast ;  each  portion  being  named  from  its  principal  article  of  com- 
merce. There  are  a  number  of  European  settlements  or  factories 
on  tl  '  Gold  coast,  estat)lished  for  the  purpose  of  trading  with  the  na- 
tives for  yvld  dust.  Cape  Coast  Castle  belongs  to  the  British — Elmi- 
Ma  to  ihe  Dutch — and  Christianaburg  to  the  Danes. 


Id  \vI»;)i  ilirection  iVom  us  is  Upper  Guinea'?  What  mountains 
sepatate  Upper  GuiiMni  from  Soudan  7  What  rivers'?  Towns'? 
Gulu  i     \V  futr  i:s  ihe  i;i)veri)mpni  of  these  tribes'?    State  of  society '? 


t  OWRH  GUIiSEA. 


METHOD    OF    CARRYING    THE   NOBILITY    IN    LOWER    'iUINEA. 

Lower  Guinea  comprises  Biafra,  L(  ^go,  Congo, 
Angola  and  Beuguela.  It  is  an  extensive,  fertile  and 
populous  country.     The  natives  are  rude  and  bar- 


AFRICA. 


271 


barous,  and  extremely  stupid.     It  abounds  in  wild 
animals,  venomous  serpents,  (fee. 

St.  Salvador,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  is  situated  in 
the  interior  on  the  top  of  a  highimountain.  Its  position  is  extolled  as 
one  of  the  most  healthy  in  the  world.  The  Portuguese  have  several 
settlements  in  Congo,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the  slave  trade, 
the  capital  of  which,  and  of  all  their  settlements  in  this  part  of  Africa, 
is  Loanda. 

BiAFRA  borders  on  the  gulf  of  Biafra,  and  is  almost  wholly  un- 
known.     Its  capital  is  Biirfi  a. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Lower  Guinea  1  How  is  Lower 
Guinea  divided  7  What  rivers'?  Towns'?  What  is  the  govern- 
ment of  th  se  tribes  1 


CIMBEBAS. 

The  country  between  Lower  Guinea  and  South  Africa  has  been 

called  Cimbebas,  from  the  name  of  a  powerful  tribe  which  is  said  to 

inhabit  the  interior.     The  inhabitants  are  said  to  be  extremely  ignor- 

ant  and  filthy,  and  have  no  other  clothing  than  the  skins  of  animals. 


^outft  Africa. 

South  Africa  comprises  the  country  south  of  the 
tropic  of  Capricorn,  and  is  divided  into  the  Cape  Colo- 
ny, Caffraria  and  the  country  of  the  Hottentots. 

Capk  Colovy  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and  is  the  most  important 
possi>ssi()n  of  that  government  in  Africa. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Dutch,  English,  and  Hottentots.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  and  profluces  grain,  wine,  fruits,  and  good  pasturage. 
Tlie  farmers  are  called  boors,  and  occupy  extensive  tracts  of  land. 
Near  Cape  Town  is  Table  Mountain,  so  called  from  its  singular 
sliapc. 

Cape  Town  is  regularly  and  handsomely  built,  and  is  an  import- 
ant station,  beini,^  (he  only  place  where  vessels  slop  for  refreshment, 
to  and  from  the  East  Indies. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Cape  Colony?  What  river  in  Cape 
Colony'?  Towns'?  Mountains?  When  was  tiie  Caj»e  of  Good 
Hope  discovered?  When  doubled?  To  wjiat  goverjuneiu  doe? 
Cape  Colony  belong?  WJiat  is  the  government?  Religion? 
State  of  society  ? 


Thk  Hottentots  are  divided  into  various  tribes  ;  the  principal  of 
vvliich  ore  tlic  Bechuana,  Namaquas,  Bushmen,  Bdlclapees,    and 


I      f 


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if      l\ 


111       'i 


272 


AFRICA. 


hr 


« 


I 


f!^ 


m' 


»     «!' 


i 

ff' 

\     '' 

Zoulahs.  They  are,  in  ffeneral,  an  ignorant,  stupid,  and  filtliy 
people.  They  build  their  nouses  in  a  circular  form,  with  the  doors 
opening  towards  the  centre,  and  thus  form  a  kind  of  court,  into  which 
their  cattle  are  collected  at  night  to  preserve  them  from  the  beasts  of 
prey.  •  . 


HOTTENTOT   VILLAGE. 

Caffraria  is  little  known.  The  inhabitants  generally  resemble 
the  other  tribes  of  Hottentots  in  their  manners,  but  are  more  hardy  and 
enterprising. 


lEastrrn  Africa. 

The  eastern  coast  of  Africa  extending  from  Caf- 
fraria  to  Abyssinia,  contains  a  number  of  separate 
kingdonns,  of  which  we  have  but  little  knowledge. 

Mozambique  embraces  a  large  extent  of  country,  and  is  nomuuillv 
subject  to  the  Portuguese. 

The  city  of  Mozambique  is  the  capital  of  all  the  Portuguese  p«««- 
sessions  in  this  part  of  Africa.     Population,  3.0U0. 

Zanguebar  is  sail'  to  be  an  unhealthy  country,  and  to  abounri  in 
wild  animals,  serpents,  crocodiles,  &,c 

Melinda  is  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  wliich  is 
partially  dependent  on  the  Portuguese. 

Ajan  is  a  Mahometan  state,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  in  gold, 
ivory,  and  ambergris.     Many  parts  of  it  are  barren  and  desolate. 

SoMAULi  is  a  fertile  and  populous  kingdom,  and  is  noted  for  ita 
frankincense  and  myrrh. 


AFRICA. 


273 


III  uiiaf  flirpctioii  from  us  is  Eastern  Africa?  Flow  istherastern 
const  of  Africa  divided?  What  river  in  Mo/.iOiibirnu' ]  Zan^ue- 
Inir  ?  What  small  kinj:;doms  or  states  in  Zanijiiflmr  ?  What  towns  ? 
Wh'U  town  ill  Soniauli,  noted  for  its  frank incenso.  {rum  Arabic  and 
inyn  li  ?  What  is  the  j^overnmcnt  of  Eastern  Africa?  Slate  of 
society  ? 


ABYSSINIA. 

Abyssinia,  the  ancient  Ethiopia,  is  a  mountainous 
country,  and  has  a  fine,  healthy  climate,  and  a  rich, 
fertile  soil. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  and  a  small 
irrain  called  teff,  halsnm,  myrrh,  &.c. 

AiT)ong  the  other  vegetable  productions  is  the  pa^ 
//i/r?/,.s,  so  celebrated  among  the  ancients,  as  the  origi- 
nal material  of  paper. 

hihfihitunts. — The  Ahyssinians  are  in  the  lowest  state  of  civiliza- 
tion ;  and  in  many  of  their  customs,  they  are  extremely  harharous  and 
brutal.  They  scarcely  reward  human  life,  and  are  fond  of  eating 
raw  flesh,  cut  from  the  living  animal,  in  its  warm,  palpitating  state. 
They  profess  Chrisrianity,  hut  if  is  more  in  name  than  in  reality. 

GoroAR  is  situated  on  a  hill,  surrounded  hy  a  dtvy  valley.  It  has 
a  mean  appearance,  its  houses  heing  built  of  clay,  and  only  of  one 
story. 

Axum,  the  former  capital,  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive  ruins. 


Ill  what  direction  tVom  us  is  Ahyssinin?  What  river  in  Abys- 
sinia? Lfike?  Towns?  What  mountains  extend  into  Al^yssinia  ? 
Whtt  scpaiiites  Abyssinia  from  Arabia?  How  wk\it  is  the  strait  of 
Babclinandt'l  ?     What  ii  the  i!;overnment  of  Abyssinia  ?     Relgioin  ? 


NTTRIA. 

Nubia  contains  j^everal  kingdoms;  the  two  prifu'i- 
pal  of  which  are  Srnnnar  and  Dongola. 

Nubia  is  most  I  v  an  extensive  tract  of  sandy  and 
rockv  deserts,  '^.ml  but  thinlv  inhaf)Ited. 

The  wiiid  here  moves  the  sand  like  the  waves  of  the  sea  ;  and  so 
rapidiv  thnf  nothing  can  escap*^  if.  The  Shnnnm,  or  puisnvniift  hhutt 
!rom  fhe  dfsert  Mows  here,  which  if  received  into  the  lunjifs.  causes 
instant  death. 

The  climate  is  extremely  warm,  but  generally  dry 


274 


APRICl 


III;.     r\ 


f 


and  healthy.  The  soil  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile  is 
rich  and  fertile. 

The  principal  articles  of  commerce  are  gold  dust, 
ivory  and  slaves. 

Nubia  is  celebrated  for  its  magnificent  remains  of 
antiquity. 

The  most  noted  among  them  is  the  temple  of  Isambul,  which  la 
cut  out  of  a  solid  rock,  and  is  86  feet  high,  and  117  wide.  It  is  in  a 
complete  state  of  preservation,  although  it  is  supposed  to  have  been 
built  more  than  2,000  years. 

InhahitanU, — The  inhabitants  consist  of  numerous  tribes  of  Arabs, 
most  of  whom  are  noted  for  their  treachery,  intemperance  and  fero. 
city. 

Towns. — DoNooLA,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Dongola,  is  situa. 
ted  on  the  Nile,  280  miles  south  of  Syene.  It  is  a  meanly  built  town, 
and  is  in  a  state  of  decay.  It  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Mame* 
lukes,  who  have  been  expelled  from  Egypt. 

Sennaar,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Sennaar,  is  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  Nile.  It  is  a  large,  populous,  and  meanly  built  town, 
and  has  considerable  commerce. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Nubia  7  What  celebrated  river  passes 
through  Nubia?  What  desert  in  the  northern  part '?  What  towns  ? 
What  cataracts  in  the  Nile  1  What  is  the  religion  of  Nubia?  For 
what  is  Nubia  celebrated  1  Describe  the  temple  of  Ipstambul.  What 
poisonous  wind  in  Nubia  1 


i^^cntral  Africa. 

The  interior  of  Africa  is  very  little  known.  It  is 
divided  by  the  Gebel  el  Kumri,  or  Mountains  of  the 
Moon,  into  Soudan  on  the  north,  and  Ethiopia  on 
the  south. 

Ethiopia  has  never  been  visited  by  white  men,  and  consequently 
its  geography  is  entirely  unknown. 

Soudan,  is  divided  into  -i  great  number  of  small  kingdoms,  most 
of  which  have  never  been  explored  by  Europeans.  Those  parts 
which  have  been  explored  are  well  watered  and  extremely  fertile 
producing  all  the  luxuries  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  abound  in 
almost  every  species  of  wild  animals. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Negroes,  who  are  said  to  be  more  mild 
«nd  humane  than  f  hose  living  on  the  coast. 

The  Niger  le  the  principal  river  i  n  Soudan,  and  has  excited  an 


hI 


A^ 


A  FRI  C  A 


275 


THE   LION    ATTACKING   A   COW. 

extraordinary  degree  of  interest,  by  reason  of  the  vaiious  and  con- 
tradictory accounts,  relative  to  its  source  and  termination.  But  it 
is  now  ascertained  that  it  empties  into  the  gulf  of  Guinea.  In  1830, 
Richard  and  John  Lander,  two  enterprising  English  travellers,  set 
out  for  the  purpose  of  tracing  the  course  of  the  river  to  its  mouth. 
They  reached  it  a  short  distance  from  Sackatoo,  and  then  descended 
it  to  its  termination  in  the  gulf  of  Guinea.  Its  course  is  through  a  rich 
and  populous  country,  the  inhabitants  of  which  have  made  considera- 
ble  progress  in  civilization. 

The  pnncipal  kingdoms  of  Soudan,  known  to  Europeans,  are 
Darfur,  Dar  Zuleh,  Beghnrmiy  Bornou,  Houssa,  Borgou,  Timbuc- 
too.  Bambarra,  Kanem,  Kuar,  and  Fezzan. 

Darfur  is  a  considerable  kingdom,  and  is  inhabited  by  an  industri- 
ous people,  who  are  principally  engaged  in  agriculture.  Cobbe  is  the 
capital. 

Dar  Zaleh  is  an  extensive  king'lom,  but  Httle  known.  VVara  is  its 
capital. 

Begharmi  is  a  small  kingdom  dependent  on  Bornou.  The  capital 
is  Babalia. 

BoRNOu  embraces  an  extensive,  fertile  tract,  and  is  the  most  power- 
ful and  flourishing  kingdom  in  Soudan.  Kouka  is  the  cap  tal,  and  is 
said  to  be  a  large  city. 

HoussA  is  a  large  kingdom,  and  is  inhabited  by  an  intelligent  peo- 
pie,  who  have  considerable  skill  in  agriculture  and  manu'actures. 
The  chief  town  and  great  emporium  of  the  kingdom  of  Houssa,  is 
Kano. 


276 


AFRICA 


•The  Feiatah  empire  is  of  modern  date.  It  is  represented  as  a 
powerful  empire,  and  is  said  to  hold  fl^jveral  kingdoms  in  subjection. 
The  capital  ia  Siickatoo.  It  was  built  in  1805,  and  is  said  to  be  a 
larjfe,  poptilou.^  town. 

BoRoou  is  subject  to  the  Feiatah  empire.      Boussa  is  the  capital. 

TiMBUCTon  is  large,  fertile,  and  powerful  kingdom,  and  om  of 
the  most  civilized  n  Soudan.  Timbuctoo,  the  cnpi'n'  of  the  king. 
dom,  is  situated  about  10  miles  fnim  the  Niger.  I'  i  ■  '^he  centre  of 
commerce  for  Soudan,  and  is  the  resort  of  caravans  from  Egypt, 
Nubia,  Barbaryand  Abyssinia. 

Bambarra  is  a  large,  fertile,  and  powerful  kingdom.  Sego,  the 
capital,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Niger,  and  contains  about 
30,000  inhabitants. 

Kanem  is  a  powerful  kingdom,  lying  north  of  Bornou.  The  capi. 
tal  is  Koriah,  and  is  a  place  of  extensive  trade. 

KuAR  is  an  extensive  tract,  lying  west  of  Dongola,  consisting  most- 
ly  of  deserts,  interspersed  with  a  few  fertile  spots  like  islands.  It  is 
inhabited  by  the  Tibbous,  who  are  a  wandering  tribe,  und  possess  all 
the  regions  south  and  S.  E.  of  Fezzan. 

Fezxan  is  a  large  kingdom  tributary  to  THpoli.  It  consists  of  an 
extensive  oasis,  or  fertile  spot,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Desert,  sur- 
rounded  on  nil  sides,  except  the  west,  by  mountainH.  It  is  chiefly  im- 
portant as  the  centre  of  trade  for  the  caravans  which  traverse  the  in. 
terior.  The  chief  productions  are  dates.  The  capital  is  Mourzouk, 
and  is  the  grand  depot  for  the  commerce  carried  on  between  the  Bar- 
bary  States  and  central  Africa. 


I 


In  whntrj  !'(^'"!on  from  us  is  Central  Africa  1  What  lake  in  Sou- 
dai)  ?  W;'.;u  iiversl  Wlmt  are  some  of  the  piincipal  kin<,'-(loiiis  ? 
What  to  v.isl  Wiiat  is  the  po])ulation  of  Fezzun  7  Mourzouk? 
Wiuit  wc  lis  ?outh  of  Fezzun  1  What  are  some  of  the  routes  of 
caravans  acro^  s  the  desert  'i    What  resting  places  in  the  desert  1 


i'!,|: 


^Cnctin  KslautJfi. 

The  Azores,  or  Western  Isles,  are  nine  in  number,  and  belong 
to  Portugal.  They  have  a  fine  climate  and  fertile  soil,  producing 
wheat,  maize,  barley^  vines,  oranges,  &c.  They  are  subject  to 
earthquakes,  My  which  they  hn  .e  often  been  laid  waste.  Angra,  on 
the  island  of  ferceira,  is  the  capital. 

The  Madei  ra  Islands  consist  of  Madeira,  Porto  Santo,  and  the 
Desert  Isles.  Madeira,  the  principal  island,  is  distinguished  for  its 
toines,  which  are  exported  to  various  parts  of  the  world.  The  capital 
is  Funchal.    These  islands  belong  to  Portugal. 

The  Canary  Islands  are  thirteen  in  number,  and  belong  to  Spain. 

*  Clapperton's  Travek  in  Africa. 


kJfLlC  A* 


277 


I 


fruiU,  and  Canary  hird$. 


Thfty  are  iiistini?uiflhed  for  their  wit 
TeneriflTe  is  relebrnted  for  its  lofty  pei 
half  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  Cape  de  Vf.rde  Islands  »rp  fourteen  in  number,  and  belonif  to 
Portugal.  They  have  nn  unhealthy  nlimate,  and  £,MMio'-allv  a  barren, 
rocky  soil.  The  principal  exports  of  these  islands  are  salt  iitid  goat 
§kin8. 

St.  Helena  is  a  lofty  and  rocky  island,  and  belongs  to  the  Enclish, 
The  is  only  one  harbor,  which  is  of  difficult  access  and  easy  de- 
fence.  This  island  is  remarkable  for  the  imprisonment  and  death  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte. 


serpent,    antelope   and    CROCliDILE. 

Madagascar  is  one  <>f  the  largest  islands  on  he  globe.  It  has  a 
healthy  climate  and  a  fertile  soil,  and  is  said  to  he  rich  in  minerals. 
The  crocodile  grows  to  a  great  size  in  this  island,  and  infests  all  the 
principal  rivers,  and  has  frequently  I  een  known  to  carry  away  an  ox. 

It  is  inhabited  by  a  number  of  pet  v  tribes  of  diflTeront  races — Ara- 
bians, Malays  and  Africans — most  of  whom  are  in  a  savage  state, 
and  buthttle  acquainted  with  the  arts  of  civilized  life. 

The  chief  productions  are  rice,  augar  cane,  cocoa  nut,  banana,  and 
the  common  productions  of  tropical  climates. 

Mauritius,  or  Isle  of  France,  belongs  to  the  English.  It  is  a 
rugged  and  mountainous  island,  producing  tropical /rwii*  ;  likewise 
ebony,  and  other  valuable  kinds  of  wood. 

Bourbon  belongs  to  France.  It  is  composed  of  two  mountains; 
one  of  which  is  a  volcano,  and  is  in  constant  action,  and  serves  as  a 
light-house  to  mariners. 


^  v^  ^^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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lalii   |22 
1^   1^    12.0 


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IL25  i  1.4 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


\ 


RV 


•1>' 


<^ 


O^ 


278 


OCEANICA. 


fy-'.i 


Where  are  the  Azores  1  To  what  nation  do  they  belong  1  Popu- 
lation 1  Where  are  the  Madeira  Isles  1  Canaries  1  Cape  Verd 
Isles  1  St.  Helena  1  Madagascar!  Mauritius'?  Bourbon]  Which 
are  the  most  valuable  Islands? 


Ooeanica  comprises  the  numerous  isles  of  the  Pa- 
cific, lying  south  east  of  Asia.  They  are  divided  into 
Malaysia,  or  the  East  India  isles,  Australasia  and 
Polynesia. 

Most  of  the  islands  of  Oceanica  lie  in  the  torrid  zone,  and  are  no- 
ted for  their  rare  productions  and  delightful  climate. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  two  classes,  the  Malay  race,  and  the 
Papuans  or  Melanzian  negroes.  Tht  former  are  intelligent  and  ac- 
tive in  their  disposition,  and  are  in  all  sta^^es  of  civilization  ;  the 
latter  are  among  the  most  savage  and  degraded  of  mankind. 

MALAYSIA,  OR  EAST  INDIA  ISLANDS. 

The  Malaysiaor  East  India  Islands, are  those  which 
lie  between  Asia  and  Australia  or  New  Holland,  and 
consist  princiipally  of  five  groups,  viz. :  I.  The  Sunda 
isles.    2.  The  Molucca  or  Spice  Islands.    3.  Celebes. 

4.  Borneo,  and  a  number  of  small  islands  adjacent. 

5.  The  Manillas,  or  Philippine  islands. 

The  soil  in  most  of  these  islands  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  produ. 
ces  in  abundance  the  richest  fruits  of  the  torrid  zone,  and  the  finest 
spices  and  gums. 

These  islands  are  rich  in  minerals,  and  abound  in  wild  animals, 
among  which  are  the  rhinoceros,  tiger,  orang-outang  and  crocodile. 

The  climate  is  extremely  warm,  and  generally  unhealthy,  especial, 
ly  to  foreigners. 


A  TABX7LAR   VIEW  OP  THE   PRINCIPAL   BAST   INDIA   ISLANDS. 

Sunda  Isles,  .  ,  . 

Names.      Possessed  by     Sq.  miles.  Population,  Chief  Towns, 


Sumatra. 

Banca, 
Timor, 


Natives, 
Dutch, 
Dutch, 
Dutch  &,  For. 


180,000 

52,000 

5,600 

6,000 


4,500,000 

4,230,000 

80,000 

100,000 


Bencoolen. 
Batavia. 

Lifas. 


Pqpu- 
«  Verd 
Which 

OCKAKICA. 

Moluccas,  or  Spice  Islands. 

279 

Amboyna, 
Ceram, 
Gilolo, 
Banda  Is'ls 

Dutch, 
Dutch,  '      . 
Dutch, 

450 

4,000 

13,000 

45,000 
130,000 

Amboyna. 
Santanag. 

ePa- 

Borneo, 

i  into 

Borneo     | 

Natives,          |  300,000  |  3,000,000  | 

Borneo, 

i  and 

Celebes. 

Celebes, 

Dutch,             1    90,000    1  3,000,000 

Macassar. 

ire  rio- 

Manilla,  or  Philippine  Islands. 

id  the       i 
rid  ac-      i 

Luzon, 
Mindinao, 
Samar, 
Negros, 

Spaniards, 
Spaniards, 
Spaniards, 
Spaniards, 

70,000 

30,000 

800 

.^00 

1,300,000 

900,000 

84,000 

75,000 

Manilla. 
Mindinao. 

1 ;  the      m 

■ 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  of  the  Sunda  isles  7  t.  Where  is  Ban* 
oa  ?  A.  South  of  cape  Romania.  For  what  is  it  distinguished  ?  A. 
For  its  extensive  mines  of  tin.  Where  are  the  Moluccas  or  Spice 
islands  ?  For  what  are  they  celebrated  ?  A.  For  the  richest  spices. 
What  sea  north  of  Celebes  7  c.  What  strait  between  Celebes  and 
Borneo  7  m.  What  island  north  of  Borneo  7  p.  Which  is  the  Iar> 
gest  of  the  PhiHppine  isles  7  l.  What  cape  north  of  Luzon  7  e.  What 
large  island  north  of  Luzon  7  f.  What  small  islands  between  Luzon 
and  Formosa  7  b.  Which  is  the  largest  of  the  East  India  islands  7  b. 
What  is  its  chief  town  7   b. 


ty  :  ' 


Hn- 


AUSTRALASIA. 

Australasia  embraces  Australia,  Van  Diernen's 
Land,  New  Guinea,  New  Britain,  New  Ireland,  Solo- 
mon's Island,  New  Hebrides,  New  Zealand,  and  nu- 
merous smaller  islands  surrounding  them. 

AUSTRALIA,  OR  NEW  HOLLAND. 

Australia  is  the  largest  island  on  the  globe. 
It  is  noted  for  its  mild  climate,  fertile  soil,  and  valua- 
ble productions. 

It  was  discovered  in  1606,  by  the  Dutch ;  but  is  now  claimed 
by  Great  Britain,  and  has  two  colonies — Botany  i-ay  Colony,  and 
€wan  Riv«r  Colony.    Botany  Bay  Colony  wai  founded  in  i7«(7,  and 


I 


(      II 


280 


OCEANICA 


i 


gretit  numbers  of  criminals  have  been  banished  to  it  from  Great 
Britain.  Sidney  is  the  capital  and  chief  town  of  the  colony.  It  has 
a  good  harbor  and  considerable  commerce.  The  natives  of  Aus. 
tralia  are  small,  and  in  features  and  complexion  resemble  the  negro. 
They  are  said  to  be  remarkably  ignorant,  but  mild,  harmless  and 
kind. 

The  most  noted  animals  of  Australia  are  the  kangaroo,  duck-bill, 
flying  opossum,  and  a  fipecies  of  dog  that  never  barks.  Of  the  birds, 
the  emu,  a  kind  of  ostrich,  the  black  swan,  white  eagle,  the  spotted 
grosbeak,  and  a  great  variety  of  parrots. 


VAN  DIEMEN'S  LAND. 

Van  Diemen's  Land  is  a  healthy,  fertile  island,  170 
miles  in  length,  and  about  158  in  breadth.  An  Eng- 
lish colony  was  established  herein  1803,  and  in  1818 
it  contained  about  6000  inhabitants,  about  one  half  of 
whom  were  convicts  from  Great  Britain  and  New 
South  Wales. 

The  natives  resemble  those  of  Australia  or  New  Holland.  Hobart 
Town  is  the  capital  of  the  colony.  It  was  laid  out  in  1804,  and  now 
contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings. 


NEW  GUINEA- 

Little  is  known  respecting  New  Guinea  or  the  ad- 
jacent islands.  They  are  said  to  be  populous  and 
fertile,  producing  most  ol  the  fruits  of  the  torrid  zone. 
The  inhabitants  are  negroes,  and  generally  resemble 
the  people  of  Australia  or  New  Holland. 


The  natij 
made  cor 


In  whal 
What  col 
Btrait  sepj 
is  the  extj 
Zealand 
direction! 


11 
1 1 
11 


NEW  ZEALAND. 

New  Zealand  consists  of  two  large  islands,  separa- 
ted by  Cook's  strait.  I'hese  islands  are  mountain- 
ous, and  have  a  mild,  healthy  climate. 

The  natives  are  tail,  well  formed,  and  pussess  uncommojfi  sagacity 
and  strength  of  mind.  I'hey  are  canmbals,  and  when  provoked,  are 
extremely  ferocious.  An  fc^nglish  setiiemeui  has  been  established 
here  lor  iuirvducing  the  blessings  ot  civihzaiiou  luid  Chruuaiuty* 


Great 
Ithaa 

of  AU8. 

negro. 

isa  and 


OCKANICA. 


281 


» 


The  natives  manifest  a  strong  desire  for  improvement,  and  have 
made  considerable  progress  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OP   THE   WORLD. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  AustraHa  ?  By  whom  is  it  claimed  ? 
What  colonies  in  it ?  Towns?  Capes?  What  animals?  What 
strait  separatee  it  from  New  Guinea  ?  Van  Diemen's  Land  ?  What 
is  the  extent  of  Australia  ?  What  strait  separates  the  islands  of  New 
Zealand  ?  If  you  were  at  Cape  Otou,  to.day  at  12  o'clock,  in  what 
direction  would  your  shadow  fall  ? 


POLYNESIA.* 


A   VIEW  IN  OTAHEITE. 

Polynesia  embraces  the  numerous  islands  of  the 
Pacific  l3ang  east  of  the  Asiatic  islands  and  Austra- 
lasia. 

The  principal  groups  are  the  Pelew  islands,  and  the  Ladrones, 
Carolinas,  Sandwich  islands,  and  Radick's  isles,  lying  north  of  the 
equator ;  and  the  Marquesas,  Society  isles,  Friendly  isles,  and  Navi. 
gator's  isles,  south  of  the  equator. 

These  islands  have  generally  a  fertile  soil,  and  a  mild,  healthy  cli. 
mate.  The  most  important  productions  are  the  bread  fruit,  eoeoa 
nuts,  bananas,  oranges,  &c. 

*  l>erived  from  two  Greek  words,  signifying  many  islanda. 


i'i 


I 


282 


OCEANICa 


i 


1'  ' ' 


The  inhabitants  are  tall,  well  formed,  and  generally  of  amiable  die. 
positions.  They  were  formerly  Pagans,  and  were  accustomed  to  sa. 
crifice  human  victims  to  their  gods.  But  in  the  Sandwich  and  Socio. 
ty  islands,  they  have  destroyed  their  idols,  and  have  received  christian 
missionaries.  Many  have  been  taught  to  read  and  write ;  and  num. 
bers  have  been  converted  to  Christianity. 

Hawaii,* — formerly  called  Owhyhee,  the  largest  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  is  remarkable  for  the  lofty  summit  of  Mouna  Roa,  16,000 
feet  high,  and  also  for  Ktrauea,  the  greatest  and  most  terrific  volcano 
on  the  globe.  Honolulu,  on  the  island  of  Oahu,  is  the  capital  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands.  It  contains  about  7,00B  inhabitants,  several 
hundred  of  whom  are  American  and  European.  It  has  a  good  har- 
bor, and  is  visited  for  refreshments  by  the  numerous  whale  ships  of 
the  Northern  Pacific. 


Qt7E8TI0N8  ON   THE   MAP  OF  THE   WOULD. 

In  what  direction  from  Mindanao  are  the  Pelew  isles  ?  Where  are 
the  Ladrones  ?  Where  are  the  Caroline  islands  ?  What  cluster  of 
islands  in  the  Pacific  about  midway  between  Asia  and  America  ?  s. 
When,  and  by  whom  were  the  Sandwica  islands  first  discovered  ?  A. 
In  1778,  by  Capt.  Cook  and  Capt.  King.  Which  is  the  most  noted  of 
the  Sandwich  islands?  o.  In  what  direction  from  the  Sandwich 
islands  are  Radick's  isles  ?  What  islands  north  of  Radick's  isles  ? 
What  considerable  island  south  of  Radick's  isles  ?  c.  Where  are  the 
Marquesas  and  Washington  isles  ?  Where  are  the  Society  isles  ? 
What  cluster  of  isles  S.  W.  of  the  Society  isles?  f.  Whrt  group  of 
isles  N.  W.  of  the  Friendly  isles  ?  f.  What  islands  N.  W.  of  Navi. 
gator's  isles  7  What  group  of  islands  on  both  sides  of  the  equator, 
near  the  coast  of  South  America  ?  o.  Where  is  the  Low  Archi. 
pelago  ?  Where  is  Victoria,  and  when  discovered  ?  Where  is  the 
Antarctic  continent .'     When,  and  by  whom  discovered  ? 


MENANDANIMALS. 

Map  of  the  World. — Where  are  the  North  American  Indians 
found  ?  Araucanians  ?  Negroes  ?  Hottentots  ?  The  Camel  ? 
Elephant  ?  Girafiis  ?  Hippopotamus  ?  Reindeer  ?  Bison  ?  Lion  ? 
Tiger?  White  bear?  Walrus?  Kangaroo?  Ourang  outang? 
The  Condor  ?  &>e. 


I 


:<i 


m 


*  Hawaii,  pronounced  Ha-wi'-e. 


N.  B.— I 
ftot  lie  toAo 
cify  what  p 
part. 


What  di 
What  di 
What  di 
What  di 
Whatdi 
Whatdi 
What  di 
What  di 
What  di 


What  CI 
What  CI 
What  CI 
What  cc 
What  C8 
What  ci 
What  CI 
What  CI 
What  c( 


Whatb 
What  a 
What  is 
What  is 
What  is 
What  is 
What  ie 
What  it 
WhatU 
What  it 
What  it 


Whatd 
Whatd 


ible  dig. 
d  to  sa. 
Socio, 
hrisiian 
d  num. 


LATITUDE     AND     LONGITUDE.  283  % 

PART  THIRD 

LATITUDES  AND  LONGITUDES. 

N.  B. — In  answering  the  following  questions,  if  the  division  does 
ftot  lie  toholly  between  the  degrees  mentioned,  the  scholar  will  spe. 
cify  what  partis  included,  whether  the  nonhern,  middk  or  toutkern 
part. 


What  divisions 
What  divisions 
What  divisions 
What  divisions 
What  divisions 
What  divisions 
What  divisions 
What  divisions 
What  divisions 


DrVISIONS. 

lie 'between  the  equator  and  10  N.  lat  t 
between  10°  and  20®  N.  lat.  ? 
between  20°  and  30°  N.  lat.  7 
between  30°  and  40°  N.  lauf 
between  40°  and  50°  N.  lat.  7 
between  50°  and  60°  N.  lat.  7 
between  the  equator  and  10°  S. 
between  10°  and  20°  S.  lat.  7 
between  20°  and  30°  S.  lat.  7 


lat.  t 


What  capitals 
What  capitab 
What  capitals 
What  capitals 
What  capitals 
What  capitals 
What  capitab 
What  capitals 
What  capitals 


CAPITALS. 

between  the  equator  and  10°  N.  lat  7 
between  10°  and  20°  N.  lat.  7 
between  20°  and  30°  N.  lat.  7 
between  30°  and  40°  N.  lat.  7 
between  40°  and  50°  N.  lat.  7 
between  50°  and  60°  N.  lat.  7 
between  the  equator  and  10°  S.  lat.  7 
between  10°  and  20°  S.  lat.  ? 
between  20°  and  30°  S.  lat.  7 


What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 


ISLAKDS. 

between  the  equator  and  10°  N.  lat<  7 
between  10°  and  20°  N.  lat.  7 
between  20°  and  30°  N.  lat.  7 
between  30°  and  40°  N.  lat.  ? 
between  40°  and  50°  N.  lat.  7 
between  50°  and  60°  N.  lat.  7 
between  60°  and  70°  N.  lat.  7 
between  the  equator  and  10°  S.  lat.  7 
between  10°  and  20°  S.  lat.  7 
between  20°  and  30°  S.  lat.  7 
between  30°  and  40^  S.  lat.  7 


.1 


DiYisiom. 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  the  equator  7 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  7 

13 


«)i 


#284 


LATITUDE     AND     LaWOITUDl. 


I'i  4 


What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 


divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 


are  intersected 
are  intersected 
are  intersected 
are  intersected 
are  intersected 
are  intersected 
are  intersected 
am  intersected 
are  intersected 
are  intersected 


by  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn? 

by  the  lO®  N.  lat.  7 

by  the  SO®  N.  lat.  ? 

bythe30<»N.lat.7 

by  the  40°  N.  lat.  7 

by  the  50®  N.  lat.  7 

by  the  60°  N.  lat.  7 

by  the  10^  S.  lat.  7 

by  the  20°  S.  lat.  7 

by  the  30^  S.  lat.  7 


ISLANDS. 

Through  what  islands  does  the  equator  pass  7 
Through  what  islands  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  pass  7 
Through  what  islands  does  the  Trqpic  of  Capricorn  pass  7 


DIVISIONS. 

What  divisions  are  intersected  by  10^  E.  longitude  7 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  20^  7    30**   E.  long. 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by   40®  7    50®  E.  long. 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  60®  7  70®  7  80®  E.  long. 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  40®  W.  longitude  7 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  50®  7  60®  W.  longitude  7 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  70®  f  80®  W.  longitude? 


% 


CITIES. 

What  city  in  41®  N.  latitude,  and  29®  E,  longtiude  7  e. 
What  city  in  55®  N.  latitude,  and  12®  E.  longitude  7  Cr 
What  city  in  49®  N.  latitude,  and  2®  E.  longitude  ?  p. 
What  city  in  40®  N.  latitude,  and  75®  W.  longitude  7  p. 
What  city  in  40^  N.  latitude,  and  116®  B.  longitude  7  p. 
What  city  in  30«  N.  latitude,  and  90®  W.  longitude  7  n.  oi 
What  city  in  40i®  N.  latitude,  and  74®  W.  longitude  7  n.  ¥• 
What  city  jn  42  ®  N.  latitude,  and  70i  W.  longitude  7  b. 
What  city  in  39®  N.  latitude,  and  78®  W.  longitude  7  w. 
What  city  in  34^  S.  latitude,  and  58^  W.  longitude  7  b* 
What  city  in  12®  S.  latitude,  and  76®  W.  longitude  7  l. 
What  city  in  60®  N.  latitude,  and  30®  E.  longitude  7  st.  p* 
What  city  in  22i®  N.  Utitude,  and  88i®  E.  longitude  7  c. 
What  city  in  23®  S.  latitude,  and  43®  W.  longitude  T  ».  j. 
What  city  in  47®  M.  latitude,  and  70®  W.  longitude  ?  q. 
What  city  in  19i®  N.  latitude,  and  100®  W.  longitude  7  m. 
What  cape  in  34®  S.  latitude,  and  18®  E.  longitude  7  a.  h. 
What  cape  in  56®  S,  latitude,  and  67®  W.  longitude  ?  h. 
What  cape  in  8®  N.  latitude,  and  78®  E.  longitude  7  c. 
What  cape  in  36^®  N.  latitude,  and  22®  E.  longitude  7  m.  ^ 
What  cape  in  591®  N.  latitude,  and  43®  W.  longitude  ?  p. 
What  island  in  16®  S.  latitude,  and  6®  W.  longitude  7  n.  b» 


INTRODUCTION    TO     ASTRONOMY.  285 

PART  FOURTH. 

Ktitrotittctfotc  to  Agtranamii* 


n^^i/iU^ 


^m$A^mfkm4^ 


THE   SEASONS. 

Aitronomy  Is  the  wience  which  teaches  the  motions  and  the  magnitudes  of 
the  heavenly  iMidiet. 

The  Solar  Svstem  consists  of  the  sun,  planets,  asteroids  and  comets. 

n  is  called  the  Solar  System,  l)ecause  the  sun  is  supposed  to  l>e  placed  in  the 
centre,  having  ail  the  planets  revolving  round  it,  at  different  distances  and  in 
di^rent  periods  of  time. 

The  Sun  is  an  immense  spherical  body,  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  system, 
and  gives  light  and  heat  to  the  planets,  moons,  asteroids  and  comets.  It  re- 
volves on  its  axis  once  in  35  days  and  10  hours. 

This  revolution  is  determined  from  the  motion  of  the  spots  on  its  surface. 

A  planet  is  an  opalce  body  which  appears  to  us  like  a  star,  and  shines  only  by 
reflecting  the  light  of  the  sun. 

There  are  two  Icinds  of  planets,  viz. :  primary  and  secondary,  to  which  may 
be  added  the  asteroids.  The  primary  planets  are  those  which  revolve  round 
the  sun  and  regard  him  only  as  their  centre.  The  secondary  planets,  called  also 
moons,  or  satellites,  are  smaller  planets,  which  revolve  round  the  primaries, 
and  serve  to  give  them  light. 

There  are  seven  primary  planets :  1.  Mercury  ;  3.  Venus  ;  3.  Earth ;  4. 
Mars;  5.  Jupiter;  6.  Saturn;  7.  Herschel. 

There  are  eighteen  secondary  planets.  The  earth  has  1 ;  Jupiter  4  Saturn 
7;  Herschel  6. 

The  asteroids  are  four  very  small  planets,  situated  between  the  orbits  of  Mars 
Md  Jupiter,  called  Ceres,  Pallas,  Juno  and  Vesta. 


_ J 


286 


INTRODUCTION     TO     ASTRONOMY 


1 

Diame- 

ter   in 

miles. 

Sun 

883246 

Mercury 

3224 

Venus 

7687 

Earth 

7928 

Mart 

4189 

Jupiter 

89170 

Saturn 

79042 

Herechel 

36112 

BUN   AND  PLANETS 

Day ^vr  Year  or  reoo- 
revohuim  lutionround 
ontheaxit     the  nm. 


D.H.M. 


26    10  0 

unknown 

0  23  22 

23  56 

00  39 

9  66 

10  16 


0 
1 
0 
0 


unknownl83 


F.  D,  H,  M. 


0 

0 

1 

1 

11 

29 


87  23 

224  16 

00    0 

321  18 

315  14 
164 
294 


7 
8 


14 
41 
00 
23 
39 
19 
39 


Dittanee 

from  the 

Sun  in 

milei. 


Bulk, 
the 
Earth 
being  1 


36000000 

68000000 

96000000 

144000000 

491000000 

901000000 

1800000000 


1380000 


I 

1000 
90 


COMETS.*^ 

Comets  are  large,  aolld,  opake  or  dark  bodies,  which  revolve  round  the  luo 
In  very  elliptical  orbita. 

The  number  of  eomeU  belonging  to  our  lyetem  ii  suppmed  to  be  540.  The 
Jlgure  of  eometa  li  very  different.  Some  of  them  emit  luminous  matter  on 
all  sides,  resembling  hair  :*  others  have  a  long,  luminous,  transparent  tail,  pro- 
jecting from  that  part  wnich  is  opposite  to  the  sun. 

Their  apparent  magnitudes  are  also  very  different.  Some  appear  no  larger 
than  the  fixed  stars ;  others  as  large  as  Venus ;  and  others  much  larger. 

The  velocity  of  a  comet  Is  greater  than  that  of  a  planet,  and  increases  as  it 
approaches  the  sun.  That  of  1680,  when  nearest  the  sun,  moved  with  the  amaa- 
liig  velocity  of  880,000  miles  an  hour. 


FIXED  STARS. 

The  fixed  stars  are  those  luminous  bodies  which  appear  in  the  heavens,  flir 
beyond  the  planets,  from  which  they  are  distinguished  by  their  twinkling. 

They  are  called  jlx«d  ttara,  because  they  always  keep  the  same  situation  in 
relation  to  each  other,  and  appear  to  have  one  proper  motion  of  their  own, 
The  distances  ofthe  fixed  stars  from  the  earth,  is  almost  inconceivable :  light, 
which  flies  164,000  miles  in  a  second,  would  be  more  than  three  years  in  passing 
from  one  of  them  to  the  earth. 

These  stars  being  at  such  an  immense  distance,  cannot  receive  their  light 
fkom  the  sun  as  the  planets,  but  must  shine  by  their  own  light ;  and  hence  they 
are  supposed  to  be  suns  to  other  systems,  and  to  have  worids  revolving  round 
them,  inhabited,  perhaps,  by  intelligent  and  immortal  h&ings. 

The  number  ofthe  fixed  stars  is  unknown.  With  the  naked  eye  we  can  sea 
about  2,000,  but  by  the  help  of  telescopes  many  millions  can  be  discovered. 


THE  EARTH. 

The  Earth  has  two  motions ;  one  round  its  axis,  the  other  round  the  sun.  It 
revolves  on  its  axis  once  in  24  hours,  and  causes  continual  succession  of  day 
and  night,  and  an  apparent  motion  of  the  heavenly  bodies  from  east  to  west. 

*  The  word  cornet^  is  derived  tkom  cMia,  or  eometa,  a  Greek  word  signifyinf 
hairy. 


INTRODUCTION    TO     ASTRONOMT 


287 


It  eompletet  Iti  revolution  round  the  tun  once  in  a  year,  and  oceailoni  the 
difference  in  the  length  of  the  dayi  and  nif  hte,  and  the  agreeable  variety  of  the 
leaaoni. 

The  earth  ii  not  a  perfect  inhere,  but  an  oblate  ipheroid,  elevated  at  the  equa- 
tor, and  depreewd  at  the  polea;  the  equatorial  diameter  being  34  milea  longer 
than  the  polar. 

The  earth  ii  ■unrounded  by  a  thin,  Invliible,  elaitie  fluid,  called  tir,  which 
extendi  to  a  conelderable  height  above  it.  The  air,  together  with  the  cloude 
and  vapors  that  float  in  it,  ii  called  the  atmoapktr$.  The  height  tti  which  the 
atmoiphere  extends,  has  never  been  Ailly  aicertained,  but  It  la  suppoeed  to  be 
about  45  niilee. 

THB  MOON. 

The  Moon  ii  an  opake,  or  dark  body,  like  the  earth,  and  ihinei  entirely  by 
light  received  flrom  the  lun.  Ita  diameter  !■  2,180  miles,  and  its  distance  from 
the  centre  of  the  earth  340,000  miles.    Its  bulk  to  that  of  the  earth  is  as  1  to  49. 

The  moon  revolves  round  the  earth,  fVom  change  to  change,  in  30  days,  13 
hours,  44  minutes. 

The  surAce  of  the  moon  is  greatly  dlversifled  with  inequalities,  which  through 
a  telescope  have  the  apiiearanee  of  hills  and  valleys. 

When  the  moon  is  in  coi^Junction,  or  in  the  same  part  of  the  heavens  with 
the  sun,  it  is  called  the  new  moon ;  when  it  is  in  opposition,  or  180  degrees  dis- 
tant, it  is  called  the  full  moon. 

The  moon  revolves  on  its  axis  but  once  in  its  revolution  round  the  earth,  and 
consequently  its  day  is  a  little  longer  than  39 1-3  »f  our  days. 

ECLIPSES. 

An  eclipse  is  a  partial,  or  total  privation  of  the  light  of  the  sun  or  moon. 

An  eclipse  of  the  sun  is  caused  by  the  interposition  of  the  moon  between  the 
earth  and  the  sun,  and  consequently  must  happen  when  the  moon  is  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  sun,  or  at  the  new  moon. 

An  eclipse  of  the  moon  is  caused  by  an  interposition  of  the  earth  between  the 
■un  and  moon,  and  therefore  must  happen  at  the  full  moon,  or  when  the  moon 
Is  180  degrees  distant  fVom  the  sun. 

The  diameter  of  the  sun  and  moon  is  supposed  to  be  divided  into  13  part*, 
called  digito  ;  and  an  eclipse  is  said  to  be  so  many  digits,  according  to  the 
number  of  those  parts  which  are  involved  at  the  greatest  darkness. 


THE  SEASONS. 

The  diffierent  seasons  are  occasibned  by  the  axis  of  the  earth,  being  inclined 
to  the  level  of  its  orbit  always  in  one  direction,  in  its  circuit  round  the  sun ;  so 
that  one  end  of  the  axis  is  directed  towards  the  sun  at  one  season  of  the  year, 
and/rom  the  sun  at  another.  This  also  occasions  ttie  variation  of  climate,  and 
the  different  lengths  of  day  and  night. 

From  the  30th  of  March  to  the  22d  of  September,  the  north  pole  inclines  to 
the  sun,  and  it  is  summer  in  the  northern  hemispiierc  and  winter  in  the  aouth- 
em :  from  the  S2d  of  September  to  the  30th  of  March,  the  north  pole  declines 
from  the  sun,  and  it  is  winter  in  the  northern  hemisphere  and  summer  in  the 
»outhem. 

In  the  same  manner  it  will  be  seen  that  during  one  half  of  the  year  the  north 
pole  is  continually  illuminated  by  the  sun,  while  the  south  pole  is  in  darkness : 
and  consequently  the  days  in  the  northern  hemisphere  will  be  more  than  13 
hours  long,  and  those  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  less  than  13  honrs ;  and 
during  the  other  half  of  the  year,  the  south  pole  is  constantly  in  the  light,  and 
the  north  pole  in  darkness,  and  consequently  the  days  in  the  southern  hemis- 

Ehere  will  be  more  than  13  hours  long,  and  those  in  the  northern  les    than  13 
oius ;  thus  causing  the  different  lengths  of  day  and  night 


288 


PHYSICAL     OIOORAPHT 


At  tb«  Miuator  the  dayi  and  nlgbti  art  alwayi  equal  being  19  houra  each  ; 
but  u  you  proceed  ttom  the  equator,  tbey  vary  In  length  according  to  the  latl- 
lude  and  leaMn. 

In  laUiude  160  44',  the  day  le  13  houn  long :  In  410  94'  I  li  15  houre  In 
length  ;  In  610 18',  it  ti  19  houn;  in  660  ao',  u  ii  M  houn ;  In  07O  18',  the  long- 
est day  !■  one  month  ;  In  690  33',  It  !■  two  montha ;  In  770  40',  U  is  four  months  : 
and  at  the  poles,  six  months. 

[Bee  the  scale  on  the  map  of  the  world,  representing  the  longest  days  and 
nights,  also  theiones  and  climates.] 

Qii««t/0N«.— What  is  the  length  of  the  davs  and  nights  at  the  equator  1  What 
is  the  length  of  the  longest  day  in80  34' f  What  is  the  length  of  the  longest 
•ivlnl6044'1  In  840 12' 1  In  30©  48' 1  In  360  31' 1  In  41©  24' 1  In  450  3 J' 1 
i  490  3'  1  In  540  30'  1  What  is  the  length  of  the  lonxest  day  In  670 18'  1  In 
6iA  33'  1  In  730  6'  t  What  is  the  length  of  the  lowest  day  at  the  polert  1  What 
Is  the  length  of  the  longest  night  1  How  many  days  and  nights  are  there  at  the 
poles  in  a  year  1 


CLIMATES. 

Climate  is  a  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  contained  between  two  small  cir- 
eles  parallel  to  the  equator,  and  of  such  a  breadth  that  the  longest  day  in  the 
parallel  nearestthe  equator  is  half  an  hour  shorter  than  in  the  next  more  remote, 
in  the  torrid  and  temperate  zones— and  one  month  in  the  frigid  zones. 

All  places  In  the  »ame  latitude,  are  in  the  tame  climate— but  It  must  not  be 
inferred  flrom  thence  that  they  have  the  same  atmosphedcal  temperature,  as 
this  depends  on  various  causes.  Mountains,  lakes,  deserts,  plains,  k.c.  have 
great  effect  on  the  atmosphere ;  as  high  mountains  under  the  equator  are  cover- 
ed with  perpetual  snow,  and  deserts  are  parched  with  constant  heat. 

Q»««tioM.— How  many  climates  between  the  equator  and  each  polar  circle  1 
A.  24.  How  many  climates  between  each  polar  circle  and  its  pole  1  A.  6.  In 
what  latitude  doe6  the  flrst  climate  end  1  [See  the  scale  on  the  Map  of  the 
World]  A.  In  80  44'.  In  what  latitude  does  the  second  climate  end  )  A.  In 
about  1640.  In  what  latitude  does  the  third  climate  end  1  Fourth  climate  7 
Fiflh  1    Sixth  1    Seventh  1    Eighth  climate  1  Jcc.  &c. 

Note.- It  will  be  seen  that  the  climates  are  placed  in  regular  order  on  the 
acale  as  far  as  4902',  increasing  in  length  half  an  hour  as  you  proceed  from  the 
equator ;  after  which  they  are  not  laid  down  regularly  till  you  come  to  the  po- 
lar circle.  Here  you  will  perceive  by  the  scale  that  the  days  in  each  climate,  in- 
stead of  being  only  half  an  hour  longer  than  in  the  one  nearer  the  equator,  are 
one  month  longer  as  you  approach  the  pole. 


WINDS. 


Wind  is  air  put  in  motion,  occasioned  chiefly  by  means  of  heat. 

When  any  part  of  the  air  is  aeated  by  the  sun  or  otherwise.  It  expands  and 
ascends  towards  the  higher  parts  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  neighboring  air 
rushes  in  to  supply  its  place ;  and  there  will  therefore  be  a  stream  or  current  of 
air  from  all  parts  towards  the  region  in  which  the  heat  predominates.  This 
pressure  of  the  air  is  what  is  called  wind. 

The  velocity  of  wind  Is  various.  A  gentle  breeze  moves  about  4  miles  aa 
hour ;  a  common  brisk  wind  about  15  miles ;  a  high  wind  30 ;  a  storm  60 ;  a 
violent  hurricane  100  miles  an  hour. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  tropical  winds,  viz. :  The  general  trade  leinds  ;  the 
monsoon*  ;  the  land  and  sea  breezes. 

1.  The  general  trade  windE  blow  from  east  to  west,  extending  to  nearly  30O  of 
latitude  on  each  side  of  the  equator,  nearly  round  the  globe. 

2.  The  monsoons  are  periodical  winds,  which  prevail  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  blow  six  months  in  one  direction,  and  during  the  other  six  months  in  an 
opposite  direction.  Their  change  at  tbe  vernal  and  autumnal  equinox  is  ae- 
companied  with  terrible  storms  of  rain,  lightning  and  thunder. 


OLOBEt 


289 


in 
thi: 


3.  Th«  Itnd  and  w>a  brcfizea  are  periodical  windu,  whici)  blow  from  tiie  iand 
during  the  nlKiit,  and  from  the  m4-ii  during  the  d.  y. 

Winda are  aflfiClf d  by  thKcoiintrlrMover  which  tliey  parni,  being  rendered  nee- 
liiential  by  tlie  heat  of  deaerin,  and  the  uiitriU  eihalatiuim  of  lalcea  and  niari(n««. 

In  AfVieaand  Arabia,  a  wind  blown  rroni  the  deaerta  called  the  5aiM<(/ur  8i- 
mooMt  which  nrequenlly  produces  instant  duath. 

On  the  weatern  coiiRt  of  Africa  Is  a  similar  wind,  called  Harmaltant  produ- 
dng  a  dryneaa  and  heat  almost  inHupportable. 

A  warm,  unpleasant  wind  Hrom  Africa,  prevails  in  the  southern  part  of  Eu- 
rope, called  ttie  Sireeeo,  producing  great  uneasiness  and  debility  in  the  system, 


the 


TIDES. 

The  Tide  la  the  regular  elevation  and  depression  of  the  ocean,  which  happens 
twice  every  S4  hours,  caused  by  the  attraction  of  the  moon  and  of  the  sun. 

At  the  HMO  and/«/<  moon,  the  tides  are  greatest,  and  are  called  apring  tid$$  ; 
at  the  flrst  and  last  quarters,  they  are  leaHt,  and  are  called  neap  tide*  ;  and  the 
hlf  Iwst  are  near  the  time  of  the  equinoxes. 


a 


Xntrotructfon  to  the  use  of  the  Cflobm. 


A  Globe  is  a  round  body,  whose  surface  is  every  where  equally  remote  from 
the  centre. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  artificial  gloties,  terrestrial  and  celestial. 

A  terrestrial  globe  is  a  correct  representation  of  the  earth,  having  the  whole 
surface  of  the  land  and  water  upon  it;  also  the  botitidarios  of  stales  and  king- 
doms; the  situation  of  towns ;  the  courses  of  rivers  and  mountains,  &.c.  delin- 
eated as  they  are  upon  the  earth  itself. 

A  celestial  globe  is  an  artificial  representation  of  the  heavens,  on  which  the 
Btars  are  laid  down  in  their  natural  situations. 

The  axis  of  the  earth  is  an  imaginary  line  passing  through  the  centre  of  It, 
upon  which  it  is  supposed  to  turn. 

The  poles  of  the  earth  are  the  two  extremities  of  the  axis,  where  it  is  suppor 
•d  to  cut  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

The  brazen  meridian  is  the  circle  in  which  the  globe  turns,  and  is  divided  in- 
to 360  equal  parts,  called  degrees. 

The  quadrant  of  altitude  is  a  thin  slip  of  brass,  divided  into  OQO,  and  is  gene- 
rcJly  uB«d  to  determine  the  distance  of  one  place  (torn  another. 


290 


GLOBES* 


Pic- 


The  hour  circle  is  a  small  circle  of  brass,  with  an  index  or  pointer  fixed  to  tlw 
north  pole. 

The  horizon  is  a  great  circle  which  separates  the  visible  half  of  the  heavens 
from  the  invisible.  The  horizon  is  represented  on  the  artificial  globe  by  th« 
wooden  circular  fVame  on  which  the  globe  stands. 

The  ecliptic  is  the  great  circle  which  the  earth  describes  annually  in  its  revo 
lution  round  the  sun. 

The  ecliptic  is  divided  into  twelve  equal  parts  of  30  degrees  each,  called  signs. 

The  names  and  characters  of  the  signs,  with  the  months  in  which  the  sun  cn- 
ers  ih^vn^  are  as  follows  t 


Jforthem  Signg. 
qp  Aries,  March  21st 


\i  Taurus, 
n  Oeniini^ 
S3  Cancer, 

11K  Virgo, 


April  19th 

May  20th 

June  21st 

Jttly  22d 

Aug.  22d 


Southern  Signs. 


^Si  Libra, 
TTl^  Scorpio, 
$  Sagittarius, 
V5*  Capricornus, 
^  Aquarius, 
3f£  Pisces, 


Sept.  23d 
Oct.  23d 
Not.  22d 
Dec.  21st 
Jan.  20th 
Feb.  19th 


The  first  six  are  called  JVorthem  signs,  because  they  are  north  of  the  equator; 
the  last  six  are  called  Southern  ^igns,  because  they  are  south  of  the  equator. 

The  zodiac  is  abroad  belt  in  the  heavens,  16°  wide,  in  the  middle  of  which  ht 
the  ecfiptic.    It  comprehends  the  orbits  of  all  the  planets. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE   TERRESTRIAL  GLOBE.* 

Which  Grand  Division  extends  farthest  north  1 

Atwhat  place  does  Asia  extend  farthest  north?  '' 

At  what  place  does  Europe  ?    North  America  1 

Suppose  the  Arctic  ocean  was  navigable,  in  what  direction  must  you  sail  ia 
going  from  North  Cape,  in  a  direct  line,  to  East  Cape  T 

What  place  is  there  6n  the  globe, /rom  which  you  can  travel  only  in  one  di- 
rec'lon  1 

What  cape  in  Asia  opposite  to  Bailings  Bay  ? 

Towards  what  two  points  of  the  compass  must  you  steer  in  sailing  from  Spitz- 
brrcen  tn  Bhering's  Strait,  across  the  north  pole  ? 

Through  what  countries  will  you  pass,  and  what  waters  will  ^ou  cross  in 
travelling  on  the  Arctic  Circle  round  the  eUibe,  commencing  at  Bherrng'sStvait  ? 

Travel  in  the  same  manner,  on  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  J^ginning  at  cape  St. 
Lucas. 

The  equator,  commencing  at  Quito. 

The  tropic  of  Capricorn,  beginning  at  Rio  Janeiro. 

The  parallel  or40O  N.  lat.  bctiinning  at  Philadelphia. 

Tliere  »re  two  routes  from  New  York  to  Canton ;  describe  each. 

In  what  direction  from  Philadelphia  is  Cairo  ?  Pekin?  London?  Rio  Ja- 
neiro?   Calcutta?   St.  Petersburg ?    Rome?    Morocco?    Uuito? 

Does  Asia  or  North  America  extend-  farther  south  ?  Sooth  America  or  Aus- 
tralia ? 

One  of  the  tropics  passes  nea^  the  centre  of  one  of  the  continents;  whick 
tropic,  and  what  continent? 

What  places  are  directly  south  of  the  north  pole  ? 

What  waters  will  you  cross  in  sailii>g  from  Boston  to  Okhotsk  1  From 
Okhotsk  to  Buenos  Ayres  ?    From  Buenos  Ayres  to  Cincinnati  ? 

Describe  the  limits  of  each  zone. 

Which  grand  division  of  the  globe  lies  mostly  in  the  torrid  zone  ? 

In  what  zone  is  North  cape?  Cape  Horn?  CapeComorin?  Cape  Farewell? 
Cape  Verd  ? 

*  These  questions  can  be  answered  from  the  two  Mtkjfs  of  the  World; 


0L0BE8 


291 


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Which  way  must  a  ihip  steer  in  sailing  from  New  Yoric  to  the  cape  of  Good 
Hope? 
From  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Batavia  1 
From  Batavia  to  cape  Horn  1 
From  cape  Horn  to  London  1 
From  London  to  New  York  1 

Is  there  more  land  or  water  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  1 
How  much  of  the  earth's  surface  is  covered  with  water  1 
What  land  do  you  find  in  the  south  frigid  zone  1 
What  places  are  north  of  90°  of  S.  latitude  1 

What  sea  in  the  western  hemisphere,  nearly  in  the  latitude  of  the  China  sea  T^ 
What  four  seas  are  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  40O  ^^  latitude  1 
Does  Europe  or  Africa  extend  farther  west  1 
What  places  have  no  latitude  1 

There  are  twenty-two  seas  on  the  globe ;  what  are  their  names  and  where  are 
they? 

Which  grand  division  of  the  globe  has  the  greatest  number  of  aeas  in  and 
around  it  1 
On  which  side  of  the  equator  is  there  most  land  1 
What  places  are  south  of  IKP  of  N.  latitude  1 

There  are  two  routes  by  which  you  can  sail  from  Boston  to  Calcutta :  mention 
each. 
Which  is  the  most  northern  island  on  the  globe  1 
Which  is  the  most  sou«  hern  island  1 
What  is  longitude  1 

From  which  meridian  is  longitude  generally  reckoned  1 
What  is  the  greatest  longitude  a  place  can  have  1 
Why  can  a  place  have  no  more  than  18(P  of  longitude  1 
In  what  direction  from  Iceland  is  Cape  Verd  1 
In  what  direction  from  the  island  of  Hainan  is  Owhyhee  1 
In  what  direction  from  Spitzbergen  is  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  1 
Is  the  eastern  coast  of  Greenland,  or  the  western  coast  of  Africa  farther  east  T 

What  places  have  noon,  or  mid-day,  at  the  same  time  1 

Suppose  the  southern  ocean  was  navigable,  towards  what  two  points  of  the 
compass  must  a  ship  steer,  in  sailing  from  the  island  of  New  Zealand  to  St. 
Helena  over  the  south  pole  1 

Which  extends  farthest  east,  Asia  or  Australia  ? 

What  are  meridians  1 

How  many  meridians  are  drawn  on  the  globe  you  are  using? 

What  length  of  time  does  it  require  for  the  sun  to  pass  from  one  meridian  to> 
another  1 

What  is  the  difference  of  time  between  Quito  and  Rome  1 

Is  the  time  at  Rome  faster  or  slower  than  at  Quito  1    Why  ? 

What  is  the  difference  of  time  between  London  and  Pekin  1 

Supposing  it  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  Philadelphia,  what  time  is  it  at  Lon- 
don 1    Rome  1    Constantinople  1 

What  is  the  difference  of  time  between  Cape  Verd  and  the  gulf  ^f  Darien  1 

When  it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  time  is  it  at  Irkuutsk  1  Rome  1  Quito  7 
Behring's  Straits  1    New  Holland  1 

Does  South  America  or  Greenland  extend  farthest  east  1 

Which  extends  farthest  east,  Europe  or  Africa  1 

Which  is  farthest  north,  lake  Baikal  or  lake  Winnepeg? 

What  places  have  the  same  seasons  of  the  year?    A.  Those  in  the  same  lat. 

When  it  is  summer  in  the  United  States,  what  season  is  it  in  China  ?    Chi  T 
France?    Australia?    Spain?    Patagonia? 

When  it  is  winter  at  the  CKy^  of  Good  Hope,  what  season  is  it  in  Englant^ 
In  this  place  ?    Why  ? 

Why  should  not  the  ecliptic  be  drawn  parallel  to  the  equator  1 

13* 


292 


PROBLEMS. 


i. 


]9rotIemj3 


PROBLEM    i 
T0  Jind  the  Latitude  tj  t.iiy place. 

RrLB.—Brinf  the  given  place  to  the  bran  meridian,  and  the  degree  above  the 
place  m  the  latitude. 

What  la  the  latitude  of  Philailelphia  1  A.  40ON.  Of  Boston  1  A  48iO 
N.  Cape  Horn  1  London  1  Peltin  1  Cape  of  Good  Hope  1  Parial  Calcut- 
tat 

What  placet  have  no  latitude  1 

PROBLEM   II. 
To  Jind  the  Longitude  of  anfplMO. 

RiTLB.— Bring  the  place  to  the  brass  meridinn,  and  the  degree  on  the  equator 
under  the  meridian  is  the  longitude. 

What  is  the  longitude  of  Philadelphia  1  7S0  w.  Boston  1  New  York  1  Pe- 
Itinl    Lima? 

What  places  have  the  same  longitude  as  New  Yorlc  1  Stockholm  1  London  1 

When  it  is  18  o'clock  at  Stockliolm,  what  inhabitants  of  the  earth  have  the 
same  hour  1 

PROBLEM  III. 
To  find  anyplace  whose  Latitude  and  Longitude  are  gtven. 

RcLB.— Find  the  longitude  on  the  equator,  and  bring  it  to  the  brass  meridian ; 
then  find  the  latitude  on  the  meridian,  and  under  it  is  the  place  sought. 
What  place  has  77|0  W.  longitude  and  30O  N.  latitude  1    A.  Washington. 
What  places  have  the  following  latitudes  and  longitudes? 

Latitude.  Longitude, 

83(0  north,  ISiOeast.  ,.»v    j 

330  north,  8l|0west. 

'..    .  830 south,  48iOvest. 

8840  north,  88(0  east. 

PROBLEM   IV. 

Tiffind  the  distance  between  any  two  placet. 

RuLC— Lay  the  quadrant  of  altitude  over  both  places,  and  the  degrees  be- 
<ween  them  multiplied  by  69i  will  give  the  English  miles. 
What  is  tlie  distance  between  the  Island  of  Bermuda  and  St.  Helena  ? 
A.  73(x69i=5109imile8. 

PROBLEM  V. 
To  rectify  ^*  Qlohefor  the  l(Uitude  of  a  place. 

Role.— Elevate  the  pole  till  the  horizon  cuts  the  meridian  in  the  latitude  of 
I  he  place.    Rectify  the  Globe  for  the  latitude  of  London. 

PROBLEM   VI. 

Tie  hour  at  one  place  being  given,  to  find  what  hour  it  it  at  any  other  place. 

RvLB.— Bring  the  place  where  the  hour  is  given  to  the  meridian,  and  set  the 
index  of  the  hour  circle  to  that  hour;  then  turn  the  Globe  till  the  place  where 
the  hour  is  required  comes  under  the  meridian,  and  the  index  will  point  to  the 
hour  at  that  place. 

When  it  is  U  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  London,  what  hour  is  it  at  St.  Petera- 
bura?    A.  The  difference  of  time  is  two  hours— 18. 

When  it  is  noon  at  Hartford,  what  hour  Is  it  in  London  1    Constantinople  7 

PROBLEM  VII.  . 

To  find  the  Sun's  declination.  ^ 

RoLB  —Find  the  sun's  place  in  the  ecliptic,  and  bring  it  te  the  brass  meridian 
and  the  degree  over  it  is  the  sun's  dee  ination. 


' 


■ 


PROBLEMS. 


298 


What  ii  the  iun*i  declination  on  the  15th  of  April  1  A  lOO  N.  Jan.  31 1 
June  SI)    Sept.  811    Nov. 311 

„  PROBLEM   VUI. 

Tojlitd  the  time  of  the  Sun**  rising  and  setting  at  any  piaee. 

RcLi.— Find  the  lun'i  declination  and  elevate  the  north  or  louth  pole,  accor- 
ding an  the  declination  la  north  or  south  lo  many  degree*  above  the  horizon,  ai 
are  equal  to  the  aun's  declination  ;  bring  the  given  place  to  the  broM  meridian, 
and  set  the  index  of  the  hour  circle  to  13  Turn  the  globe  eastward  till  the  giv- 
en place  comes  to  the  horizon,  and  the  index  will  shew  the  time  of  the  sun's 
rlsingi  Turn  the  globe  to  the  west  verge  of  the  horizon,  and  the  index  will 
■hew  thd  time  of  his  setting. 

At  what  time  does  the  sun  rise  and  set  at  Hartford  on  the  5th  of  February  1 

A.  The  sun  rises  at  7,  and  sets  at  5. 


PRQ3LEM   IX. 


.v% 


Tojlnd  the  length  of  the  day  and  night  at  any  time  in  the  year. 

Rule.— Double  the  time  of  the  sun's  rising  and  It  gives  the  length  of  the  nlghL 
Double  the  time  of  his  setting  and  it  gives  the  length  of  the  day. 
What  is  the  length  of  the  shortest  day  at  Hartford  1    A.  8  h.  56  min. 
What  Is  the  length  of  the  longest  day  and  shortest  night  at  Edinburgh  1 

PROBLEM   X. 

Tojlnd  the  Antmeiy  Pert«ei,  and  Antipodes  of  any  plate. 

EXPLANATION. 

The  Antaecians  are  those  wiio  have  the  same  longitude  as  ours,  but  have  the 
same  latitude  south  as  we  have  north.    Their  summer  is  our  winter 

RcLi. — Bring  the  given  place  to  the  brass  meridian,  and  count  aa  many  de- 
grees on  the  meridian  south  or' the  Equator  as  the  given  place  is  north ;  and  you 
will  find  the  Antiecl. 

The  Perloclans  are  those  which  He  under  the  same  degree  of  latitude,  but 
have  180O  difference  of  longitude.  They  have  conitary  hours ;  noon  when  we 
have  midnight. 

RuLK.— Bring  the  given  place  to  the  brass  meridian,  set  the  Index  to  13,  turn 
the  globe  till  the  Index  points  to  the  other  13,  then  under  the  latitude  of  the 
given  place  you  will  find  the  Perlecl. 

The  Antipodes  are  those  who  have  the  same  latitude  south  that  we  have 
iK>rth,  and  differ  180°  of  longitude.  Their  hours,  days,  and  seasons  differ  f^om 
ours. 

RvLB.— Bring  the  given  place  to  the  brass  meridian,  turn  the  globe  half  round, 
then  count  as  many  degrees  south  of  the  Equator  as  the  given  place  is  north, 
and  you  will  have  the  Antipodes. 

Required  the  Anteci,  Periscl  and  Antipodes  of  Hartford. 

A.  Antsci  are  In  the  northern  part  of  the  Island  of  Chiloe.  The  Perlecl  are 
in  the  Desert  of  Shamo  in  the  Chinese  Empire.  The  Antipodes  are  in  the 
Southern  Ocean  aouth-east  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul. 

PROBLEM   XI. 

To  find  hovo  Many  miles  mahe  a  degree  of  longitude  in  any  given  parallel  ef 

latitude. 

RrLB. — Lay  the  quadrant  of  altitude  parallel  totheeouator  between  any  two 
meridians  in  the  given  latitude,  which  differ  in  longitude  15  degrees  :  the  num- 
ber of  degrees  intercepted  between  them  multiplied  by  4,  will  give  the  length  of 
a  degree  in  geographical  miles.  The  geographical  miles  may  be  brought  in- 
to English  miles,  by  multiplying  by  116,  and  cutt'ng  off  two  figures  from  the 
right  hand  of  the  product. 

Example.— How  many  geographical  and  English  miles  make  a  degree  in  the 
latitude  of  Pekini 


294 


QUESTIONS. 


^       ..  QUESTIONS, 

IZIROiaiNO  THE  PR0BLIM8  ON  TBI  TERRESTRIAL  OLOBE. 

I.  What  inhabitants  of  the  earth  have  the  same  length  of  days  as  those  of 
Philadelphia  1 

3.  What  inhabitants  of  the  earth  have  the  same  seasons  of  the  year  as  thosn 
of  London  1 

3.  When  it  is  10  o'clock  in  tho  evening  at  Stocitholm,  what  inhabitants  have 
the  same  hnurl 

4.  What  is  the  nearest  distance  between  New  Yoric  and  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope? 

5.  When  it  is  noon  at  Philadelphia,  what  inhabitants  of  the  earth  have  mid- 
night  ? 

6.  When  it  is  10  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  London,  where  is  it  10  o'clock  in 
the  evening  ? 

7.  What  is  the  sun's  longitude  (commonly  called  the  sun's  ilace  in  the  eclip 
tic)  on  the  15th  of  April  1 

8.  What  day  of  the  year  is  of  the  same  lenjrth  as  the  iSth  of  April  1 

9.  How  much  longer  is  the  5th  of  May  at  New  York  than  at  Quito  1 

10.  When  it  is  noon  at  London,  at  what  place  is  the  surt  rising  and  setting, 
and  where  is  it  midnight  1 

II.  Are  the  clocks  at  Philadelphia  faster  or  slower  than  those  at  London,  and 
bow  much  ? 

13.  What  is  the  difference  of  latitude  between  Cape  North  and  Cape  Mata- 
pan? 

13.  What  is  the  difference  of  longitude  between  Philadelphia  and  Constan- 
tinople ? 

14.  What  is  the  distance  between  New  York  and  London  in  English  miles  1 
15  What  hour  is  it  at  London  when  it  is  4  In  the  evening  at  Calcutta  ? 

16.  At  what  time  does  ihe  sun  rise  and  set  at  Archangel  on  the  15th  of  March, 
and  what  is  the  length  of  the  day  and  night  ? 

17.  If  the  sun  set  at  7  o'clock,  at  what  time  does  it  rise,  and  what  is  the  length 
of  the  day  and  night  1  - 

18.  How  many  English  miles  must  I  travel  westward  from  London  that  my 
watch  may  be  six  hours  too  fast  > 

19.  What  place  upon  the  $!lobe  has  the  greatest  longitude,  the  least  longitude, 
no  longitude,  and  every  longitude  ? 

SO.  What  inhabitants  of  the  earth  in  the  course  of  13  hours  will  be  in  the 
same  situation  as  their  Antipodesi 

31.  At  what  places  on  the  globe  can  two  ships  sail  directly  from  each  otlier, 
and  still  sail  the  same  point  of  the  compass  1 

32.  How  many  English  miles  must  I  travel  eastward  from  Philadelphia,  that 
my  watch  may  be  7  hours  too  slow  1 

33.  Suppose  a  person  could  start  from  Philadelphia  precisely  at  noon  on  Mon- 
day, and  keep  pace  with  the  sun  round  the  globe,  at  what  place  would  he  first 
be  told  it  was  Tuesday  noon  1 

34.  There  is  a  town  in  Norway  where  the  longest  day  is  five  times  the  length 
of  the  shortest  night,  what  is  its  name  ? 

35.  When  the  sun  is  setting  to  the  inhabitants  of  Hartford  on  the  4th  of  April, 
whose  is  it  rising,  and  where  midnight? 

36.  As  the  sun  never  goes  north  of  the  tropic  of  Cancer.— or  but  33|  degrees 
north  of  the  equator,— how  can  you  account  for  its  rising,  in  our  latitude,  dur- 
ing the  summer  months,  nearly  in  tlie  north-east,  and  setting  nearly  in  the 
north-westl 


:v 


ANCIENT     OEOQRAPHT* 


295 


XXERCISI8  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  ROMAN  XMPIRK, 


WhatoountrieB  in  Europe  bordered  on  the  Mediterranean?    h  o.  i.  cu 

What  countries  in  Asia  7    a-m.  and  s. 

What  countries  in  Africa  ?    e.  l.  a.  m. 

What  country  northeast  of  Grallia  7    o.  .  :.    ly  ' 

What  country  south  of  Germania  7    i.    ,  -  ,i '/ 

What  country  east  of  lUyricum  7    d.  /• 

W  hat  country  northeast  of  Dacia  7    o.         .,  ..   ;/   .       ..  ...i.-r  ^  . 

What  sea  between  Iialia  and  Illyricum  7    a. 

What  seas  between  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  7    M.  and  p. 

What  sea  north  of  Asia  Minor  7    e. 

W^hat  sea  or  laka  northeast  of  the  Euxine  7    M.  ' 

What  sea  east  of  the  Euxine  7    c. 

What  sea  east  of  Egypt  7    a.  ,,    ,.f 

What  sea  between  Sicilia  and  Africa?    a.  •    .   ^ 

Whatsea  west  of  Gallia?    a.  v 

What  sea  betvi'een  Britannia  and  Hibemia  7    r. 

What  sea  north  of  Germania  7 

What  ocean  between  Grermania  and  Britaimia  7   a. 


•  ■-►■« 


What  large  island  north  west  of  Gallia  7    b. 

What  large  island  west  of  Britannia?    h.  .  ^ 

What  large  islands  west  of  Italia  ?    c.  and  a       > . 

What  large  island  south  of  Italia?    s. 

What  islands  north  of  Sicilia  1    jr. 

What  island  south  of  Sicilia  ?    h.  '    ' 

What  island  south  of  the  ^gean  sea?    C. 

What  island  near  the  east  end  of  the  Mediterranean  7 

What  islands  on  the  coast  of  Hispania  7    b.  > 

Why  were  these  islands  called  Baleares  7  A.  They  were  so  called  by 
the  Greeks  because  the  inhabitants  were  expert  archers  and  slingers,  be- 
sides great  pirates.  They  distinguished  themselves  in  the  Punic  wars, 
under  Hannibal.  It  is  said  that  the  mothers  never  gave  their  children 
breakfast  before  they  had  struck  with  an  arrow  a  certain  mark  on  a  tree. 


c. 


■j^ 


What  mountains  between  Hispania  and  Gallia  ?    p. 
What  mountains  between  Gallia  and  Italia  7    Alpes. 
What  mountain  in  Italia  7    Apenninus. 
What  mountain  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Greece  ?    h. 
What  mountain  in  Dacia  7    >;. 
What  mountains  in  Gallia  7    c.  J.  v. 
What  mountains  in  Asia  Minor  ?    t. 
What  mountains  between  the  Euxine  and  Caspian  seas  7 
What  mountains  south  of  Mauritania  ?    a. 
What  mountain  between  the  two  northern  branches  or  gulfs  of  the  Ara- 
bian sea  7    8. 


c. 


296 


▲NCIIMT     OEOORAPHT 


What  strait*  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  7 

What  strait  between  Gallia  and  Britannia  7    o. 

What  strait  between  the  Maeotis  I^lus  and  the  Euxine  sea  7 

What  strait  between  the  Euxine  and  Propontis  ?    Bosphorua. 

The  one  'connecting  the  Maeotis  Palus  was  called  the  Cimmerian  Bos* 
phorus,  and  the  other  connecting  the  Euxine  and  Propontis  was  called  the 
Thracian  Bosphorus.  The  latter  is  sixteen  miles  long,  and  one  and  a  half 
broad.  The  strait  between  the  Propontis  and  iEgean  seas,  was  called  the 
Hellespont,— now  the  Dardanelles.  It  is  33  miles  long,  and  from  half  a 
mile  to  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width.  Its  shores  are  lined  with  pleasant  hills, 
towns  and  villages.  The  strait  is  celebrated  for  the  love  and  death  of 
Leander,  a  youth  of  Abydos,  who  swam  nightly  across  it  to  see  his  beloved 
Hero,  a  priestess  of  Venus,  at  Sestns.  On  one  occasion  his  strength  failed 
him  and  he  was  drowned,  and  Hero  in  despair,  threw  herself  into  the  sea 
and  perished.  Xerxes  built  a  bridge  of  boats  across  this  strait  when  he 
invaded  Greece.  In  1810,  Lord  ^ron  r,wam  across  it,  in  one  hour  and 
five  minutes. 


Where  do  the  following  rivers  rise,— in  what  direction  do  they  flow,— 
and  where  do  they  empty  7 


Ancient  names. 
I-be'-rus  7 
Bn-tis  7 
A*na8  7 
Ta.gus  7 
Du-ri-us  7 
Ga-rum-na  7 
Li-go-ris  7 
Se-qua'.na7 
Rhod-a>nu8  7 
Rhe  nus  7 
Am-i-si-a  7 
Vi-sur-gis  7 
Al-bisf 
Pa.dus  7 
Ti.be.ri8  7 
Is  ter  ? 
Ty.ms7 
Bo-rys-the-nes  7 


Modem  name$. 
Ebro? 

Guadalquiver  7 
Guadiana  7 
Tagus,  orTigot 
Douro7 
Garonne  ? 
Loire  ? 
Seine  7 

Rhone  7        \  ' 
Rhine?     > 
Ems? 
Weser? 
Elbe? 
Po7  ' 

Tiber? 
Danube? 
Dniester? 
Dnieper  ? 


Which  of  these  rivers  is  longest  7  Which  was  anciently  most  noted  7 
Which  is  the  principal  river  of  Egypt?  Does  the  Nile  annually  overflow 
its  banks  now,  as  in  ancient  times  i  When  docs  the  Nile  begin  to  rise  ? 
A.  About  the  middle  of  June,  and  continues  to  rise  until  about  the  first  of 
September? 


The  following  Latin  words  used  on  ancient  maps,  are  thus  translated,  viz. 


Fretum,  a  strait. 
Flumen,  a  river. 
Mons,  a  mountain. 
Montes,  mountains. 


Chersonesus,  a  peninsula. 
Insula,  an  island. 
Mare,  or  pontus,  a  sea. 
Sin,  or  sinus,  a  bay. 


\ 


ANCIENT     OEOQRAPHT 


297 


Where  was  PelojwnMui,  nowMoie«7 
Where  waaTaurice,  now  Crimea  7 
When  waa  Cimbri,  now  Jutland  7 


,V 


BoR> 
the 
half 
the 
Ifa 
ills, 
of 

>ved 

liled 
sea 
he 

'and 


v.. 


ed7 
low 

86? 

tof 


Into  what  thiee  provinces  did  the  Romans  divide  Hispenia  7    t.  l.  b. 

Which  of  these  provinces  was^ost  northern  7 

Into  what  four  provinces  did  the  Romans  divide  Gallia  7    b.  l.  a.  n . 

Which  of  these  was  most  southern  7 

How  was  Germania  divided  7    c.  8.  v.  f.  p.  o.  b.  l.  b.  o.  a.  a. 

Which  of  these  tribes  or  nations  inhabited  the  most  northern  part  7 

Which  the  most  southern  7 

How  was  Illyricum  divided  7    r.  n.  p.  ' 

How  was  Dacia  divided  7    o.  o.  m.s. 

How  was  Greece  divided  7    t.  m.  p. 

Into  what  provinces  was  Asia  Minor  divided  7    m.  b.  o.  c.  l.  p.  c.  l.  o. 

Where  was  Colchis,  celebrated  in  fable  for  the  expedition  of  the  Argo> 
nauts  from  Greece,  under  Jason,  in  search  of  the  golden  fleece  7 

Phasis  was  the  capital  of  Colchis,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Phasis, 

What  two  countries  east  of  Colchis  7 

What  large  country  south  of  Colchis,  Iberia  and  Albania  7 

What  noted  rivers  rise  in  Armenia  7    B.  T. 

What  country  south  of  Armenia  7 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  Mesopotamia  7  > 

A.  Between  two  rivers. 

Between  what  two  rivers  was  Mesopotamia  situated  7 

In  what  part  of  Syria  was  Phoenicia  7    Palestine  7 

Where  was  Arabia  Petre  7 

Where  was  Chaldfloa 7    Babylonia?    Assyria?    Persia?    Media? 

Where  was  Sarmatia  7    What  can  you  say  of  it  7 

It  was  an  extensive  country  in  the  eastern  part  of  Europe  and  northern 
part  of  Asia.  It  was  inhabited  by  a  number  of  uncivilixed,  warlike  na- 
tions, who  were  famous  for  painting  their  bodies  to  appear  more  terrible  in 
the  field  of  battle.  In  the  third  and  fourth  centuries  of  the  Christian  era, 
under  the  barbarous  names  of  Huns,  Vandals,  Goths,  Alans,  &c.  they  in- 
vaded and  laid  waste  the  Roman  empire. 

Where  was  Romk,  and  how  situated  7 

In  what  direction  from  Rome  was  Capua?  where  the  army  of  Hannibal, 
after  the  battle  of  Cannae,  became  enervated  by  the  pleasures  and  luxuries 
which  prevailed  in  that  voluptuous  cit;^. 

Where  was  Cannes  7    Near  the  Adriatic,  eaut  of  Capua. 

In  what  direction  from  Capua  is  Neapolis,  now  Naples  7 

Where  was  Rhegium,  now  Reggio  7  settled  by  the  Messenians  B.  C. 
723,  remarkable  for  its  fertility  and  delightful  scenery. 

In  what  direction  from  Rome  is  Tarentum,  noted  in  the  wars  of  Greece 
and  Rome? 

Where  was  Brundusium,  noted  for  its  good  harbor  ? 

Where  was  Sipontum,  founded  by  Diomedes,  after  his  return  from  the 
Trojan  war  7 

Where  was  Corfinium,  the  chief  city  of  the  Peligni,  and  once  styled  the 
capital  of  Italy  7  It  was  taken  by  Cesar  shortly  ailer  he  passed  the 
Rubicon. 


298 


ANCIENT     OlOORAPHT. 


Where  was  Spoletium,  that  withstood  the  attack  of  Hannibal  and  hia 
army  after  the  battle  of  IVaaymene  ? 

Where  wai  Picenum,  a  country  and  city  of  the  Sabines  7  It  was  taken 
by  the  Romans  U.  C*484. 

Where  was  Ancona,  built  by  the  Sicilians,  and  noted  for  its  excellent 
harbor?  Near  this  place  is  the  famous  chapel  of  Loretto,  supposed  by 
monkish  historians  to  have  been  brought  through  the  air  by  angels,  Aur 
ffust  10,  A.  D.  1291,  from  Judea,  where  it  was  a  cottage  inhabited  by  the 
Virffin  Mary. 

Where  was  Arminium,  noted  as  a  strong  military  post,  and  as  the  gate 
into  Italy  on  that  side  7  Near  it,  the  river  Rubicon  eiiUiied  the  Adriatie, 
which  Cfesar  crossed. 

Where  was  Ravenna,  an  important  cit^  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  7  From  this 
city,  Cesar  set  forward  on  that  march  which  brought  him  to  the  Rubicon, 
and  involved  his  country  and  the  world  in  civil  war. 

What  and  where  was  the  Rubicon  7  It  was  a  small  river  which  separa- 
ted Italy  from  Cisalpine  Gaul.  It  rose  in  th^  Appenine  mountains  and  fell 
into  the  Adriatic  sea.  "  To  identify  this  celebratefl  stream  is  a  question 
which  has  long  puzzled  writers  on  comparative  Geography,  and  is  not  even 
now  perfectly  settled."  It  is  supposed  to  have  enterea  the  Adriatic  near 
Armenium,  and  to  be  known  at  present  l^the  nameof  Rugone. 

In  what  direction  from  Ravenna  was  Bononia,  now  Bologna  7  Cremo- 
na,  noted  for  beino;  tho  first  place  where  the  Romans  established  them- 
selves in  Gaul  7  Verona,  founded  by  Brennus,  the  leader  of  the  Gauls, 
and  noted  for  being  the  birth-place  of  Catullus,  C.  Nepos,  and  Pliny  the 
elder  7  <    .•  ^ 


In  what  direction  from  Rome  was  Aquileia  7    This  city  was  built  by  a 

{larty  of  Gauls  B.  C.  187,  and  soon  after  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans, 
n  the  time  of  Cesar,  it  was  ene  of  the  most  important  military  posts,  and 
was  considered  "the  bulwark  of  Italy  on  the  northeastern  frontier."  All 
the  trade  and  intercourse  between  Italy  and  the  lUyrians,  Panonians  and 
other  nations  in  that  quarter,  was  carried  on  through  this  place.  It  was 
taken  by  Attilla,and  sacked  by  the  barbarian  hordes  under  him. 

In  what  direction  was  Forum  Julii  from  Aquileia  7  Mediolanum,  now 
Milan?  ,  ,^ ..    ,__ 

Where  was  Parma,  noted  for  its  great  antiquity  7 

Where  was  Taurine,  now  Turin  7  The  inhabitants  opposed  Hannlbnl 
soon  after  his  descent  from  the  Alps ;  but  the  city  was  taken  by  him  and 
plundered,  after  a  siege  of  three  days. 

Where  was  Lutetia,  now  Paris,  situated  7  The  Parisii,  a  Gallic  tribe* 
built  this  city  on  a  swampjr  island  in  the  Seine,  before  the  Christian  era. 
The  name  **  Lutetia"  or  "  dty  of  mire"  is  said  to  have  been  given  to  it,  on 
account  of  its  muddy  character.  It  was  taken  by  the  Romans,  and  fortifi- 
ed by  Julius  Cesar,  and  greatly  embellished  by  Julian,  the  Roman  empe* 
ror,  A.  D.  360,  who  resided  there  some  time. 

In  what  direction  from  Lutetia  was  Lu^dunum,  now  Lyons,  the  place 
to  which  Herod  the  tetrarch,  Herodias  his  wife,  and  Salome,  it  is  saio, 

»  U.  C.  means  from  the  Building  of  the  cUy  of  Rome,  A.  U.  C.  The  year  from 
the  building  of  the  city  of  Rome.    Anno  Urbis  Conditct 


▲  MCIlirT     •lOOEAFKT 


999 


wer«  bannhad  7  Vienna,  a  few  milei  louth,  on  the  same  river,  ii  the 
place  to  which  it  ia  said,  Pontiua  Pilate  waa  banished. 

Where  waa  Maaailia,  now  Maraeillea  aituated  7  Thia  city  waa  founded 
B.  C.  600,  by  a  colony  of  Aaiatic  Greeks,  and  formed  at  an  early  period,  a 
flouriahin^  republic,  celebrated  for  the  wiadom  of  its  inatitutiona,  and  aa  a 
aeac  of  acience  and  literature. 

Where  waa  Toloaa,  now  Toulouse  7  Thia  ia  an  ancient  city.  In  the 
aiith  century  it  became  the  capital  of  the  Yiaigotha.*  In  1814,  it  waa 
taken  by  the  Engliah. 

Where  waa  nctonea  7  A  few  milea  aouth  of  thia  place,  near  the 
preaentcity  of  Poitiera,  waa  fought  the  deciaive  battle  between  the  Gaula, 
under  Charlea  Martel,  and  the  Saracena,  under  Abderaman,  in  October, 
A.  D.  732. 


Where  waa  Corduba,  now  Cordova,  anciently  the  capital  of  theTurduli, 
and  famoua  during  the  middle  agea  aa  the  aeat  of  the  Mooriah  empire  in 
Spain? 

Where  was  Saguntum^  faraoua  for  a  aiege  by  the  Carthaginians,  under 
Hannibal,  B  C.  219,  which  waa  the  cause  of  the  aecond  Punic  war  ? 

Where  was  Numantia,  remarkable  for  a  desperate  resistance  against  the 
Romans  during  a  siege  of  fourteen  years  7 

Where  waa  Gadea,  now  Cadis,  the  great  emporium  of  Spanish  com- 
merce 7  This  city  was  founded  b^  a  colony  from  Tyre,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  noted  of  antiquity.  The  mhabitants  were  a  commercial  people, 
and  their  ships  were  seen  on  every  sea,  which  the  navigation  of  their  times 
had  been  able  to  compass.  The  Greeks  named  it  Gadim,  and  it  was  also 
called  Cotynusa. 

Where  was  Carteia  or  Caipe  7  Near  this  place,  on  the  most  southern 
point  of  Hispania,  was  Mount  Calpe,  now  the  Rock  of  Gibraltar,  which 
was  opposite  to  Mount  Abyla,  on  the  African  side  of  the  Fretum  Hercule<> 
um,  now  the  strait  ofGibroltar.  Acconding  to  tradition,  these  two  moun- 
tainoLs  rocks  were  once  united,  and  Hercules,  in  order  to  open  a  communi- 
cation between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Atlantic,  rent  them  asunder. 
Hence  they  are  called  the  Pillars  of  Hercules. 

Where  was  Londinium  or  Londinum  7  This  city,  now  called  London, 
was  built^  it  is  supposed,  about  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era. 

In  what  direction  from  Londinium  was  Durovemum,  now  Dover? 
F.horacum,  now  York  7    Alata,  now  Edinburgh  7    Eblana,  now  Dublin? 


Where  was  Athenas,  now  Athens  7 

In  what  direction  from  Athens  was  Thebe?  Sparta?  Olympia? 
Delphi  ?  Delphi  was  built  at  the  foot  of  mount  Parnassus.  The  great 
celebrity  of  this  place  arose  from  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  who  there  declared 
the  fates,  and  from  the  council  of  Amphictyons,  which  held  there  its  alter- 
nate session. 

Where  is  Actium  ?  This  place  is  noted  on  account  of  the  memorable 
battle  near  it,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Ambraciangulf,  between  the  fleets  of 
Anthony  and  Octavius,  September  2d,  B.  C,  31.  Octavius  gained  the  vic- 
tory, and  thus  became  master  of  the  world,  or  the  Roman  empire 

»  Yislgotfas,  means  Western  Geths,  and  Ostrogoths,  Eastern  Goths. 


300 


ANCISKT     ttlOORAPHT 


Where  wu  Ilium  or  Troy  7  What  can  you  May  rMpectin^  it  7  Wbece 
woa  Ephetua  7  What  happened  there  when  Paul  preached  in  that  place  f 
Why  did  Demetriua  and  the  other  silverimitha  oppoie  Paul  7  See  Act* 
lix.  84-29. 

Where  is  Damaacua  7  Thia  ia  one  of  the  oldeat  citiea  in  the  world. 
Bee  Genesis  xiv.  15.  It  is  a  magnificent  city  at  the  preaent  time,  and  has 
ever  been  distinguished  fer  its  splendor  and  opulence.  . 

Where  was  Ilierosolyma,  now  Jerusalem  7  Tyrus  7  Babylon  7  Ninua, 
called  in  Scripture  Nineveh  7  Selucia,  the  great  rival  to  Babylon  7  Pal- 
myra, the  Tadmor  of  Solomon,  and  the  residence  of  the  immortal  Zenobia, 
and  the  elegant  Longinus  7  The  ruhM  of  thia  city  are  among  the  moat 
magnificent  remains  of  antiquity. 

Where  waa  Thebn,  called  also  Hecatompylos,  on  account  of  its  hundred 
gates,  and  Diospolis,  as  being  sacred  to  Jupiter  7  Memphis,  once  the  me- 
tropolis of  all  Egypt  7    Near  this  place  are  the  Pyramids. 

Where  was  Alexandria  7  Cyrene  7  Carthago  7  Cirta,  the  ancient 
capital  of  Numidia  7  Cassarea  7  Yohibilis,  now  Fez  7  Tingis,  now 
Tangier  7    Abyla,  now  Ceuta  7 

What  portions  of  the  earth  were  known  to  the  ancients  7  Those  lying 
around  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  comprehending  the  southern  and  largest 
part  of  Europe,  the  southwestern  part  of  Asia,  and  the  northern  part  of 
Africa.  Did  the  ancients  linow  any  thing  of  America  7 

Britannia  was  anciently  called  Albion,  the  white  island,  probably  on  ae- 
eount  of  its  white  challty  cliflTs  on  the  southeastern  coast.  The  northern 
part  was  called  Caledonia,  now  Scotland,  and  was  inhabited  by  the  Picti, 
or  Picts,  so  called  because  they  painted  their  bodies.  Little  is  known  of 
Britannia  before  its  conquest  by  the  Romans,  about  55  B.  C.  Do  you 
think  the  country  has  undergone  many  changes  since  ita  conquest  by  the 
Romans  ? 

Gaul  was  an  extensive  country  originally  divided  among  three  great 
nations, — the  Belgae,  Celte  and  Aquitani.  These  were  warlike,  barbarous 
and  superstitious. 

Germania  included  the  country  between  the  Rhenus  and  Vistula  and 
was  noted  for  its  vast  forests.  It  was  inhabited  b^  many  different  nations, 
most  of  which  lived  a  wandering,  unsettled  life.  These  were  hardy, 
brave,  warlike,  fond  of  liberty,  and  distinguished  for  honesty  and  simplicity. 

Hispania,  the  most  western  country  in  Europe,  was  called  by  the 
Greeks,  Iberia,  and  Hesperia.  The  first  inhabitants  were  probably  the 
Celts.  The  Phoenicians  afterwards  possessed  severel  places  on  the  coast, 
and  built  Gades.  The  Carthaginians,  attracted  by  the  gold  and  silver 
mines,  which  abounded  in  the  country,  conqured  the  greater  part  of  it 
They,  however,  were  expelled  by  the  Romans,  who  kept  possession  of  it, 
during  the  existence  of  their  empire. 

Italia  was  one  of  the  most  interesting  countries  of  antiquity.  The  in- 
habitants were  called  Romans  from  their  chief  city  and  for  ages,  were  dis- 
tinguished for  their  warlike  achievements,  and  for  their  eminence  in  litera- 
ture and  the  arts.  The  Roman  empire  at  its  greatest  extent  was  the  most 
powerful  that  the  world  has  ever  witnessed. 

Gracia  took  the  lead  among  all  the  countries  and  nations  of  the  world. 
She  added  to  he'  military  glory,  that  of  carrying  eloquence  and  the  arts  ta 
a  perfection  which  has  served  aa  a  model  to  all  succeeding  ages. 


